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Arbetstillfredsställelse : En kvantitativ studie om arbetstillfredsställelse, stress och extraversion bland lagerarbetareElm, Anna, Härwell, Mai, Olofsson, Sofia January 2016 (has links)
Arbetstillfredsställelse är ett komplext begrepp (Smith m.fl., 2010) som kan beskrivas som en attitydsvariabel för hur individen upplever sitt arbete (Spector, 1996). Tidigare studier har visat att sociala faktorer, personlighetsdraget extraversion såväl som stress påverkar individens grad av arbetstillfredsställelse. Arbetsmiljöverkets rapport från 2001 visade att lagerarbetare är ett av de 10 mest stressade yrkena bland män. Däremot är forskningen om arbetstillfredsställelse i denna yrkesgrupp mycket begränsad. Föreliggande studies syfte var därför att undersöka om de psykologiska och sociala faktorerna (arbetskrav, rollförväntningar, kontroll i arbetet, social interaktion, ledarskap, grupparbete, organisationskultur- och klimat, förutsägbarhet samt skicklighet i arbetet) predicerar arbetstillfredsställelse. Vidare var syftet med studien att undersöka om grad av stress och extraversion påverkar arbetstillfredsställelsen. Studien omfattade 84 anställda vid två lagerföretag. Instrumentet som användes var QPSNordic 34+ (frågeformulär om psykologiska och sociala faktorer samt stress) och Eysencks personlighetstest EPQ-R (Eysenck personality questionnaire- revised). Resultatet av MRA visade att de psykologiska och sociala faktorerna tillsammans förklarade 13.3% av arbetstillfredsställelsen. Vidare visade resultat från ett ANOVA-test att individer med en låg grad av stress upplevde hög arbetstillfredsställelse. Slutligen fanns det inga skillnader mellan grad av extraversion och arbetstillfredsställelse bland lagerarbetare. Nyckelord: Lagerarbetare, Arbetstillfredsställelse, psykosociala faktorer, stress, extraversion. / Work satisfaction is a complex construct (Smith et al., 2010) which can be described as a variable of attitude on how the individual experiences the workplace (Spector, 1996). Previous studies have showed that social factors, the personality trait extraversion, and stress, influence the level of work satisfaction. A report from the Swedish Work Environment Authority from 2001 indicates that store workers is one of the ten most stressful occupations among men. Research regarding work satisfaction which concerned this group is very narrow. The purpose of the study was to highlight this occupation, and examine if psychological and social factors (work requirement, role expectations, control at work, social interaction, leadership, group work, organizational culture and climate, predictability and skillfulness at work) can predict work satisfaction. Furthermore, the purpose of the study was to investigate how the level of stress and extraversion can have an impact on work satisfaction. This study was implemented with a sample of 84 employees from two companies. The instruments used were the QPSNordic 34+ (Questionnaire with psychological and social factors and stress) and the Eysenck’s personality test EPQ-R (Eysenck personality questionnaire-revised). The result of the MRA showed that the psychological and social factors explained 13,3 % of the work satisfaction. Furthermore, the ANOVA showed that low stress level results in high work satisfaction. The study showed no differences between levels of extraversion and work satisfaction among store workers.
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The aetiology of upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain in high school learners using desktop computers : a prospective studyPrins, Yolandi 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScPhysio (Physiotherapy))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / The Western Cape Education Department initiated a project that aims to provide all the
learners from the province with computer access and to promote computer use in
schools. Prolonged sitting in front of computers and psychosocial factors have been
associated with musculoskeletal symptoms internationally. However, the impact of
computer use on musculoskeletal pain among South African high school learners is yet
to be determined.
Objective
The objective of the study was to determine whether sitting postural alignment and
psychosocial factors contribute to the development of upper quadrant musculoskeletal
pain in grade ten high school learners working on desktop computers.
Study design
An observational analytical study was performed on a sample of 104 asymptomatic high
school learners.
Methodology
Six high schools in the Western Cape metropole were randomly selected 322 grade ten
learners who are using desktop computers, were screened for upper quadrant
musculoskeletal pain. Measurements at baseline were taken of the 104 asymptomatic
learners, 49 girls and 55 boys. The sitting postural alignment was measured by using
the Portable Posture Analysis Method (PPAM), which measured head tilt; cervical angle; shoulder pro- and retraction angle and thoracic angle in the sagittal plane.
Depression and anxiety were described by using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
and the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) respectively. The exposure
to computer use was described in terms of duration and frequency of daily and weekly
computer use. At three and six months post baseline, the onset and area of upper
quadrant musculoskeletal pain was determined by using the Computer Usage
Questionnaire.
Results
After six months, 27 of the 104 learners developed upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain
due to seated or computer-related activities. There was no difference in computer
exposure between the learners who developed upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain
symptoms and the learners who remained asymptomatic. An extreme cervical angle
(<34.75° or >43.95°; OR 2.6; 95% CI: 1.0-6.7) and a combination of extreme cervical
and thoracic angle (<63.1° or >71.1°; OR 2.19; 95% CI: 1.0-5.6) were significant
postural risk factors for the development of upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain. There
was a tendency for boys to be at a greater risk for upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain
than the girls (OR 1.94; 95% CI: 0.9-4.9). Weight greater than 54.15kg and a depression
score greater than 11 was found to be significantly associated with a poor posture (OR
3.1; 95% CI: 1.0-9.7; OR 1.02; 95% CI: 1.0-1.1).
Discussion and conclusion
The study concluded that poor posture, relating to extreme cervical and thoracic angles,
is a risk factor for the development of upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain in high school learners working on desktop computers. South African boys were at a greater
risk of developing upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain than the girls. However the
study found no causal relationship between depression, anxiety and upper quadrant
musculoskeletal pain among South African high school learners and computer usage.
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Souvislost psychosociálních faktorů perinatální péče s pacientskou spokojeností, průběhem porodu a zahájením kojení / The psychosocial factors of perinatal care in relations with the patients' satisfaction, the conduct of delivery and the onset of lactationTakács, Lea January 2013 (has links)
The aim of this study is to explore the psychosocial aspects of care provided in maternity hospitals. The study is divided into three parts: i) the psychosocial aspects of care for parturients, ii) the psychosocial aspects of care for the newborn, and iii) the psychosomatic issues in obstetrics. Each part includes a review of the relevant literature and a presentation of the specific research carried out for the purpose of this thesis. The first part discusses the psychosocial competences of healthcare providers (social support, communication, providing of information, etc.), while subsequent research focuses on the psychosocial factors that influence parturients' satisfaction with perinatal care. The second part is devoted to psychological importance of birth experience for the newborn and early mother-child contact, psychosocial needs of the health-risk newborn and initiation of breastfeeding, with the research section containing the inquiry into the factors that may influence the start of breastfeeding. The last part of this study concentrates on the effects of psychological variables on the perception of pain and the course of labour. The review of the relevant literature is followed by presenting the research results that show the impact of psychosocial factors of perinatal care on selected...
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Facteurs psycho-sociaux associés à la fatigue chez des patients âgés fragiles atteints d'un lymphome non hodgkinien : rôle de la dépression, du coping, du soutien social et de la routinisation / Determinants of fatigue in frail elderly patients with a non-hodgkin's lymphomaBaguet, Fanny 08 June 2015 (has links)
Introduction : Grâce aux progrès des traitements et au diagnostic précoce, les cancers sont de mieux en mieux pris en charge et guéris. Toutefois durant la maladie et ses traitements, les patients ressentent souvent de la fatigue et celle-ci peut avoir un impact sur l'évolution de la maladie et la survie. La prévalence des cancers est d'autant plus élevée que la personne est âgée, personnes qui sont davantage touchées par la fatigue. Cette fatigue est accentuée par la fragilité des patients qui se caractérise par une faiblesse, une lenteur de marche ou encore une perte de poids involontaire. Des facteurs médicaux et psycho-sociaux sont associés à la fatigue et il est important de les évaluer pour mieux les prendre en compte lors de la prise en charge des patients. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est d'étudier le rôle de certains facteurs psycho-sociaux (coping, soutien social, dépression et routinisation) associés à la fatigue chez des patients âgés et fragiles atteints d'un lymphome non-Hodgkinien.Méthode : Cette recherche, intitulée Psyfrail, est une étude ancillaire à un essai randomisé nommé Frail. Les patients inclus (n=50), âgés en moyenne de 82 ans, ont été évalués au niveau de la fatigue, de la dépression, du coping, du soutien social et de la routinisation lors d'un rendez-vous avec un psychologue avant le début des traitements (T1), au milieu (T2) et à la fin (T3). Des analyses transversales et longitudinales ont été effectuées pour mettre en évidence les facteurs associés à la fatigue aux différents temps de mesure et à son évolution.Résultats : L'utilisation de stratégies de coping centrées sur le problème à T1 est associée à une diminution des scores de fatigue générale et de réduction des activités à T1 et une diminution de la réduction de la motivation à T2. La routinisation augmente les scores de fatigue mentale et de réduction de la motivation à T2. La disponibilité du soutien social permet une moindre augmentation du score de réduction de la motivation au cours du temps. La diminution de la fatigue générale est moindre chez les patients ayant des niveaux élevés de coping centré sur l'émotion. La dépression est associée à une fatigue plus importante à T1 et T2.Conclusion : La promotion de stratégies adaptées pour aider les patients à faire face à la maladie et la prise en charge de la dépression pourrait avoir un impact positif sur la réduction de la fatigue. / Introduction: Thanks to the progress of treatments and early diagnosis, cancers are better cured. However, during the disease and its treatments, patients often experience fatigue which could have an impact on disease progression and survival. Medical and psycho-social factors are associated with fatigue, which makes them important to evaluate in order to consider them properly when taking care of patients. Cancer prevalence is higher in the elderly, who are more affected by fatigue. This fatigue increases with frailty, characterized by a state of weakness, slow walking speed or unintentional weight loss. This is why we chose to focus on this specific populationThe objective of this thesis is to study the role of several psychosocial factors (coping, social support, depression and routinization) associated with fatigue in frail elderly patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.Method: This research, entitled Psyfrail, is an ancillary study to a randomized trial named Frail. The 50 patients included, with a mean age of 82 years old, were evaluated in terms of fatigue, depression, coping, social support and routinization during a meeting with a psychologist before the start of treatment (T1), in the middle (T2) and at the end (T3). Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyzes were conducted to highlight the factors associated with fatigue at different measurement times and with its evolution.Results: The use of problem-focused coping at T1 is associated with a decrease in general fatigue and reduced activity scores at T1 and a decrease in the reduced motivation score at T2. Routinization increases mental fatigue and reduced motivation scores at T2. Social support availability is associated with a smaller increase in the reduced motivation score over time. The decrease in general fatigue is reduced in patients with high level of emotion focused coping. Depression is associated with a higher fatigue at T1 and T2.Conclusion: The promotion of appropriate strategies to help patients cope with the disease and the treatment of depression could have a positive impact on reducing fatigue.
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As repercussões psicossociais do recebimento do benefício de prestação continuada na vida no trabalho de pessoas com deficiência física / The psychosocial effects of receiving a Brazilian social assistance benefit (benefit of continuous provision) for the work-life of people with physical disabilitiesSilva, Ana Idalina de Paiva 05 May 2011 (has links)
O trabalho proporciona realização pessoal, reconhecimento social e a vita activa, permitindo ao ser humano transformar a si próprio e ao mundo. Pessoas com deficiência, no entanto, têm pouca participação no mercado de trabalho, o que já foi relacionado ao recebimento do Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC). O BPC poderia desestimular a participação das pessoas com deficiência no mercado de trabalho porque, caso o beneficiário comece a trabalhar, o benefício deve ser extinto imediatamente. Como o BPC é fundamental para o sustento de seus beneficiários e familiares, poderia estar exercendo uma função ambígua: garantindo a possibilidade da manutenção familiar à custa da manutenção da vulnerabilidade social destas pessoas com deficiência extremamente pobres por seu afastamento do trabalho. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi compreender como o BPC e a deficiência podem interferir na maneira com que as pessoas com deficiência física de locomoção se relacionam e constroem sua vida socialmente, utilizando o trabalho como instância de análise, principalmente na dimensão dos sentidos do trabalho e das possíveis formas de vinculação com o mercado e o mundo do trabalho. Participaram da pesquisa nove pessoas com deficiências físicas músculoesqueléticas com idades entre 19 e 40 anos. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas individuais e analisadas a partir da proposta da análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Estabeleceram-se as categorias empíricas: deficiências e desvantagens, trabalho e pessoas com deficiências, e BPC e suas repercussões, as quais tiveram como referencial o quadro teórico de Pierre Bourdieu e Robert Castel. Encontramos uma maioria de participantes com habitus no qual os trabalhos simplificados e precarizados são predominantes. O trabalho foi vinculado à idéia de sofrimento, dignidade e sustento. Encontramos pessoas trabalhando na informalidade e fazendo bicos para aumentar a renda, outras que trabalham sem remuneração, e outras que não trabalham: todos evitando o mercado formal em função do BPC. Reconhecendo a baixa remuneração e especificidade das oportunidades de trabalho disponibilizadas pelo habitus de classe, aliadas à instabilidade do mercado de trabalho formal e a importância do benefício na manutenção financeira familiar, os entrevistados, em sua maioria, optaram por permanecer com o BPC em detrimento do trabalho. O benefício parece atuar como uma alternativa à necessidade de se submeter a estes trabalhos simplificados pela garantia do sustento, oferecendo o tempo livre para que eles pudessem realizar outras atividades. São estas outras atividades de trabalho, por vezes não remuneradas, que proporcionam a realização pessoal, reconhecimento social e a vita activa que esperávamos por meio do trabalho formal. A deficiência, fonte de preconceito para a maior parte dos entrevistados, não parece ter influenciado a vinculação com o trabalho, mas sendo uma diferença reconhecida como diversidade, proporciona a vantagem da proteção social por meio do BPC, reduzindo a vulnerabilidade social e as desvantagens sociais causadas não só pela deficiência, mas principalmente pelo habitus de classe pobre de oportunidades sociais / The work offers personal achievement, social recognition and the vita activa, allowing humans to change itself and the world. However, people with disabilities have small participation in the labor market, which has been linked to the receiving of the Benefit of Continuous Provision (Benefício de Prestação Continuada - BPC), a Brazilian social assistance benefit. BPC may discourage the participation of people with disabilities in the labor market because the benefit must be canceled immediately in the case of the beneficiary get a job. The BPC is fundamental to the support of its beneficiaries and their families, but it could be taking an ambiguous role: at the same time that it has supported these families, it has maintained them at social vulnerability by the distance from work of the beneficiaries. The aim of this research was to understand how the BPC and the disability could interfere in the way people with physical disabilities develop their social lives, using work activity to do this analysis, especially by the understanding of the meaning of work and the main ways of bond to the labor market and the work world. Three empirical categories were established: disabilities and disadvantages, work and people with disabilities, and BPC and its repercussions, which were analyzed by the theoretical framework of Pierre Bourdieu and Robert Castel. It was found that a majority of the participants has a habitus in which precarious and simplified jobs are predominant. The work was linked to the idea of suffering, dignity and supporting. It was found that there are people working in informality to increase income, others working without pay, and others that do not work. All of them avoiding get a regular job to keep the BPC. Acknowledging the low pay and the specificity of job opportunities provided by the class habitus, allied to the instability at the regular labor market and the importance of the benefit to the family financial maintenance, the respondents most opted to stay with the BPC in instead of getting a job. The benefit seems to act as an alternative to the need of undergoing to a simplified work by ensuring sustenance, offering free time to perform other activities. All these other activities of work, often unpaid, that seems to provide personal fulfillment, social recognition and vita activa, what was expected by a regular job. The disability, in spite of being source of prejudice for most of the interviewees, did not seem to have influenced the linking with the work, but at being recognized as diversity, this difference seems to offer the advantage of social protection through the BPC, reducing the social vulnerability and the social disadvantages, not only caused by the disability, but mainly by the class habitus, that is poor of social opportunities
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Doença do refluxo gastroesofágico: avaliação psicológica de crianças e cuidadores / Gastroesophageal reflux disease: psychological evaluation of children and caregiversSalustiano, Adriane Jacinto 16 April 2018 (has links)
A literatura apresenta aspectos psicossociais e familiares como fatores de risco associados ao adoecimento crônico infantil. Considera-se a Doença do Refluxo Gastroesofágico (DRGE), patologia crônica de grande prevalência e incidência na população pediátrica, portanto, tema relevante nas questões e estudos de saúde pública. Este estudo levantou as possíveis associações de alterações psicológicas de cuidadores e de crianças, de 3 a 12 anos, com DRGE. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram: Questionário Sócio demográfico, Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HAD), Escala de Qualidade da Interação Familiar (EQIF), Inventário de Estilos Parentais, Escala de Comportamento Infantil (ECI-A2 de Rutter) e uma Entrevista Semiestruturada. Foram aplicados nos cuidadores de três grupos, de crianças com sexo e idades equitativas, distribuídos da seguinte forma: Grupo 1 - Experimental: crianças com DRGE primário; Grupo 2 - Controle 1: crianças sem DRGE, porém com constipação intestinal crônica funcional, e Grupo 3 - Controle 2: crianças hígidas. Para a análise dos dados, foi adotado índice de significância p<=0,005 e foram realizadas: análises quantitativas (Teste ?2, Teste Exato de Fisher e ANOVA) e análises qualitativas (Teste ?2, Teste Exato de Fisher) dos dados obtidos. Observou-se fatores de risco psicossociais, nível de ansiedade e depressão do cuidador, qualidade de interação negativa com a criança, e tendência maior ao estilo parental autoritário e menor ao estilo parental participativo, mais frequentes no grupo de crianças com DRGE. Por outro lado, encontrou-se maior frequência de uso/abuso de álcool e/ou drogas, nos cuidadores dos grupos de crianças adoecidas crônicas em relação ao de normais. Na análise final da escala de comportamento infantil, as crianças classificadas como \"com demanda de acompanhamento psicológico ou/e psiquiátrico\", representaram maiores índices no grupo de crianças com DRGE, quando comparado aos outros grupos. Também observou-se diferença significativa nos perfis comportamentais, neurótico e antissocial, das crianças em cada grupo. Na entrevista, observou-se, os cuidadores com percepção limitada em relação às questões afetivas das crianças ou de si mesmos, quando comparadas às dos outros instrumentos. Notou-se, também, diferença da percepção dos cuidadores sobre a relação entre a prática de cuidados exercida por eles e os fatores associados ao adoecimento da criança, quando se comparou o grupo de crianças adoecidas com o grupo de normais. Identificou-se diferenças e peculiaridades entre os grupos de crianças adoecidas e normais, bem como especificidades do grupo de crianças com DRGE, quando comparado aos demais. Dessa forma, sugere-se estudos mais aprofundados nas especificidades encontradas, principalmente, nas crianças com DRGE, visando direcionar a prática clínica interdisciplinar de assistência à saúde desta população. / The literature presents psychosocial and family aspects as risk factors associated with childhood chronic illness. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is considered a chronic disease of great prevalence and incidence in the pediatric population, therefore, a relevant topic in public health issues and studies. This study raised the possible associations of psychological changes of caregivers and children, from 3 to 12 years old, with GERD. The instruments of data collection were: Demographic Socio Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), Family Interaction Quality Scale (EQIF), Inventory of Parenting Styles, Infant Behavior Scale (ECI-A2 by Rutter) Semi structured interview. Group 1 - Experimental: children with primary GERD; Group 1 - Experimental: children with primary GERD; Group 2 - Control 1: children without GERD, but with functional chronic intestinal constipation, and Group 3 - Control 2: healthy children. For the data analysis, a significance level of p<=0.005 was adopted and quantitative analyzes (?2 Test, Fisher\'s Exact Test and ANOVA) and qualitative analyzes (?2 Test, Fisher\'s Exact Test) of the data were performed. Psychosocial risk factors, anxiety and depression of the caregiver, quality of negative interaction with the child, and a tendency towards authoritarian parental style and lesser participatory parental style, were more frequent in the group of children with GERD. On the other hand, there was a higher frequency of alcohol/drug use/abuse in the caregivers of the groups of children with chronic illness compared to normal ones. In the final analysis of the children\'s behavior scale, children classified as having \"psychological and/or psychiatric follow-up demand\" represented the highest rates in the group of children with GERD when compared to the other groups. There was also a significant difference in the behavioral, neurotic and antisocial profiles of children in each group. In the interview, it was observed, caregivers with limited perception regarding the affective issues of the children or of themselves, when compared to the other instruments. Differences in caregivers\' perceptions about the relationship between their care practice and the factors associated with the illness of the child were also observed when comparing the group of children who were ill with the normal group. Differences and peculiarities were identified between the groups of sick and normal children, as well as specificities of the group of children with GERD, when compared to the others. Thus, we suggest more in-depth studies on the specificities found, especially in children with GERD, in order to direct the interdisciplinary clinical practice of health care in this population.
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Ett liv med stomi : En litteraturstudieFatah, Roshna, Khezri, Samireh January 2014 (has links)
Att få en stomi kan innebära förändringar i kroppsuppfattningen och kan påverka människans livsstil och livskvalitét på olika sätt. Orsaken till att en person får stomi är bl.a. inflammatoriska tarmsjukdomar såsom Crohns sjukdom, ulcerös kolit och kolorektal cancer. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva upplevelsen av att leva med stomi. En litteraturstudie där 9 kvalitativa och 4 kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar har analyserats. Resultatet är baserad på fyra olika kategorier såsom: upplevelsen av en förändrad kroppsbild, sexualitet och intimitet, faktorer som påverkar sociala-och arbetslivet samt avsaknad av kontroll. I resultatet framkom det att många upplever livet med stomi som skrämmande och det för med sig osäkerhet i vardagslivet. Rädslan för läckage, lukt och gas var starkt kopplad till stomin och det ledde till begränsningar i det sociala livet och känslan av att vara annorlunda var inte heller ovanligt. Även den sexuella aktiviteten blev förändrad genom minskad sexlust och upplevelsen av oattraktivitet var vanligt. Det är viktigt att som sjuksköterska minska lidande hos patienten genom respekt och god omvårdnad samt information före- och efter stomioperationen. / Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning
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The impact of psychosocial factors on achievement gains between eighth and tenth gradeKuo, Yi-Lung 01 May 2011 (has links)
This study investigated the roles of the psychosocial factors (PSFs) of motivation, social control, and self-regulation, in the prediction of 10th grade academic achievement for a large sample of 8th grade students. The differential effects of PSFs for male and female students with different levels of 8th grade achievement were also examined. Of the 4,660 middle-school students in the ACT database, 1,384 8th grade students were included in the study. The Student Readiness Inventory-Middle School (SRI-MS) was used to assess three broad PSFs based on ten scales, which were named motivation (consisting of Academic Discipline, Commitment to School, and Optimism), social control (consisting of Family Attitude toward Education and Family Involvement, Relationships with School Personnel, and School Safety Climate), and self-regulation (consisting of Managing Feelings, Orderly Conduct, and Thinking before Acting). The students' EXPLORE and PLAN Composite scores served as measures of initial and later academic achievement, respectively. Multiple regression models were constructed for each PSF to test the hypotheses. Post hoc probing techniques were used if significant interaction terms were found. If no significant interaction terms were found, the effects of PSFs on achievement gains were examined using a psychosocial mediation model.
The results showed that 8th grade females demonstrated greater motivation, social control, and self-regulation than 8th grade males. Also, motivation and social control each interacted significantly with sex and 8th grade achievement when predicting 10th grade achievement. Specifically, among female students, effects were positive for females with higher prior achievement and negative for females with lower prior achievement for both motivation and social control. For male students, neither motivation nor social control added significantly to the prediction of later achievement. There were no interactions between self-regulation and either sex or prior achievement. Instead, self-regulation partially mediated the effects of initial achievement when predicting later academic achievement.
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Community colleges as a path to baccalaureate degree attainment and social mobility : are community colleges fulfilling this role?Button, Christopher John 01 December 2009 (has links)
There is a significant degree of controversy surrounding the transfer mission of community colleges. Specifically, many researchers have suggested that these institutions divert the educational attainments, and thus social mobility, of disadvantaged groups (Brint & Karabel, 1989; Dougherty, 1987, 1992, 1994; Karabel, 1972). Others suggest that community colleges provide disadvantaged individuals, who would have otherwise failed to consider a postsecondary education, with a viable path by which to attain a four-year degree (Cohen & Brawer, 1996; Hilmer, 1997; Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005). This study sought to determine whether the path to social mobility, via educational attainment, differed for bachelor's degree aspirants who commenced their postsecondary education at a community college, versus a four-year institution, in terms of enrollment outcomes three-years later (i.e., at a four-year institution, a selective or highly-selective four-year institution, and/or a privately-controlled four-year institution). Specifically, hierarchical logistic regression analyses were used to determine whether the effect of initial enrollment location on the odds of year-four enrollment outcomes depended on student characteristics (i.e., race/ethnicity, generational status, family income, prior academic achievements, and/or psychosocial factors) among a large representative sample of students who started their postsecondary education at either a community college or a four-year institution in the fall semester of 2003. Results suggest that student characteristics do not detrimentally modify the effect of initial community college enrollment on students' odds of later enrollment outcomes. In addition, the results suggest that after accounting for the effects of initial enrollment location and other predictors, the effect of standardized test scores appears to significantly increase the odds of being enrolled at a selective or highly selective four-year institution for students who initially matriculated to a community college rather than a four-year institution. The findings are discussed in terms of implications for consumers of higher education, vocational psychologists, as well as postsecondary institutions and educational policy.
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Relationship Between Vocal Fatigue and Physical/Psychological Factors in Prospective Vocal ProfessionalsGray, Camille C. 22 June 2018 (has links)
Background: To date, research has primarily focused on the subjective and objective measurement of vocal fatigue in professional voice users such as teachers and singers. However, these studies have not examined the effects of psychosocial factors (e.g., lack of sleep, emotional distress) leading to vocal fatigue in depth. Much like the professional voice users, students seeking to be professional voice users may face several psychosocial difficulties, may also experience similar vocal demands, and may develop vocal fatigue.
Goal: The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between psychosocial factors and vocal fatigue in students majoring in Communication Sciences and Disorders.
Methods: During this study, graduate and undergraduate students completed a survey consisting of questions on employment, general health, vocal demands, and several standardized measures, (e.g., Beck’s Depression Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale, and the Vocal Fatigue Index). Vocal fatigue was induced using an adapted LingWAVES vocal loading task (~30-min duration) where participants had to meet a specific intensity goal as well as modify their pitch and voice quality. Recordings of phonation and passage reading were also made pre- and post-loading to evaluate the effects of vocal exertion. The VFI score and two objective measures (fundamental frequency and sound pressure level) were acquired and analyzed in addition to the scores from the surveys.
Results: Results revealed that all students were moderately stressed, while graduate students reported more depression. All students demonstrated vocal fatigue in both subjective and objective outcome measures. Moderate-high correlation between total psychosocial scores and VFI as well as phonation Sound Pressure Level (SPL) were observed.
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