The author's dissertation, Berlin. / "Quellen-und literaturverzeichnis" :p. [9]-12.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 192-206).

The agreement on Swedish Pomerania between Sweden and Prussia from 1815 contains an article that is central for this essay. It states that the inhabitants of Swedish Pomerania and the Pomeranian in Sweden were given six years to decide in which of the kingdoms they wanted to be citizens after Sweden had left Pomerania. Since this possibility was raised in an international treaty, one can assume that both signatories supposed it was a matter that would affect a certain number of individuals within Swedish Pomerania. I am examining to which extent this possibility was used, by whom and why. All in all, I have been able to show that there was a clear perception among the authorities of both sides that a certain number of inhabitants probably would want to leave Pomerania in connection with the transition to Prussia. I have also shown that people actually moved from Pomerania to Sweden during the years 1815 to 1821, although this was never the question of a major wave of emigration. Those who moved proved to have different motives and that these motives varied depending on background, occupation etc. The same applies to those who stayed.

No description available.

Das Ziel der Arbeit ist die Darstellung der preußischen Mittelschule für den Zeitraum von 1872 bis 1945. Neben der strukturell-curricularen Entwicklung dieser Schulform werden die Bereiche ‚Chemieunterricht’ und ‚Lehrerausbildung’ schwerpunktmäßig untersucht. Vorgeschaltet ist eine Analyse und Darstellung der zur Mittelschule hinführenden Entwicklung mit ihren politischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Bedingungen. <br><br> Die für die Strukturierung der Arbeit gewählte Phaseneinteilung orientiert an den bildungspolitischen Zäsuren, die durch die jeweiligen staatlichen ‚Bestimmungen’ charakterisiert sind. Mit diesen in den Jahren 1872, 1910, 1925, 1938 und 1942 vorgelegten Bestimmungen wurde das Mittelschulwesen jeweils neu geordnet. <br><br> Schwerpunkt der benutzten Quellen ist, die Verbandszeitschrift der Mittelschullehrer, die „Die Mittelschule“. Weiter wurden zeitgenössische Quellen und Literatur sowie pädagogische Zeitschriften für die Analysen benutzt. <br><br> Untersuchungsschwerpunkt ist die Darstellung der preußischen Mittelschule unter dem Aspekt der bildungspolitischen Institutionalisierung im Jahre 1872. Ein weiterer Untersuchungsschwerpunkt ist der Chemieunterricht. Als bedeutungsvoll für diesen Unterricht müssen die Diskussionen im Untersuchungszeitraum gesehen werden, die über inhaltliche Fragen und die methodische Gestaltung des Unterrichts geführt wurden. Der Einsatz der Schulbücher wird hierbei besonders berücksichtigt. <br><br> Die Situation der Lehrer wird unter dem Aspekt ihrer Ausbildung untersucht. Als Mittelschullehrer wurden vornehmlich Volksschullehrer eingesetzt, die sich autodidaktisch auf die Prüfung zum Mittelschullehrer vorbereiten mussten. Die Verweigerung einer identitätsstiftenden schulformbezogenen Lehrerausbildung hat der Mittelschule die Möglichkeit genommen, sich frühzeitig zu einer selbständig-unabhängigen Schulform zu entwickeln. Bedeutungsvoll ist das festgestellte Verhalten der Lehrerschaft dieser Schulform in den unterschiedlichen politischen Systemen. <br><br> In den zeitlichen Phasen steht die Mittelschule als eine zwischen Elementarschule und Gymnasium sich emanzipierende Schulform. Die Ambivalenz in der Stellung äußert sich in dem wechselvollen Verhalten zwischen Standesschule und Öffnung für andere gesellschaftliche Schichten. Im Zusammenhang mit der Verweigerung der Berechtigungen muss die Mittelschule als Anstalt zur Befriedigung der Bildungsansprüche mittlerer Schichten gesehen werden. Sie wurde aber auch als schulischer Abwehrmechanismus der oberen Schichten gegenüber unteren gesellschaftlichen Schichten instrumentalisiert. / The aim of the paper is a description of the Prussian secondary school between 1872 and 1945. Besides the structural-curricular development of this structure of school, there is a focus on investigating the areas ‚chemistry lessons’ and ‚teacher training’. Beforehand is an analysis and description of the development towards secondary school and its political, economical and social circumstances. <br><br> The chosen disposition of stages is oriented on breaks in education policy, which are characterized by particular governmental regulations. With the new regulations in 1872, 1910, 1925, 1938 and 1942 the secondary school system was reordered at each time. <br><br> A main source of information is the organisational journal of secondary school teachers „Die Mittelschule“ (The Secondary School). Furthermore contemporary sources and literature as well as educational journals were used for analysis. <br><br> The main focus of the investigation is on the description of the Prussian secondary school under the aspect of institutionalization of education policy in 1872. Another field of attention is education in chemistry. Especially meaningful for this are discussions about content-related questions and methodical design of teaching within the period of investigation. The use of school books is hereby especially considered. <br><br> The situation of the teachers was investigated under the aspect of their training. Elementary school teachers were appointed primarily as secondary school teachers. They had to prepare autodidactically for the exam as secondary school teacher. Because of the refusal of an identity forming school oriented training of teachers, secondary school lacked the possibility to develop early to an autonomous school design. The behaviour of the teachers of this school form within the different political systems is significant. <br><br> Within a time frame secondary school stands as an emancipated form of school between elementary school and high school. The ambivalence of the position is shown in changes of the role model between school for a particular social class and the opening for other social stratum. Related to refusal of allocation of educational competences secondary school has to be seen as an institution to satisfy middle class claim on education. But it was also exploited as an academic defence mechanism of upper class against near-illiterate, lower social classes.

Thesis (M.A.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of History. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-202).

Thesis (M.A.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of History. / Electronic thesis. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-202). Also available in print ed.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-05-23T19:20:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 joserobertoalmeidasalesjunior.pdf: 1621589 bytes, checksum: c38f0c538784f4bbe95b7fdda75fdfc4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-06-14T12:37:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 joserobertoalmeidasalesjunior.pdf: 1621589 bytes, checksum: c38f0c538784f4bbe95b7fdda75fdfc4 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Verificar este autor conforme orientação em trabalho anterior on 2018-06-14T12:38:18Z (GMT) / Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-06-14T12:53:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 joserobertoalmeidasalesjunior.pdf: 1621589 bytes, checksum: c38f0c538784f4bbe95b7fdda75fdfc4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T16:05:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 joserobertoalmeidasalesjunior.pdf: 1621589 bytes, checksum: c38f0c538784f4bbe95b7fdda75fdfc4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T16:05:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 joserobertoalmeidasalesjunior.pdf: 1621589 bytes, checksum: c38f0c538784f4bbe95b7fdda75fdfc4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T16:05:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 joserobertoalmeidasalesjunior.pdf: 1621589 bytes, checksum: c38f0c538784f4bbe95b7fdda75fdfc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / O presente trabalho teve o escopo de demonstrar qual foi o papel do direito na Revolução de 1848 na Prússia a partir de uma análise marxiana feita com base nos escritos da Nova Gazeta Renana. Verificou-se que o terreno jurídico assumiu uma função ideológica que o fez se caracterizar como “freio irracional” à plena implantação do sistema de produção capitalista na Prússia naquele momento histórico específico, fato relevante na constituição da via prussiana de formação do capitalismo. / The present work had the aim to demonstrate what was the function of the law in the Revolution of 1848 in Prussia from the standpoint of a Marxian analysis based on the writings found on the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. It was verified that the legal basis took on a ideological function that made it act as a “irrational restraint” against the full implantation of the capitalism system of production in Prussia in that specific historic moment, a relevant fact in the constitution of the Prussian way of development of capitalism.

This study analyses the administrative and economic career of Francesco De Gratta (1613–1676) as Royal Postmaster, Royal Secretary, and trader within the postal and fiscal systems of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This investigation focuses mainly on his network and career strategies and is based on various sources from a number of European archives and libraries, mainly those situated in Italy, Poland and Germany. The study presents the family De Gratta and the familial social actions that Francesco used in order to root his children and family in the Polish-Lithuanian noble culture. Next, the analysis shows that the career of Francesco De Gratta was inextricably correlated with the establishment of the early modern royal postal system in Gdańsk (the city of Gdańsk fulfilled an important bridging role within the Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth) as well as his close contacts with different Polish kings and queens. The career followed distinct stages, tying him ever closer with the Crown, the nobility as well as the merchants in Gdańsk. It all started with his position as Head Postmaster in Gdańsk, in 1654. In 1661, he became Postmaster General of Royal Prussia, Courland, Semigallia and Livonia. After these initial steps, Francesco immersed in creditor activities and close contacts with the Royal Prussian cities, royal authorities, and not the least different Polish mint masters. He also got involved in the potash trade with his later son-in-law Jan Wawrzyniec Wodzicki, first as his factor and later as a co-owner of Wodzicki’s company. The study finally traces his social and economic advancement by the analysis of Francesco De Gratta’s legacies and their importance for his heirs’ social status. The summary compares the career of Francesco De Gratta with that of other postmasters and mint masters of Italian origin in Poland-Lithuania. / Denna studie analyserar Francesco De Grattas (1613-1676) ekonomiska och administrativa karriär som kunglig postmästare, kunglig sekreterare och köpman i det polsk-litauiska samväldet. Denna undersökning är främst inriktad på nätverks- och karriärsanalys och bygger på olika arkivkällor från en rad europeiska arkiv och bibliotek, främst från Italien, Polen och Tyskland. Studien presenterar familjen De Gratta och de familjära sociala strategier som Francesco använde för att förankra sin familj i det polsk-litauiska samväldets adelskultur. Därefter visar analysen att De Grattas karriär kan förstås mot bakgrund av upprättandet av det tidigmoderna kungliga postsystemet i Gdańsk (Gdańsk hade en viktig överbryggande roll inom Polen-Litauen), liksom hans nära kontakter med olika polska kungar och drottningar. Hans karriär följde olika distinkta steg som möjliggjorde för honom att närma sig kronan, adeln och köpmännen i Gdańsk. År 1654 blev han huvudpostmästare i Gdańsk och 1661 fick han ämbetet som huvudpostmästare för Kungliga Preussen, Kurland, Semgallen och Livland. Senare utvecklade Francesco De Gratta sin kreditverksamhet parallellt med utbyggnaden av sitt kontaktnätverk med kungliga preussiska städer, kungliga myndigheter och inte minst olika polska myntmästare. Han blev också involverad i handel med pottaska (kaliumkarbonat) tillsammans med sin svärson Jan Wawrzyniec Wodzicki, först som hans agent och senare som delägare i Wodzickis företag. Slutligen spårar studien Francesco De Grattas sociala och ekonomiska framåtskridande genom en analys av hans arv och dess betydelse för hans arvingars sociala status. Sammanfattningsvis jämförs Francesco De Grattas karriär med andra postmästare och myntmästare av italienskt ursprung i Polen-Litauen. / Information Infrastructure in the Baltic Area. Nodes, News and News Agents, c. 1650 - 1700

The twin battles of Jena and Auerstadt were fought on October 14, 1806 between the Prusso-Saxon forces under King Frederick William III of Prussia and the French forces under Emperor Napoleon I of France. Since these famous battles, many military historians have been quick to claim that the Prusso-Saxon Army of 1806 used tactics that were too outdated and soldiers that were quite incapable of effectively taking on the French. But the Prusso-Saxon Army of 1806 has been greatly misrepresented by these historians, and a recent body of respected scholarship has indicated that the Prusso-Saxon soldiers of 1806 fought well enough and that their tactics were not so outdated. The fact that the Prusso-Saxon Army lost the campaign of 1806 is not disputed, but a fair assessment of the army is due. Using writings from a respected body of scholarship, various memoirs, and military regulations from the period, this thesis will present the Prusso-Saxon Army and the important battles of 1806 from a point of view more in line with the evidence.