Le recueil de nouvelles Sur le fil est traversé par le motif de la perte : perte de la beauté, de l'être aimé, d'un enfant, d'une capacité physique ou psychologique. Les personnages, souvent brisés, écorchés par l'existence, tentent de se sortir de leur état qui devient insupportable. Plusieurs d'entre eux vivent isolément ou se forgent une carapace qui les protège du regard et du jugement d'autrui. Ils évoluent dans l'intimité de leur silence, là où l'émotion se déploie avec force. La seconde section du mémoire, qui porte sur la nouvelle intimiste québécoise contemporaine, donne une définition de ce genre littéraire en se basant sur le recueil Cet imperceptible mouvement d'Aude. Ce livre, où le langage parvient à montrer les séismes intérieurs des personnages, à transgresser le sens d'un mot pour atteindre une connaissance intuitive, sensible, constitue une source d'inspiration inépuisable pour mon travail d'écriture et une référence profonde pour ma réflexion sur le genre.

Roman Deux fois trop Deux fois trop raconte une histoire qui prend racine lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et se dénoue en deux mille dix. Le roman passe d'une époque à une autre, alternant entre deux personnages féminins. Le lecteur fait d'abord la connaissance d'Evelyne, de Montréal, et découvre avec elle qu'une inconnue a mandaté un détective privé pour la retracer. Emily, qui habite l'île du Cap-Breton, entre en scène dans le chapitre suivant. Du début à la fin du roman, les histoires des deux femmes s'entrelacent. Le lecteur apprend que l'une est la mère de l'autre, ce qui soulève plusieurs questions. Pourquoi Evelyne, qui se prénommait autrefois Eveleen, a-t-elle été confiée à un couple de Québécois? Pourquoi sa soeur aînée et son frère cadet n'ont-ils pas été séparés de leur mère? Les indices sont disséminés dans le roman, mais les réponses n'arrivent qu'à la fin d'un voyage à travers le temps qui transporte le lecteur de la Nouvelle-Ecosse au Québec, en passant par l'Ontario. Essai Ecrire, c'est choisir Tout au long du processus de création, le romancier effectue des choix. Il commence par opter pour le régime hétérodiégétique ou le régime homodiégétique. Il choisit un type de focalisation. Il décide de raconter son histoire dans l'ordre chronologique ou non. Il détermine quel temps verbal convient le mieux. Plusieurs possibilités s'offrent aussi à lui en ce qui concerne la langue. Quel niveau de langage doit-il employer? Doit-il puiser dans les canadianismes et les régionalismes ou pas? Comment doit-il livrer les dialogues entre personnages qui s'expriment dans une autre langue que le français? Le romancier a également la liberté de coller à la réalité ou de s'en détacher. Si son oeuvre de fiction se situe dans le passé, par exemple, il peut respecter les faits historiques ou, au contraire, ne leur accorder aucune importance. Écrire, c'est choisir fait l'inventaire des choix qui s'offrent à l'auteur de fiction. Cet essai invite à réfléchir sur les dessous de l'écriture romanesque en s'appuyant sur plusieurs ouvrages théoriques, puis en comparant le roman Deux fois trop à d'autres, dont Tous ces mondes en elle, de Neil Bissoondath, J'ai épousé un communiste, de Philip Roth, et Les heures, de Michael Cunningham.

Ce mémoire est divisé en deux parties. La première est une création littéraire. Maman les petits bateaux qui vont sur l'eau ont-ils des jambes?, un roman qui met en scène Ficelle, d'abord fillette, puis adolescente et enfin jeune adulte, que l'on voit évoluer en parallèle de son fils, Betha, jeune homme devenu alcoolique, qui perpétue un étrange rituel dans le but de rejoindre sa mère qui s'est enlevé la vie quinze ans auparavant. La seconde partie est un essai, "Traces de l'eau et de l'enfance de la nouvelle Le torrent d'Anne Hébert dans Maman les petits bateaux qui vont sur l'eau ont-ils des jambes?", dont la réflexion tend à démontrer l'influence que l'oeuvre de l'écrivaine québécoise Anne Hébert, et plus spécifiquement l'eau et l'enfance telles qu'elles sont représentées dans sa nouvelle ±Le Torrent¿, m'ont inspirée à mon insu lors de la rédaction de mon roman.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito do ultrassom em diferentes etapas: no pré-tratamento da lipase de Burkholderia cepacia (lipase PS), na preparação do derivado imobilizado desta enzima em um suporte híbrido composto por sílica e ?-ciclodextrina e na síntese de biodiesel utilizando o óleo de babaçu e etanol como matérias primas. Na primeira parte do trabalho foi realizada a caracterização do suporte híbrido polissiloxano-?-ciclodextrina (SiO2-?CD). Os resultados foram comparados com os dados de caracterização do suporte híbrido polissiloxano-álcool polivinílico (SiO2-PVA). Os derivados imobilizados e a lipase PS na sua forma livre foram caracterizados quanto aos seus parâmetros cinéticos (Km e Vmax) e estabilidade térmica (Kd) a 60 ?C e quanto às suas propriedades morfológicas por meio das seguintes análises: microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de difração de raio-X (DRX), área superficial, tamanho e volume de poro (método BET) e termogravimetria (TGA). De um modo geral, o derivado imobilizado PS/SiO2-?CD apresentou um desempenho similar ao do PS/SiO2-PVA quanto a morfologia, propriedades cinéticas e térmicas e aplicação na etanólise do óleo de babaçu. Na segunda parte do trabalho estudou-se a influência do ultrassom na atividade hidrolítica da lipase livre, na preparação do derivado imobilizado e na reação de transesterificação. A atividade hidrolítica da solução enzimática (lipase PS) sonicada durante 2 h diminuiu em cerca de 40%. Os derivados imobilizados preparados tanto pelo método convencional (somente agitação magnética), como pela influência do ultrassom tiveram preservadas as suas características morfológicas e atividades hidrolíticas. Foi observada a possibilidade de redução nos tempos envolvidos nas etapas de preparação do derivado imobilizado. Na síntese de biodiesel, utilizando óleo de babaçu e etanol catalisada por PS/SiO2-?CD, na razão de 1:7 a 45°C o rendimento de transesterificação sob efeito de ondas ultrassonoras, teve uma redução de 67% no tempo de reação para um rendimento de 80% em relação a reação realizada por agitação magnética. A variação na razão molar não alterou significativamente o rendimento, pois em 8 h de reação no ultrassom, nas mesmas condições, o rendimento na razão de 1:4 e 1:10 foram respectivamente 68% e 55%. / The present work aimed at studying the effect of ultrasound as pre-treatment of Burkholderia cepacia lipase (lipase PS), in preparation of this enzyme immobilized on a hybrid support composed by silica and ?-cyclodextrin and in the synthesis of biodiesel using babassu oil and ethanol as raw materials. In the first step of the work was developed the characterization of the hybrid support polysiloxane-?cyclodextrin (?CD-SiO2). Such results were compared with the polysiloxane-polyvinyl alcohol (SiO2-PVA) results. The free and immobilized lipase PS were characterized regarding their kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) and thermal stability at 60°C and regarding their morphological properties by the following analysis: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), spectroscopy of x-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area, size and volume pore (BET) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In general, the derivative PS/SiO2-?CD showed similar performance to PS/SiO2-PVA regarding morphology, kinetic and thermal proprieties and application in the ethanolysis of babassu oil. In the second step of the work was studied the influence of ultrasound on hydrolytic activities of free enzyme, immobilized derivative preparation and transesterification reaction. The hydrolytic activities of enzyme solution (lipase PS) sonicated for 2 h decreased by about 35 %. Both immobilized derivatives prepared by the convention method (just magnetic stirring), as the influence of ultrasound had preserved their morphological characteristics and hydrolytic activities. It was observed the possibility of time reducing involved in the steps of immobilized derivative preparation. In the synthesis of biodiesel using babassu oil and ethanol catalyzed by PS/SiO2-?CD, at a ratio of 1:7 at 45°C the yield of transesterification under influence of ultrasound waves, had time reduction of 67% (when yield was 80%) in relation to reaction carried out by magnetic stirring. The variation in molar ratio didn\'t alter the yield, sifnificantly, because in 8 h of ultrasound reaction under the same conditions, the yield in the molar ratio of 1:4 and 1:10 were respectively 68% and 55%.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito do ultrassom em diferentes etapas: no pré-tratamento da lipase de Burkholderia cepacia (lipase PS), na preparação do derivado imobilizado desta enzima em um suporte híbrido composto por sílica e ?-ciclodextrina e na síntese de biodiesel utilizando o óleo de babaçu e etanol como matérias primas. Na primeira parte do trabalho foi realizada a caracterização do suporte híbrido polissiloxano-?-ciclodextrina (SiO2-?CD). Os resultados foram comparados com os dados de caracterização do suporte híbrido polissiloxano-álcool polivinílico (SiO2-PVA). Os derivados imobilizados e a lipase PS na sua forma livre foram caracterizados quanto aos seus parâmetros cinéticos (Km e Vmax) e estabilidade térmica (Kd) a 60 ?C e quanto às suas propriedades morfológicas por meio das seguintes análises: microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de difração de raio-X (DRX), área superficial, tamanho e volume de poro (método BET) e termogravimetria (TGA). De um modo geral, o derivado imobilizado PS/SiO2-?CD apresentou um desempenho similar ao do PS/SiO2-PVA quanto a morfologia, propriedades cinéticas e térmicas e aplicação na etanólise do óleo de babaçu. Na segunda parte do trabalho estudou-se a influência do ultrassom na atividade hidrolítica da lipase livre, na preparação do derivado imobilizado e na reação de transesterificação. A atividade hidrolítica da solução enzimática (lipase PS) sonicada durante 2 h diminuiu em cerca de 40%. Os derivados imobilizados preparados tanto pelo método convencional (somente agitação magnética), como pela influência do ultrassom tiveram preservadas as suas características morfológicas e atividades hidrolíticas. Foi observada a possibilidade de redução nos tempos envolvidos nas etapas de preparação do derivado imobilizado. Na síntese de biodiesel, utilizando óleo de babaçu e etanol catalisada por PS/SiO2-?CD, na razão de 1:7 a 45°C o rendimento de transesterificação sob efeito de ondas ultrassonoras, teve uma redução de 67% no tempo de reação para um rendimento de 80% em relação a reação realizada por agitação magnética. A variação na razão molar não alterou significativamente o rendimento, pois em 8 h de reação no ultrassom, nas mesmas condições, o rendimento na razão de 1:4 e 1:10 foram respectivamente 68% e 55%. / The present work aimed at studying the effect of ultrasound as pre-treatment of Burkholderia cepacia lipase (lipase PS), in preparation of this enzyme immobilized on a hybrid support composed by silica and ?-cyclodextrin and in the synthesis of biodiesel using babassu oil and ethanol as raw materials. In the first step of the work was developed the characterization of the hybrid support polysiloxane-?cyclodextrin (?CD-SiO2). Such results were compared with the polysiloxane-polyvinyl alcohol (SiO2-PVA) results. The free and immobilized lipase PS were characterized regarding their kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) and thermal stability at 60°C and regarding their morphological properties by the following analysis: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), spectroscopy of x-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area, size and volume pore (BET) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In general, the derivative PS/SiO2-?CD showed similar performance to PS/SiO2-PVA regarding morphology, kinetic and thermal proprieties and application in the ethanolysis of babassu oil. In the second step of the work was studied the influence of ultrasound on hydrolytic activities of free enzyme, immobilized derivative preparation and transesterification reaction. The hydrolytic activities of enzyme solution (lipase PS) sonicated for 2 h decreased by about 35 %. Both immobilized derivatives prepared by the convention method (just magnetic stirring), as the influence of ultrasound had preserved their morphological characteristics and hydrolytic activities. It was observed the possibility of time reducing involved in the steps of immobilized derivative preparation. In the synthesis of biodiesel using babassu oil and ethanol catalyzed by PS/SiO2-?CD, at a ratio of 1:7 at 45°C the yield of transesterification under influence of ultrasound waves, had time reduction of 67% (when yield was 80%) in relation to reaction carried out by magnetic stirring. The variation in molar ratio didn\'t alter the yield, sifnificantly, because in 8 h of ultrasound reaction under the same conditions, the yield in the molar ratio of 1:4 and 1:10 were respectively 68% and 55%.

La pénurie d'eau est devenue un des problèmes clés à résoudre, et pour y faire face, il est nécessaire de disposer d'unités de traitement de l'eau efficaces. Au cours des dernières décennies la technologie des membranes est devenue l'une des techniques les plus prometteuses pour le traitement de l'eau. Néanmoins, les membranes ont une durée de vie limitée et sont, par ailleurs, sujettes à des phénomènes de colmatage - le dépôt, l'adsorption et l'absorption de particules dans la structure de la membrane -, ce qui réduit leur productivité, et augmente les coûts opérationnels. Une approche pour minimiser ce problème consiste à modifier des membranes hydrophobes, mécaniquement et chimiquement stables, en y greffant des matériaux amphiphiles afin de réduire le colmatage. L'objectif principal de ce travail est de caractériser les propriétés anti-colmatage des membranes de PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride) modifiées avec différents types de copolymères PS-PEGMA (Polystyrene - Poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate), tout d'abord par l'utilisation de techniques classiques, puis, par le développement et / ou l'adaptation de techniques microfluidiques couplés à la microscopie à fluorescence et l'utilisation de la cartographie par microspectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (IRTF). La cartographie IRTF a permis de quantifier localement le greffage et de mettre en évidence l'hétérogénéité du greffage sur la membrane. Ces cartes, représentant l'importance du greffage sur la membrane, ont par ailleurs été corrélées au dépôt de protéines sur la surface. Des systèmes microfluidiques ont également été développés pour caractériser sous microscope à fluorescence l'adsorption de protéines fluorescentes sur une membrane en présence d'un débit. Cette étude permet de suivre in situ et en dynamique l'adsorption (lors de cycles de filtration) et la désorption (lors de cycles de rinçage) de protéines sur la membrane. Ces mesures locales ont été mises en regard avec des mesures de permeabilité lors de cycles filtrations/rinçage mettant en évidence un rôle anti-fouling en particulier pour les copolymères tri-blocs ou pour les copolymères à enchaînement aléatoire. / Water scarcity has become one of the key issues to solve, and efficient water treatment is paramount to treat water sources. In recent decades membrane technology has become one of the promising solutions for water treatment. Nevertheless, membranes are prone to fouling phenomena - the deposition, adsorption, and absorption of particles in the membrane structure -, which hinders their life-span and productivity, and raise operative costs. One approach to minimize this issue is to modify the already mechanically and chemically stable hydrophobic membranes with amphiphilic materials. The main aim of this work is to characterise the anti-fouling properties of PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride) membranes modified with different types of PS-PEGMA (Polystyrene - Poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) copolymers, firstly by using classical techniques, and then, by developing and/or adapting new ones: microfluidic devices coupled with fluorescence microscopy, and the use of Fourier Transform Infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR mapping). FTIR mapping allowed the local detection of the coating layer and showed its heterogeneous distribution on the surface of the membrane. These maps, that represent the importance of the coating on the membrane, were correlated with the deposit of proteins on the surface. Microfluidic systems were also developed to characterise the adsorption of fluorescent proteins on the membrane under a fluorescent microscope in the presence of a flow. This study allowed the in-situ and dynamic follow-up of the adsorption - during filtration cycles - and of the desorption - during rinsing cycles - of the proteins on the membrane. These local measurements were compared against permeability measurements during the filtration/rinsing cycles evidencing the anti-fouling role of the copolymers used for the modification of the membranes, particularly for the triblock and random copolymers.

Les nanostructures périodiques induites par faisceau laser ont stimulé de nombreuses recherches en raison de leurs applications dans les domaines des technologies micros et nanométriques, telles que la lithographie, la mise en mémoire des données à haute densité, les systèmes nano et micro-électromécaniques (NEMS/MEMS). La dynamique de leur formation sur la surface des couches minces de cuivre (CMC) déposées sur les substrats de silicium et de verre est étudiée dans ce travail. Cette analyse est réalisée en utilisant deux approches de caractérisation : ex situ pour les analyses Microscopie Electronique à Balayage (MEB) et en transmission (MET), Microscopie à Force Atomique (AFM) et in situ pour les signaux de Réflectométrie en Temps Réel (RRT). Les processus de changement d’état (fusion, ablation, décollement…) et des modifications de la morphologie de surface à l’échelle nanométrique sont étudies en variant un nombre de paramètres clés, à savoir : le dose énergétique (la fluence et le nombre de tirs laser), l’épaisseur des CMC et la nature de substrat en régime d’interaction picoseconde et nanoseconde. En effet, les nanostructures avec une période spatiale de 266 nm (proche de la longueur d’onde laser (λ)), 130 nm (λ/2) et 60 nm (λ/4) sont obtenues. Ces différentes nanostructures périodiques ont été rassemblées dans des cartographies 2D et corrélés à la dose énergétique (fluence et nombre de tirs). Enfin, une tentative d’interprétation des mécanismes de formation des nanostructures périodiques sur les CMC générées en régime laser picoseconde, établie sur la base de nos données expérimentales, semble pertinente avec la théorie d’auto-organisation, notamment pour des nombres de tirs laser importants. / Periodic surface nanostructures induced by laser have attracted particular attention because of their applications in the domain of micro and nanotechnologies such as lithography, high density data storage, nano- and micro-electromechanical systems (NEMS/MEMS). The dynamic of their formation on the surface of copper thin film deposited on silicon and glass substrates was investigated in this present work. Two methods are used in this analysis: ex situ analyses by Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM/TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and in situ diagnostic by Time Resolved Reflectivity method (TRR). The process of phase change (melting, ablation, thin film removal …) and surface morphology modification at the nanoscale are studied with respect to irradiation dose (the fluence and the number of laser shots), the thickness of thin film and the substrate thermal conductivity in the pico- and nanosecond regime. Namely, nanostructures with a spatial period of 266 nm (close to the irradiation wavelength (λ)), 130 nm (λ/2) and 60 nm (λ/4) were successfully obtained. The global relationship between the laser parameters (i.e. fluence and number of laser shots) and nanostructure formation was established in the form of a 2D map. Lastly, an interpretation of the mechanism of periodic nanostructures formation on copper thin film induced by picosecond laser was established on the basis of our experimental data, seems relevant to the self-organization theory, particularly, in multi-pulses regime.

This master thesis was performed at the Mechanical department at Outotec AB,Skellefte˚a. Outotec AB is a technology company as well as a project company, sell-ing complex mining technology and plant projects. Outotec’s technologies are usedfor applications such as producing base metals, processing iron ore etc. Outotec isrunning a program called ‘Fully automated smelter’ where manual hazardous workmust be avoided. A machine which automatically replaces punching bars on thepunching machine is needed. This thesis project aimed to investigate if the punching bar changer will be aproprietary purpose-build machine or an industrial robot. The five-step conceptgeneration method was used for concept development during this thesis project.For gathering knowledge and information about the project area, experts have beeninterviewed to obtain information for the start of the project. The gathered infor-mation and knowledge from interviews and literature studies have been used as abase when the concepts were generated. Seven concepts were generated and evalu-ated using a screening matrix. The concept that best satisfied the set requirementswere further developed, designed and simulated. The two scenarios have been in-vestigated and a design concept of the proprietary purpose-built machine has beenpresented. The result from concept evaluation and simulation indicated that bothalternatives are applicable in this area. But to make a decision a more in-depthcalculation of the associated cost and investigation of the design is necessary.

No description available.

Grafting polymeric chains on the surface of nanoparticles is an effective way to enhance particle-matrix interaction and their homogeneous dispersion within the matrix, leading to improved physical and mechanical properties. However, current methods for grafting polymeric chains onto nanoparticles have not produced well-defined polymers with high grafting density. Here, we employed anionic polymerization high vacuum techniques to synthesize in-situ grafted silica nanoparticles with either polystyrene (PS), polystyrene-b-polyisoprene (PS-b-PI) or 3- miktoarm star polymers (3-µ stars polymer) ((PS)2PS, (PS)2PI, and (PS)2PI-b-PS) by hydrolysis/condensation of ω-tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) of PS, PS-b-PI and 3-µ star polymers. The molecular characteristics of the precursors PS-TEOS, PS-b-PI-TEOS, and 3-µ star polymer-TEOS were determined by 1H NMR, SEC, and MALDI-ToF. The synthesis of PS (PS@SiO2 NPs), PS-b-PI (PS-b-PI@SiO2 NPs), and 3-µ star polymer ((PS)2PS)@SiO2, (PS)2PI)@SiO2, and (PS)2PI-b-PS@SiO2 NPs) nanoparticles was verified by FT-IR, 29Si solid-state NMR, TEM, TGA, and DLS. Blends of PS@SiO2 with commercially available PS and PS-b-PI@SiO2 and 3-µ star polymer@SiO2 with anionically synthesized thermoplastic elastomer (PS-b-PI-b-PS), were obtained either in melt by extrusion or in solution by evaporation. The role of polymer@SiO2 on the mechanical and morphological properties was examined by tensile testing and SEM. In the fifth chapter, a high grafting density of polymer on the surface of SiO2 NPs approach that may also be employed in industry was presented. TEOS will be present in every repeating unit in the second block rather than simply the end group as it was in the first three chapters. First, anionic polymerization of PS functionalized with bromide group to utilize as a macroinitioter. Then, the macroinitioter (PS-Br) will initiate the polymerization of VTES (vinyltriethoxysilyl), ATMS (alyltrimethoxysilyl), and SETMS (styrene ethyltrimethoxysilyl) via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to form PS-b-PVTES, PS-b-PATMS, and PS-b-SETMS. SEC, 1H NMR, FT-IR, 29Si solid-state NMR, TEM, and DLS were used to confirmed copolymer grafting on SiO2 NPs. Lastly, a tensile test was used to study the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite. The proposed method controls the molecular weight, chemical composition, particle size and grafting density of nanoparticles and effectively improves the mechanical characteristics of the two families of PS-based nanocomposites.