Esta tese pretende estudar a experiência docente e intelectual de Jean Maugüé, membro da missão francesa e responsável pelo curso de Filosofia, a partir de 1935, na recém-fundada Universidade de São Paulo, onde ficou até 1943, quando partiu como soldado para compor as tropas francesas no norte da África, sob o comando, de Londres, do general Charles De Gaulle. O propósito central é identificar tal experiência com a instauração de uma decisiva experiência intelectual e conseqüente constituição de um determinante processo formativo dos estudos filosóficos no Brasil, fundamentalmente em São Paulo. A pesquisa, para tanto, detém-se nas providências tomadas pelo jovem normalien, na sua percepção das peculiaridades locais, nas diretrizes estabelecidas para o ensino da filosofia no Brasil, na criação de uma rotina de estudos filosóficos na faculdade e nas primeiras gerações brasileiras de formados pela profilática orientação. Tal processo, como sabemos, seria posteriormente redimensionado pelas novas gerações de professores que ocupariam a cátedra francesa no Departamento de Filosofia da USP, preponderantemente Martial Guéroult, em São Paulo entre 1948-50 e, indiretamente, Victor Goldschmidt, professor na Universidade de Rennes. / This thesis intends to study Jean Maugüés intellectual and teaching experience. He was a member of the French Mission and responsible for the course of Philosophy, since 1935, in the just-established University of São Paulo, to where he belonged until 1943, when he left as a soldier to compose the French troops in North Africa, under the command, from London, of general Charles de Gaulle. The innermost intention is to identify such experience with the instauration of a decisive intellectual experience and consequent constitution of a determinative formative process of the philosophical studies in Brazil, basically in São Paulo. The research, to be accomplished, is based in the steps taken by the young normalien, in his perception of the local peculiarities, in the guidelines established for the education of the philosophy in Brazil, in the creation of a routine for philosophical studies in the college and in the first Brazilian generations graduated upon the prophylactic orientation. Such process, as we know, would be later reformatted by the new generations of professors who would occupy the French chair in the Department of Philosophy of the USP, preponderantly Martial Guéroult, in São Paulo between 1948-50 and, indirectly, Victor Goldschmidt, professor in the University of Rennes.

Esta tese pretende estudar a experiência docente e intelectual de Jean Maugüé, membro da missão francesa e responsável pelo curso de Filosofia, a partir de 1935, na recém-fundada Universidade de São Paulo, onde ficou até 1943, quando partiu como soldado para compor as tropas francesas no norte da África, sob o comando, de Londres, do general Charles De Gaulle. O propósito central é identificar tal experiência com a instauração de uma decisiva experiência intelectual e conseqüente constituição de um determinante processo formativo dos estudos filosóficos no Brasil, fundamentalmente em São Paulo. A pesquisa, para tanto, detém-se nas providências tomadas pelo jovem normalien, na sua percepção das peculiaridades locais, nas diretrizes estabelecidas para o ensino da filosofia no Brasil, na criação de uma rotina de estudos filosóficos na faculdade e nas primeiras gerações brasileiras de formados pela profilática orientação. Tal processo, como sabemos, seria posteriormente redimensionado pelas novas gerações de professores que ocupariam a cátedra francesa no Departamento de Filosofia da USP, preponderantemente Martial Guéroult, em São Paulo entre 1948-50 e, indiretamente, Victor Goldschmidt, professor na Universidade de Rennes. / This thesis intends to study Jean Maugüés intellectual and teaching experience. He was a member of the French Mission and responsible for the course of Philosophy, since 1935, in the just-established University of São Paulo, to where he belonged until 1943, when he left as a soldier to compose the French troops in North Africa, under the command, from London, of general Charles de Gaulle. The innermost intention is to identify such experience with the instauration of a decisive intellectual experience and consequent constitution of a determinative formative process of the philosophical studies in Brazil, basically in São Paulo. The research, to be accomplished, is based in the steps taken by the young normalien, in his perception of the local peculiarities, in the guidelines established for the education of the philosophy in Brazil, in the creation of a routine for philosophical studies in the college and in the first Brazilian generations graduated upon the prophylactic orientation. Such process, as we know, would be later reformatted by the new generations of professors who would occupy the French chair in the Department of Philosophy of the USP, preponderantly Martial Guéroult, in São Paulo between 1948-50 and, indirectly, Victor Goldschmidt, professor in the University of Rennes.

Cette thèse étudie le lien entre l’éducation post-secondaire et le bien-être dans une perspective comparative internationale, utilisant une conceptualisation du bien-être éclairée par l’approche des capabilités et les théories de l’épanouissement. Fondée sur une approche intégrant les perspectives des capabilités et du capital humain, l’éducation post-secondaire, opérationnalisée comme le diplôme le plus élevé obtenu, est supposée être significativement liée avec le bien-être, toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs, au niveau de l’individu et du pays. Des critiques majeures de ces approches, qui supposent des effets indirects par le biais de l’emploi au niveau individuel et par le biais des facteurs économiques au niveau national, sont également étudiées.Au-delà de ces liens globaux, des différences par pays sont anticipées. Par conséquent, un cadre analytique qui réunit la littérature des régimes de protection sociale et la recherche comparative sur l’éducation en Europe est proposé, basé sur une taxonomie analytique mesurant la stratification et decommodification de l’éducation post-secondaire dans un pays. Cette grille de lecture des « régimes éducatifs du bien-être social » est mobilisée pour comparer les niveaux de l’éducation et le bien-être parmi des individus et des pays, et le lien entre eux, examinant l’interaction « macro–micro » entre les arrangements institutionnels nationaux et les résultats relatifs à la qualité de vie. Ces effets sont testés paramétriquement dans des analyses de régression utilisant des termes d’interaction (afin d’évaluer les effets modérateurs) et une procédure en deux étapes de modélisation multi-niveaux, ainsi que des modèles de médiation comparant des perspectives de capital humain–capabilités (« human agency ») et des critiques relatives à la sélection sociale.Ces résultats sont interprétés au travers d’une optique ciblée sur les inégalités éducatives relatives à la qualité de vie, constatant que l’éducation et le bien-être sont significativement associés aux niveaux « micro » et « macro », toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs. Toutefois, les tendances dans l'intensité et le sens de cette relation entre pays sont complexes, variant avec l’opérationnalisation du bien-être utilisée et différant autant en fonction du niveau de stratification éducationnel que de decommodification éducationnel. Ces résultats appuient l’argument que les systèmes éducatifs jouent un rôle déterminant dans la formation des inégalités du bien-être. / This study investigates the association between post-secondary education and well-being in international comparative perspective, conceptualizing well-being as a capability-informed measure of flourishing. Based on a combined human capital–capability approach, post-secondary education, operationalized as highest post-secondary educational credential, is hypothesized to relate positively with well-being net of individual-level and country-level controls at both the micro and macro levels of analysis. Prominent critiques of these approaches, suggesting indirect effects through occupational sorting at the individual level and economic factors at the country level, are also explored.Beyond these overall associations, differences amongst countries are anticipated: Therefore, a modified educational welfare regimes framework informed by comparative educational research is proposed based on an analytical taxonomy mapping onto post-secondary educational stratification and decommodification. Levels of, and the association between, education and well-being are compared amongst individuals and countries, exploring the macro–micro interaction between institutional arrangements and life outcomes. Effects are tested parametrically in regression models using interaction effects and a ‘two-step’ approach to hierarchical data analysis, as well as mediation models comparing human agency-orientated perspectives and their social selection-based critiques.These results are interpreted through a frame of inquiry focused on educational inequalities in well-being, finding that education and well-being are significantly associated at both the micro and macro levels even with the inclusion of relevant control variables. However, patterns in the strength of these associations amongst countries are complex, varying with the operationalization of well-being used and depending on both levels of educational stratification and decommodification. These findings offer some support for the notion that equalizing, or non-stratifying, educational systems, as well as decommodifying redistribution efforts, are instrumental in the effort to counter inequalities in well-being.

Judicial autonomy has suffered changes all through Colombian constitutional history, especially due to the expedition of the Political Constitution in 1991. This implies that the judge’s function was affected and suffered relevant changes, particularly in duties such as the motivation of judicial providences and the search for real justice in concrete cases. As a consequence of these relevant changes, now judges must pay special attention to the constitutional precedent and the charges imposed on them in order to avoid sanctions like the annulment of their judgments through the «vías de hecho» doctrine. These limitations and consequences were issued with the aim of protecting fundamental rights, and making the legal system dynamic and coherent. / La autonomía judicial ha sufrido transformaciones en la historia constitucional colombiana, aún más con la entrada en vigencia de la Constitución Política de 1991. Esto implica que la función del juez se ve afectada y sufre mutaciones relevantes, sobre todo en cuanto a sus deberes, como la motivación de las providencias y la búsqueda efectiva de justicia para el caso concreto. Nótese, entonces, que el juez debe observar con atención los precedentes constitucionales y las cargas que estos le imponen, so pena de incurrir en sanciones, como la cesación de efectos jurídicos del fallo a través de las así llamadas «vías de hecho». Dichas limitaciones y consecuencias fueron pensadas en clave de la máxima protección de los derechos fundamentales, la dinamización y la coherencia del sistema jurídico.