The relationship expected to occur between a therapist and his or her clients is a fiduciary relationship, a relationship of special trust. Professional boundaries ensure that the needs of clients remain primary. However, boundary transgressions are inevitable. Unfortunately, boundary transgressions have the potential of exploiting clients. Most of what is known about boundary transgressions comes from the perspective of professionals. The literature reiterates the importance of educating the lay public about the dangers of boundary transgressions. This study experimentally examined what effect education specific to boundary transgressions has on the lay public's level of acceptance of boundary transgressions, as opposed to what effect general information about personal/family therapy has on the lay public'­s level of acceptance of boundary transgressions. Two hundred students from a southeastern university participated and read either general information pertaining to personal/family therapy, or specific information pertaining to boundary transgressions, prior to rating their level of acceptance of therapists transgressing boundaries with their clients. Independent sample t-tests determined there were statistical differences in mean ratings of acceptance of boundary transgressions between the groups. However, because the mean scores between the two groups were not much different, the results suggest that the lay public could benefit from a more comprehensive explanation of boundary transgressions. / Master of Science

The thesis deals with general public's awareness of the issue of hearing impairment. The theoretical part introduces the classification of hearing handicaps; it describes groups of people with hearing disabilities, their means of communication as well as attitudes and prejudice of the public towards such people. It offers an account of how the relationship of the public to the people with hearing impairments changed over time and discusses causes of the prejudice and stereotypes. The thesis similarly presents a number of options for obtaining information on the issue and focuses on the possibilities regarding teaching of sign language. The empirical part investigates the level of public awareness regarding the issue of hearing handicap, whether they are satisfied with the level of understanding, and whether they are interested in receiving information via an educational event in their surrounding or a short informative video providing basic information. KEYWORDS: public's awareness, hearing impairment, prejudice, enlightenment.

Given the nature of modem warfare and the impact that technology has in contemporary war reporting, the primary objective of this thesis is to identify the most likely means by which the international media will cover future military operations. Initial research concentrates on the cultural and systemic ethos of the military and media professions and examines whether any differences have an adverse impact on how they operate during periods of armed conflict. A brief review of the history of war reporting is undertaken for several purposes; firstly, to discover if any differences between the professions have had a historical basis and, secondly, to ascertain whether there is any historical evidence of the media compromising military operations when covering operations during armed conflict. It was found that one of the principle reasons why the military and the meha have been traditional adversaries is that the military sees secrecy as vital for the successful conduct of its operations. The media, on the other hand, seeks complete disclosure. In what is considered to be the first of its type undertaken in Australia, a comprehensive survey was conducted to identify how each profession viewed the other. Research concentrated on the US and Australian models, examining how modern technology has made it more difficult for the dtary to control the media than in past conflicts. Research further identified that in the context of modern armed conflict, the military and the media have predominantly different and frequently competing interests. It was also found that the protection and advancement of their interests are affected by technological changes which are redefining the nature of modern warfare, and the means and capacity of the media to report it. The way the media gathers news during conflict was shown to have changed dramatically over the past ten years, particularly with its use of technology in transmitting news live from a battlefield back to a parent media organisation. The military was further seen as dramatically changing the manner in which it conducts warfare, including the introduction of initiatives aimed at neutralising the media's impact on operational security. Somewhat alarmingly, these initiatives not only minimise possible compromises of security but overall media criticism as well. Research also found that the tensions currently existing between the military and media can be resolved by both parties agreeing to a more effective way of reconciling their differences. However, it was found that any well meaning initiatives by the military and the media to work closer together during periods of conflict will be difficult to achieve if the ever-present political manipulation of news is not addressed. The thesis concludes by recommending changes to current military and media doctrine in order that future conflicts may be covered in a manner that fulfils the 'public's right to know,' while at the same time, allows the military to conduct operations without fear that security may be compromised by the subsequent media coverage.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Privacy of personal information is becoming a major problem in health care, in the light of coming implementation of electronic health record (EHR)systems. There is evidence of increasing public concern over privacy of personal health information that is to be stored in EHRs and widely used within the interconnected systems. The issues for the health care system include inadequate legislation for privacy in health care, as well as deficiency of effective technical and security measures. The work in the thesis is part of a larger project which aims to offer a comprehensive set of new techniques for protection of confidential individual's health data used for statistical purposes. The research strategy is to explore concerns about privacy in relation to legislation, attitudes to health care and technical protections in statistical databases. It comprised two different approaches: * content analysis of legal frameworks addressing protection of privacy in Australian health care, and * social research to explore privacy concerns in health care by Australians 18 years and over. This thesis presents a new multi-stage research to explore privacy concerns in health care raised by the development of EHR systems. Stage one involved 23 participants within four focus groups. Stage two was a national sample survey conducted with 700 respondents 18 years and over. The results of analysis are presented. They are compared with the results of other studies. The main findings of this thesis are: * revealing the main inadequacies in the Australian legal system for protecting privacy of health information in electronic health records; * determining characteristics of people who have concerns about the privacy of their health information; * identifying items of a health record which have to be protected and some reasons for that. The findings of the study will assist with the decision and solution for appropriate technical measures in statistical databases as well as issues of inadequacy in the existing privacy legislation. Furthermore, the work in this thesis confirmed a low awareness of public in relation to statistical use of personal health information and a low level of trust to automated systems of electronic health records which are initiated by the government. In conclusion, attitude towards privacy depends on individual's characteristics but also on existing legislation, public's awareness of this legislation,the means of resolving complaints, and awareness of technical means for privacy protection. Therefore, it is important to educate public in order for EHR system function to the full of its potential and the future innovations of information technology to strengthen health care and medical research.

Apresento nessa dissertação uma pesquisa etnográfica realizada desde 2009 a partir da experência das salas de recursos para altas habilidades/superdotação em escolas públicas localizadas na cidade de Porto Alegre/RS. Às salas de recursos, assim como às altas habilidades/superdotação eram dados muitos significados, negociados pelos estudantes, familiares e professore/as, fazendo convergir diferentes linguagens (da economia, da religião, do direito, da biologia..). Tento mostrar como as professoras especialistas, com suas maneiras particulares e criativas de lidar com classificações legais e cientificas (superdotação, deficiência, hiperatividade...), problematizavam os próprios juízos e profecias professorais, bem como a medicalização e o diagnostico de transtornos, como hiperatividade, destinando, por fim, aos alunos apontados como problemas ou pobres um segundo olhar. Na salvação e canalização das habilidades da/os estudantes se apoiavam as professoras ao darem um viés democrático, de distribuição equitativa de oportunidades, às idéias de superdotação e de inteligência antes atreladas a argumentos eugênicos, racistas, elitistas e sexistas. / In this text I present an ethnographic research conducted since 2009 from the experience of the high ability/gifted's classrooms in public schools in Porto Alegre / RS. Where students, family and teachers negotiate the multiple meanings of classrooms, as well of the high ability / gifted. Different languages (economics, religion, law, biology ..) are combined. I illustrated how the specialists teachers, in a creative use of legal and scientific classifications (giftedness, disability, hyperactivity), contest the professorial judgments and predictions about the bad, the poor student and the diagnosis of disorders, such as hyperactivity. Teachers seem to give a democratic bias to the giftedness and intelligence, historically linked to eugenic, racist, sexist and elitist arguments, when intend an equitable distribution of opportunities, salvation and channeling student's ability.

Apresento nessa dissertação uma pesquisa etnográfica realizada desde 2009 a partir da experência das salas de recursos para altas habilidades/superdotação em escolas públicas localizadas na cidade de Porto Alegre/RS. Às salas de recursos, assim como às altas habilidades/superdotação eram dados muitos significados, negociados pelos estudantes, familiares e professore/as, fazendo convergir diferentes linguagens (da economia, da religião, do direito, da biologia..). Tento mostrar como as professoras especialistas, com suas maneiras particulares e criativas de lidar com classificações legais e cientificas (superdotação, deficiência, hiperatividade...), problematizavam os próprios juízos e profecias professorais, bem como a medicalização e o diagnostico de transtornos, como hiperatividade, destinando, por fim, aos alunos apontados como problemas ou pobres um segundo olhar. Na salvação e canalização das habilidades da/os estudantes se apoiavam as professoras ao darem um viés democrático, de distribuição equitativa de oportunidades, às idéias de superdotação e de inteligência antes atreladas a argumentos eugênicos, racistas, elitistas e sexistas. / In this text I present an ethnographic research conducted since 2009 from the experience of the high ability/gifted's classrooms in public schools in Porto Alegre / RS. Where students, family and teachers negotiate the multiple meanings of classrooms, as well of the high ability / gifted. Different languages (economics, religion, law, biology ..) are combined. I illustrated how the specialists teachers, in a creative use of legal and scientific classifications (giftedness, disability, hyperactivity), contest the professorial judgments and predictions about the bad, the poor student and the diagnosis of disorders, such as hyperactivity. Teachers seem to give a democratic bias to the giftedness and intelligence, historically linked to eugenic, racist, sexist and elitist arguments, when intend an equitable distribution of opportunities, salvation and channeling student's ability.

Apresento nessa dissertação uma pesquisa etnográfica realizada desde 2009 a partir da experência das salas de recursos para altas habilidades/superdotação em escolas públicas localizadas na cidade de Porto Alegre/RS. Às salas de recursos, assim como às altas habilidades/superdotação eram dados muitos significados, negociados pelos estudantes, familiares e professore/as, fazendo convergir diferentes linguagens (da economia, da religião, do direito, da biologia..). Tento mostrar como as professoras especialistas, com suas maneiras particulares e criativas de lidar com classificações legais e cientificas (superdotação, deficiência, hiperatividade...), problematizavam os próprios juízos e profecias professorais, bem como a medicalização e o diagnostico de transtornos, como hiperatividade, destinando, por fim, aos alunos apontados como problemas ou pobres um segundo olhar. Na salvação e canalização das habilidades da/os estudantes se apoiavam as professoras ao darem um viés democrático, de distribuição equitativa de oportunidades, às idéias de superdotação e de inteligência antes atreladas a argumentos eugênicos, racistas, elitistas e sexistas. / In this text I present an ethnographic research conducted since 2009 from the experience of the high ability/gifted's classrooms in public schools in Porto Alegre / RS. Where students, family and teachers negotiate the multiple meanings of classrooms, as well of the high ability / gifted. Different languages (economics, religion, law, biology ..) are combined. I illustrated how the specialists teachers, in a creative use of legal and scientific classifications (giftedness, disability, hyperactivity), contest the professorial judgments and predictions about the bad, the poor student and the diagnosis of disorders, such as hyperactivity. Teachers seem to give a democratic bias to the giftedness and intelligence, historically linked to eugenic, racist, sexist and elitist arguments, when intend an equitable distribution of opportunities, salvation and channeling student's ability.

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Les faits justificatifs de la diffamation témoignent de la difficile conciliation entre le droit à la protection de l’honneur et le droit à l’information. Le domaine de l’exception de vérité (art. 35 de la loi du 29 juillet 1881), délimité par trois exceptions en 1944, fut rapidement critiqué, en ce qu’il ne permettait pas la justification des imputations les plus utiles à la société. En outre, la sévérité des conditions de fond et de forme de la preuve de la vérité fit le plus souvent obstacle à la relaxe. En réaction, la jurisprudence créa le fait justificatif de la bonne foi, fondé sur quatre critères accessibles (but légitime, sérieux de l’enquête, prudence et mesure dans l’expression, défaut d’animosité personnelle et favorisant un droit du public à l’information de qualité. À la fin du XXème siècle, ce système fut profondément mis en cause, comme étant contraire à la jurisprudence de la CEDH relative à l’article 10 CESDH, laquelle impose une protection accrue des propos d’intérêt général ou politiques. En conséquence, le Conseil constitutionnel supprima deux des trois limites à l’exception de vérité, qui n’est plus interdite que dans domaine de la vie privée. Ce nouvel arbitrage entre les deux valeurs en conflit n’apparaît pas satisfaisant, d’autant que la preuve de la vérité est toujours entravée par des conditions drastiques. En 2008, la Cour de cassation intégra de manière radicale les critères strasbourgeois à sa jurisprudence sur la bonne foi. Elle se dirige aujourd’hui vers une formule plus équilibrée, fondée sur l’application proportionnelle des quatre critères traditionnels corrigés à la lumière des principes de la CEDH. Cependant, elle applique également les critères strasbourgeois à d’autres infractions attentatoires à la liberté d’expression, qui ne bénéficient pas de la structure d’accueil des faits justificatifs de la diffamation. Pour ces cas, au lieu de l’adoption du contrôle de proportionnalité envisagée, la création d’un fait justificatif générique fondé sur l’article 10 de la CESDH est proposée, plus respectueuse de la logique pénale. / The special justifications applicable to defamation bare witness to the difficult conciliation between the right to protect ones honor and the public’s right to information. The area of the defence of truth (art. 35 of the 29 July 1881), delineated by three exceptions in 1944, was rapidly critiqued, preventing the justification of some of the most socially useful imputations. Furthermore, the defence of truth was subjected to highly rigourous formal and substantial requirements that often prevented ones acquittal on the basis of that demonstration. In reaction, the case-law created another special justification for defamation, based on good faith, and founded on four accessible criterias (legitimate aim of the information, serious verification, moderation of tone and caution in the choice of words, lack of personal animosity) that favorise the public’s right to quality information. At the end of the 20th century, this system was profoundly questioned, as being against the case-law of the CEDH, that requires a stronger protection of freedom of speech (article 10 CESDH) in connexion with debates of general interest or political discussions. Consequently, the Constitutional council repealed two of the three limits within the defence of truth, which is now only forbidden in the area of ones private life. This new arbitration between the two conflicting values doesn’t seem satisfying, especially since the defence of truth is still impeded by drastic conditions. In 2008, the Court of cassation integrated in a radical manner the CEDH criterias to its case-law on good faith. The case-law today steers towards a more balanced formula, founded on a proportional application of the four traditional criterias corrected in the light of the principes of the CEDH. However, the Court of cassation equally applies the CEDH criterias to other detrimental offences towards the freedom of expression, that do not benefit from the structural support of the special justifications of defamation. For those offences, instead of adopting the envisioned control of proportionality, it is proposed to create a generic justification, founded on the article 10 of the CESDH, that would be more consistent with the logic of criminal law.