Photoactivated psoralens and other agents that form DNA interstrand crosslinks are highly cytotoxic and are useful in treating a range of diseases, including vitiligo, psoriasis, and some forms of cancer. Unlike many lesions that damage only one strand of the duplex DNA, DNA interstrand crosslinks form covalent bonds with both strands. Thus, repairing these lesions is complicated both by the lack of an undamaged strand to serve as a template for resynthesis following excision, as well as the potential to form double strand breaks if both strands are incised. A number of models have proposed that repair is likely to couple nucleotide excision repair with other repair pathways such as recombination, and/or translesion synthesis. However, several aspects of these models remain speculative, and how these medically relevant lesions are repaired by cells still remains elusive. In this study, I use Escherichia coli as a model organism to characterize which gene products contribute to survival in the presence of psoralen-induced DNA interstrand crosslinks. In Chapter II, I demonstrate that although nucleotide excision repair initiates repair, not all subunits contribute equally to survival. Notably, uvrC is less sensitive to psoralen-induced damage than either uvrA or uvrB. I found that Cho, an alternative endonuclease, accounts for the increased resistance of uvrC mutants and contributes to survival in the presence of UvrABC. Cho was not required following angelicin treatment, a psoralen derivative that only forms monoadducts, suggesting that Cho function is specific for interstrand crosslink repair. However, Cho, by itself, is not required for the initial incision and only modestly enhances the rate that psoralen crosslinks are incised in vivo. Following incision, many of the intermediates in the repair process remain speculative. In Chapter III, I examine how recombination and translesion synthesis mutants contribute to survival of psoralen-induced damage. I show that both recBC and recF contribute to survival, but that neither mutant is as hypersensitive as recA, potentially suggesting that pathways involving either single strand gaps or double strand break intermediates can occur during repair. Finally, I show that Polymerase V is responsible for the translesion synthesis that contributes to survival in the case of psoralen-induced damage in E.coli.

Η ασιτρετίνη, τα ψωραλένια και η μινοξιδίλη αποτελούν φάρμακα επιλογής για την αντιμετώπιση δερματικών ασθενειών (ψωρίαση, καρκίνος δέρματος, λεύκη, ανδρογενής αλωπεκία). Στο πλαίσιο της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής αναπτύχθηκαν συγκλίνουσες συνθετικές μεθοδολογίες για την ολική σύνθεση αναλόγων της ασιτρετίνης με μεταβολές στο λιπόφιλο τμήμα της. Επιπλέον, τροποποιήθηκαν με χημικό τρόπο ψωραλένια, όπως το τριοξαλένιο, το μπερκαπτένιο και το ξανθοτοξένιο και συντέθηκε μια πληθώρα υβριδικών αναλόγων και συζευγμάτων τους με όξινα ρετινοειδή. Τέλος, αναπτύχθηκαν μεθοδολογίες για την ολική σύνθεση αναλόγων και συζευγμάτων της μινοξιδίλης με πολυαμίνες και άλλα βιοδραστικά μόρια. / Acitretin, Psoralens and Minoxidil are the drug of choice for the treatment of several dermatological disorders, such as psoriasis, vitiligo, cancer and adrogenic alopecia. In the context of the present thesis we developed efficient convergent synthetic methodologies for the total syntheses of acitretin analogs, incorporating changes in the lipophilic part. Moreover, psoralens, such as trioxsalen, bergapten and xanthotoxin, were chemically modified, in order to synthesize, hybrid analogs and conjugates with acidic retinoids. Finally, we developed efficient synthetic methodologies for the total synthesis of analogs and conjugates of Minoxidil with polyamines and other molecules with biological interest.

This study has involved the design, synthesis and evaluation of novel HIV-1 enzyme inhibitors accessed by synthetic elaboration of Baylis-Hillman adducts. Several series of complex coumarin-AZT and cinnamate ester-AZT conjugates have been prepared, in high yields, by exploiting the click reaction between appropriate Baylis-Hillman derived precursors and azidothymidine (AZT), all of which have been fully characterised using spectroscopic techniques. These conjugates, designed as potential dual-action HIV-1 inhibitors, were tested against the appropriate HIV-1 enzymes, i.e. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease or HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and integrase. A number of the ligands have exhibited % inhibition levels and IC50 values comparable to drugs in clinical use, permitting their identification as lead compounds for the development of novel dual-action inhibitors. In silico docking of selected ligands into the active sites of the respective enzymes has provided useful insight into binding conformations and potential hydrogen-bonding interactions with active-site amino acid residues. A series of furocoumarin carboxamide derivatives have been synthesised in four steps starting from resorcinol and these compounds have also been tested for HIV-1 integrase inhibition activity. The structures of unexpected products isolated from Aza-Baylis-Hillman reactions of N-tosylaldimines have been elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, and confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis. A mechanism for what appears to be an unprecedented transformation has been proposed. Microwave-assisted SeO₂ oxidation of Baylis-Hillman-derived 3-methylcoumarins has provided convenient and efficient access to coumarin-3-carbaldehydes, and a pilot study has revealed the potential of these coumarin-3-carbaldehydes as scaffolds for the construction of tricyclic compounds. The HCl-catalysed reaction of tert-butyl acrylate derived Baylis-Hillman adducts has been shown to afford 3-(chloromethyl)coumarins and α-(chloromethyl)cinnamic acids, the Zstereochemistry of the latter being established by X-ray crystallography. ¹H NMR-based experimental kinetic and DFT-level theoretical studies have been undertaken to establish the reaction sequence and other mechanistic details. Base-catalysed cyclisation on the other hand, has been shown to afford 2H-chromene rather than coumarin derivatives.