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Statistical findings during and following the recent war in regard to the mental, emotional, and social problems of the veteran give evidence of the nature and scope of the problem which America faces today. The major problem undertaken in this study involves a presentation of certain information relative to this general area.

Parental discipline behaviors and trait impulsivity are related to the development of psychological problems in children. Less research has examined these relations during emerging adulthood, despite the continued importance of parenting and increases in impulsivity during this time. Thus, the current study examined the association of impulsivity with current parental discipline practices and psychological problems as reported by college-attending emerging adults. Specifically, paternal and maternal discipline practices were examined as moderators between impulsivity and psychological problems with gender as an additional moderator. Participants (N = 911, 38.2% women, 78.0% White, aged 18 to 25) completed self-report measures on current discipline behaviors by parents, the five facets of trait impulsivity, and internalizing and externalizing psychological problems. Path analysis revealed that impulsivity facets (sensation seeking and positive urgency) and parental discipline behaviors were associated with reported internalizing problems particularly in emerging adult college-attending women. Gender moderated the relation between sensation and internalizing problems, with men reporting less problems in the context of high sensation seeking. Women reported more internalizing problems compared to men in the context of low positive urgency and low perceived positive paternal discipline. Results imply that contextual factors (e.g., positive college experience expectancies and gender role belief) may relate to less psychological problems in men, and disappointment and lack of approval from fathers may relate to emotion regulation problems and more internalizing problems in women. Interventions aimed at providing parents education on emerging adults’ mental health factors and improving parent-child communication during this period may improve emerging adults’ psychological well-being.

Psychopathy research continues to study the adaptability of psychopathic characteristics and differentiate between functional and dysfunctional features. The current study identified latent profiles in emerging adults and compared them across behavioral/cognitive correlates, functional outcomes, aggression types, and also examined gender differences. Results demonstrated that men scored higher across cold-heartedness and fearless dominance profiles, but not self-centered impulsivity. The low psychopathy group had lower proactive aggression than the high psychopathy group; no other differences were observed. Additionally, men and women in the high psychopathy group did not significantly differ regarding experienced outcomes. Lastly, higher psychopathy was not associated with higher proactive aggression when functioning was high, whereas it was associated when functioning was low; no other interactions were observed. Continuing to research how functional and dysfunctional characteristics differ between men and women and detecting these characteristics early to provide intervention could help ameliorate maladaptive traits, which could lead to better outcomes.

Tidigare forskning visar att brottsoffer påverkas i olika avseenden, de löper bland annat risk att utveckla post-traumatiskt stressyndrom och egentlig depression. Det sociala stödet har visat sig betydelsefullt för brottsoffers återhämtning. Den här studien har studerat hur personer som blivit utsatta för ett av tre specifika typer av brott påverkats av händelsen samt betydelsen av deras sociala stöd. Totalt åtta personer mellan åldrarna 25-75 med varierande sysselsättning deltog i studien. Hälften av deltagarna var kvinnor. Datainsamlingen skedde via intervjuer. Gemensamt för alla brottstyperna var upplevelsen av (1) att vara ekonomiskt drabbad, (2) påverkad psykiskt, (3) otrygghet och (4) bristande stöd från samhället. Speciellt framträdande vid personrån var dessutom ångest och rädsla, vid inbrott utanför hemmet ilska och tanken att det bara handlar om ersättbara föremål och vid inbrott i hemmet oro och tanken att det handlar om oersättliga föremål. Resultatet överensstämmer med tidigare forskning, dock framkom även tidigare oupptäckta komponenter.

One in five Australians has a mental disorder and it is estimated that one in four families have a member who has a mental disorder. Since the 1960s there has been an 80 percent decrease in Australian institution-based mental health care. The majority of people who have a mental disorder are now treated in their local community and many of them live with their families. The change in the delivery of mental health care has seen the family emerge as one of the most important supports to their ill family member. While the changes in the delivery of mental health care have been based on human rights concerns, changes in mental health legislature, and economic factors, the multi-dimensional experience of being a primary carer of a person with a mental disorder remains relatively unexplored. The need for empirical evidence on the primary carer's experience is noted in both the scientific literature and from carers themselves and the principal aim of conducting this research was to address the identified need. This qualitative study, using grounded theory methodology, presents the findings of interviews with 27 primary carers and memos documented throughout the study. In addition, existing literature of relevance to the findings of this study is presented. A substantive theory of seeking balance to overcome being consumed is presented in this thesis. Using the grounded theory method the constant comparative analysis of data revealed that the basic social psychological problem shared by all participants was the experience of "being consumed". The problem of being consumed consisted of two stages: "disruption of established lifestyle" and a "sustained threat to self-equilibrium". Six conditions were identified as influencing participants' experience of being consumed. / In order to address the problem of being consumed, participants engaged in a basic social psychological process of "seeking balance". When participants were engaged in this process they moved from a state of being consumed to one whereby they established and consolidated a balanced life perspective that incorporated their caregiving role. The process of seeking balance consisted of three phases: "utilising personal strategies to reduce the problem of being consumed', "restoring self- identity", and "reaching out to make a difference". In addition, data analysis identified the presence of a three phase sub-process entitled "trying to make sense of what was happening". Phases one of the core and sub- processes occurred primarily in the period prior to the time when a psychiatric diagnosis was made on the affected family member. Participants became engaged in the remaining two phases of the core and sub-processes when they became aware that their affected family member had a mental disorder. At the time of being interviewed for this study some participants were not yet engaged in the final phase of the process of seeking balance. Participants' experience of seeking balance was not related to the length of their caregiving experience but rather to their experience of seeking balance and the conditions influencing that process. Four conditions were identified as influencing participants' experience of seeking balance. / This thesis presents the substantive theory of seeking balance to overcome being consumed. While the findings support existing scientific literature, the substantive theory also presents a new insight on caring from the primary carer's perspective. In particular, the findings challenge health professionals to actively pursue strategies to reduce carers' experience of being consumed. The findings of this study have implications for service provision and clinical practice, policy and planning, research, education, the general population, mental health consumers, and carers.

The aim of this study is to investigate the vulnerability stress model in prediction of the psychological problems and life satisfaction of newcomer Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. Vulnerability factors were considered to be personal characteristics of immigrants which they had both prior and after to their arrival. Stress factors, on the other hand, were selected based on the immigrants&rsquo / experiences after their arrival. Depending upon this distinction, attachment, independent and interdependent self construals, ethnic identity and ethnic self-esteem, religiousness, religious support, and social support were all organised as vulnerability factors. Migration related factors, namely time spent in the Netherlands, level of spoken Dutch, level of socialisation with Dutch natives, level of media use, satisfaction with life in the Netherlands, perceived discrimination, and acculturation orientations were organised as stress factors. Psychological problems of the immigrants were measured by their scores of depression, anxiety, and psychosomatic complaints. The participants of the study were 109 newcomer Turkish immigrants who arrived in the Netherlands after 1998. In the regression analysis that attempted to predict the psychological problems of immigrants, the results revealed several significant effects including gender, host culture acculturation orientation, perceived discrimination, and independent self construals. Furthermore, the interaction of independent self construal and host culture acculturation orientation as well as the interaction of religion and host culture orientation showed significant effects on psychological problems. In the regression analysis to predict life satisfaction, only independent self construal revealed a significant relationship with life satisfaction.

The aim of the present study was to examine the associations between demographic variables, parental acceptance-rejection (PAR), social support (SS), locus of control (LC), and psychological problems with adolescents. The study consisted of 375 high school students (215 females and 160 males) from three different high schools in Ankara whose age range between 14-18. Furthermore, 134 of students&rsquo / both parents, 18 of students&rsquo / only mothers, and 5 of students&rsquo / only fathers participated into the study. A questionnaire packet (Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire/Control: Child Version, Personality Assessment Questionnaire: Child Version, Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule, Social Support Appraisals Scale for Children, Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children) was administered to the students and Conners&rsquo / Parent Rating Scale was filled by both mothers and fathers. The results revealed that after controlling the effect of demographic variables, SS from family was positively associated with positive affect and negatively with externalizing problems and psychological maladjustment (PM). After controlling the effects of demographic variables and SS, internal LC was positively associated with positive affect and impulsivity/hyperactivity and external LC with PM. Moreover, controlling the effects of demographic variables, SS and LC, maternal hostility/aggression was positively associated with PM / maternal undifferentiated rejection with negative affect, conduct problem and oppositional defiant disorder / paternal warmth/affection with positive affect and learning problem / paternal indifference/neglect with impulsivity/hyperactivity and paternal undifferentiated rejection with oppositional defiant disorder. The findings of the study were discussed in the light of the literature. Additionally, limitations and implications of the study and suggestions for future researches were stated.

SUMMARY Management of Public Health Teenagers psychological problems and turn for self – harm. Jurgita Čiuvašovienė Supervisor Nida Žemaitienė, Dr. Sc. Assoc. Prof. Department of Preventive Medicine. Faculty of Public Health, Kaunas University of Medicine. – Kaunas, 2005. – P.75 Aim of the study. To find out the psychological burden, experienced by teenagers, aged 15-16 and the reasons of bent for self-harm. Methods. The was carried out an anonymous questionnaire. 480 teenagers, aged 15-16 from Kaunas, Klaipėda and Jurbarkas, took part in the research. We‘ve used for the research Lifestale and coping questionare, which was created in the Oxford University. Microsoft Excel, SPSS 11,0 for Windows computer programs has been used to analyse the research data. Statistically reliable results are those, when p<0,05, P=95 percent. Results. According to the research data, deliberately harm themselves 3,96 % of all questioned teenagers. This data just slightly differs from the other research data (from 1509 teenagers, aged 15-16, deliberately harm themselves, as the average, 6,3% of teenagers, Ystgaard M., Reiholdt P., Husby J. 2002). The main ways of teenagers self-harm are cutting, drinking medicine by huge, non-therapical doses, attempt to drown and jumping from a roof. The main reasons to harm themselves deliberately were after arguing with parents, fights and problems with brothers, problems at studies, and drinking alcohol. The main cause of deliberate self-harm was a wish to... [to full text]

Les difficultés psychologiques pouvant apparaître chez les mères au cours de la périodepérinatale se révèlent fréquentes et potentiellement graves pour la mère et l’enfant. Ces troublessemblent être insuffisamment repérés et l’accès aux soins psychiques des femmes en périodepérinatale reste un enjeu de santé publique majeur. Peu de travaux se sont intéressés auxinterrelations et processus sous jacents entre des facteurs de risque de survenue de symptômesdépressifs postnataux. L’objectif principal de notre travail était d’étudier l’impact de diversfacteurs de risque de survenue de difficultés psychologiques au cours de la grossesse et/ou lepostpartum, au sein d’un vaste échantillon de mères en population générale. Le second objectifétait de développer un « modèle multifactoriel de la symptomatologie dépressive postnatale »,basé sur les travaux théoriques de Milgrom, Martin & Negri (1999).Deux études ont été menées à partir des données de la cohorte ELFE (Etude LongitudinaleFrançaise depuis l’Enfance). La première étude (n=15 143) a permis de mettre en évidence quedes vulnérabilités socioéconomiques et un ensemble de caractéristiques de la grossesse,notamment celles concernant le suivi prénatal et les complications obstétricales, étaientindépendamment associées à la présence de difficultés psychologiques prénatales. Environ 13%des femmes déclaraient avoir présenté de telles difficultés et un quart d’entre elles avaientconsulté un spécialiste de la santé mentale. Le jeune âge, un niveau éducatif intermédiaire et êtrenée à l’étranger étaient indépendamment associés à une plus faible probabilité d’accéder à dessoins de santé mentale. La seconde étude (n=11 643) a permis le développement d’un modèlemultifactoriel de la symptomatologie dépressive maternelle postnatale. Les résultats montrent uneffet direct du soutien anténatal de la part du conjoint et des capacités d’autorégulation du bébésur l’intensité de la symptomatologie dépressive postnatale. Des effets indirects du niveausocioéconomique et de la compréhension maternelle des pleurs du bébé médiés respectivementpar le soutien anténatal et les capacités d’autorégulation du bébé sont démontrés.En dépit des stratégies de santé publique visant à promouvoir un dépistage organisé et desstratégies de prévention des vulnérabilités psychosociales périnatales, le manque d’accès auxsoins psychiques au cours de la période périnatale demeure un enjeu majeur de santé publique.Notre travail confirme l’hypothèse que les symptômes dépressifs postnataux ont des originesmultifactorielles, qui évoluent au sein d’un modèle interactif complexe. Le soutien anténatal de lapart du conjoint et les caractéristiques liées au bébé semblent avoir une place centrale. / Mother’s psychological problems during the perinatal period are frequent and potentiallyserious for both mother and child. Depressive disorders appear to be particularly poorly identifiedand access to mental health care for women in the perinatal period remains a major public healthissue. Few studies have focused on interrelationships between risk factors for occurence ofpostpartum depressive symptoms. The main objective of our work was to study the impact ofvarious risk factors for occurrence of psychological problems during pregnancy and / orpostpartum, in a large sample of mothers in general population. The second objective was todevelop a "multifactorial model of postnatal depressive symptoms" based on the theoretical workof Milgrom, Martin & Negri (1999).Two studies were conducted using data from the ELFE cohort (Etude LongitudinaleFrançaise depuis l’Enfance - French longitudinal study from childhood). The first study (n=15143) showed that socioeconomic vulnerabilities and some characteristics of pregnancy,particularly those concerning antenatal care and obstetrical complications, were independentlyassociated with prenatal psychological distress. About 13% of women report having presentedsuch difficulties and a quarter of them had consulted a mental health specialist. Young age,intermediate educational level and being foreign-born were independently associated with a lowerprobability of access to mental health care. The second study (n=11 643) enabled the developmentof a multifactorial model of postnatal maternal depressive symptomatology. The results show adirect effect of prenatal support from the spouse and baby's self-regulatory capacities on theintensity of postnatal depressive symptoms. Indirect effects of socioeconomic status and maternalunderstanding of the baby’s crying mediated by respectively prenatal support and baby’s selfregulationcapacity are shown.Despite public health strategies to promote an organized screening and psychosocialvulnerabilities perinatal prevention strategies, lack of access to mental health care during theperinatal period remains a major public health issue. Our work confirms the hypothesis thatpostnatal depressive symptoms have multifactorial origins, evolving within a complex interactivemodel. Prenatal support from the spouse and baby-related characteristics seem to have a central