The paper presents the results of a study of the relation between parental psychological control and the internalized and externalized problems of a group of 170 adolescents (58.2 % males), between the ages of 13 and 17, from a private school in Lima, Peru. The Dependency-Oriented and Achievement-Oriented Psychological Control Scale (DapCS-S) and the Youth Self Report (ySR) inventory were used. Findings showed a positive and significant correlation between Achievement-Oriented Parental Psychological Control (apC) and Dependency-Oriented Parental Psychological Control (DpC) and the internalized and externalized problems. Results also showed that the maternal DpC and the paternal apC explain significantly the adolescents’ internalized problems. On the other hand, the maternal and paternal DpC explain significantly the adolescents’ criminal conduct. / Se estudió la relación entre el control psicológico parental y los problemas internalizados y externalizados en un grupo de 170 adolescentes (58.2% varones), entre 13 y 17 años, de un colegio privado de Lima, Perú. Se utilizó la Escala de Control Psicológico Parental (dapcs-s) y el inventario Youth Self Report (ysr). Los resultados mostraron una correlación positiva y significativa entre el control psicológico parental orientado a la autocrítica (cpa) y a la dependencia (cpd) con los problemas internalizados y externalizados. Se encontró que el cpd materno y el cpa paterno explican significativamente los problemas internalizados en los adolescentes. Por otro lado, el cpd materno y paterno explicaron significativamente la conducta delictiva en los adolescentes. / Revisión por pares

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This study examined associations between two domain-specific manifestations of perceived psychologically controlling parenting (i.e., dependency oriented and achievement-oriented), dimensions of personality vulnerability to depression (i.e., dependency and self-criticism), and depressive symptoms in Peruvian late adolescents (N = 292, 60 % female). Structural equation modeling showed that perceived dependency-oriented psychological control was related specifically to dependency and that perceived achievement-oriented psychological control was related specifically to self-criticism. Both dimensions of personality vulnerability played an intervening role in associations between the domains of psychologically controlling parenting and depressive symptoms. In addition, dependency-oriented psychological control interacted with perceived parental responsiveness in the prediction of depressive symptoms, such that responsiveness exacerbated effects of psychological control on depressive symptoms. Results were similar across maternal and paternal ratings of parenting. Findings are interpreted in light of the debate about the cross cultural generalization of the effects of psychologically controlling parenting.

Research shows that parental psychological control is associated with youth aggression in peer relationships. This includes various aggression roles (aggression and victimization), forms (overt and relational), and functions (proactive and reactive). The current study examined the role of two youth individual traits, Machiavellianism and dysregulation, in the association between psychological control and youth aggression. A sample of 142 participants (age M = 15.4, SD = 1.13, 93% male, 82% African-American) were recruited from several juvenile detention facilities in Louisiana. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires, including self-reports of Machiavellianism, dysregulation, aggression, victimization, and parental psychological control. Bootstrap analyses indicated youth Machiavellianism partially mediated the associations between psychological control and the aggression roles, forms, and functions. Youth dysregulation partially mediated the associations between psychological control and the aggression roles and forms. For the aggression functions, dysregulation partially mediated the association between psychological control and reactive aggression, and fully mediated the association between psychological control and proactive aggression. Regression analyses indicated psychological control and dysregulation were more strongly associated with reactive aggression than proactive aggression. Findings demonstrate the importance of the youth individual traits, Machiavellianism and dysregulation, in explaining the association between psychological control and youth aggression problems. These findings have implications for youth interventions, in that these individual traits may be useful targets to help decrease bullying and aggressive behaviors in peer relationships.

While extensive research has supported the negative impacts of psychological control (i.e., intrusive parenting behaviors that restrain a child’s self-expression) on child adjustment (e.g., Barber et al., 2005), less has systematically investigated predictors of psychological control, especially in the context of immigrant families. Soenens and Vansteenkiste (2010) suggested that parents are more likely to engage in psychological control when their basic psychological needs are frustrated. According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 2002), the need for autonomy, relatedness, and competence are essential for well-being. I hypothesized that lower satisfaction of the need for competence and relatedness, each indicated by a number of stressors, would predict increasing psychological control over time. Participants were 182 immigrant Chinese families (2/3 randomly recruited) with adolescent children. Family members were assessed two times, 18 months apart. Results of hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that, despite high stability in psychological control over time, low parent-child agreement, high perceived discrimination, and high language stress predicted increases in psychological control over time for mothers. In addition, low marital satisfaction predicted increasing psychological control for newcomer fathers, and high interpersonal acculturation stress predicted increasing psychological control for fathers who had been in Canada for a longer period. Implications for practice and polity are discussed. / Graduate / 0621

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / This study examined associations between two domain-specific manifestations of perceived psychologically controlling parenting (i.e., dependency oriented and achievement-oriented), dimensions of personality vulnerability to depression (i.e., dependency and self-criticism), and depressive symptoms in Peruvian late adolescents (N = 292, 60 % female). Structural equation modeling showed that perceived dependency-oriented psychological control was related specifically to dependency and that perceived achievement-oriented psychological control was related specifically to self-criticism. Both dimensions of personality vulnerability played an intervening role in associations between the domains of psychologically controlling parenting and depressive symptoms. In addition, dependency-oriented psychological control interacted with perceived parental responsiveness in the prediction of depressive symptoms, such that responsiveness exacerbated effects of psychological control on depressive symptoms. Results were similar across maternal and paternal ratings of parenting. Findings are interpreted in light of the debate about the cross cultural generalization of the effects of psychologically controlling parenting. / Revisión por pares

The present study examined the relations among maternal psychological control, maternal acceptance, maternal acculturation and youth anxiety within the framework of a (partially) moderated mediation model. The sample consisted of 535 Hispanic-Latino youth (46% girls; M = 9.79 years) and their mothers. The study’s data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in the MPlus statistical software program. Results indicated that maternal psychological control and youth anxiety are significantly and positively related. Results also indicated that more acculturated mothers were more psychologically controlling than less acculturated mothers. Results further provided evidence for a partial mediational role of maternal psychological control on the relation between maternal acculturation and youth anxiety symptoms. In addition, there was a direct, positive relation between maternal acculturation and youth anxiety symptoms. No significant findings were observed regarding the moderating role of maternal acceptance on the relation between maternal psychological control and youth anxiety. The findings’ theoretical and clinical implications are further discussed.

Parental psychological control has been linked to numerous negative outcomes among emerging-adult children. Given that emerging adulthood is a time for young people to become autonomous, explore their identities, and begin to feel like an adult, controlling parenting that limits these necessary developmental experiences can be particularly harmful to emerging adults. Given this vulnerability, the current study aimed to understand how parental psychological control affects emerging adults' adjustment (i.e., internalizing problems, externalizing problems, identity exploration), explore a moderating factor (i.e., best friendships) that could help these struggling emerging adults, and examine how these relations could differ by parent and child gender. Participants came from four universities across the United States and completed the READY questionnaire online at two time points, one year apart (N = 273, Mage = 20.95). Results revealed that maternal psychological control positively predicted identity exploration for males and best friendships moderated the relationship between parental psychological control and identity exploration for females. No significant results were found for internalizing and externalizing problems. I then discuss conceptual factors that may play a role in understanding the relation between parental psychological control, best friendships, emerging adult adjustment (i.e., internalizing problems, externalizing problems, identity exploration), and gender.

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