O Governo, nacional e estadual, tem avançado nas leis que regem o gasto público. A Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal é um marco na busca do equilíbrio das contas públicas. Entre outras atribuições, esta lei também deu origem, juntamente com a reforma constitucional de 1993, às bases para a avaliação por desempenho, à criação de sistemas de custos e ao uso de indicadores de desempenho na máquina pública. Apesar dos potenciais avanços que vêm ocorrendo com o uso destas ferramentas nos últimos anos, ainda existem dificuldades conceituais em sua operacionalização a fim de melhorar a eficiência da Administração Pública e, conseqüentemente, os resultados à população. Ainda se observa que, ao lado de um grande volume de trabalho e das demandas atendidas, há um conjunto de demandas reprimidas, paralelo a desperdícios ocorridos. Esta situação pode ser minimizada através da contínua avaliação dos gastos públicos, proporcionada pela utilização de sistemas de custos gerenciais pelos servidores públicos. Com os indicadores gerados por estes sistemas, torna-se possível melhorar o processo decisório de alocação de recursos. Este trabalho propõe uma sistemática de avaliação de desempenho dos gastos públicos que, usando sistemas de informática e bases de dados já existentes, portanto com baixo custo operacional, desenvolve um conjunto de indicadores de desempenho para acompanhar a gestão da coisa pública. A comparação destes indicadores cria um instrumento para comparação de custos na realização das atividades. Por fim, este instrumento pode ser vinculado à remuneração variável e políticas públicas, melhorando a gestão do Estado. No caso do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, os indicadores podem ser construídos vinculandose informações do SCE (Sistema de Custos do Estado) com os resultados desejados. Em outros entes, o sistema pode ser construído com recursos amplamente disponíveis, como planilhas de cálculo. A partir destes indicadores se torna possível acompanhar a melhoria do indicador e seu custo, assim como estabelecer critérios claros vinculados à remuneração por desempenho para os diversos setores da máquina pública estatal. Para fins de validação, o trabalho apresenta também casos de sucesso ocorridos com a aplicação de etapas do método proposto em outras organizações públicas, o que demonstra sua viabilidade prática. A Secretaria da Fazenda possui um sistema de remuneração variável de sucesso. O Orçamento Matricial de Despesas e o da Receita validam novamente a qualidade das informações do Estado. Para uma cidade no interior, construíram-se os indicadores a partir de informações espalhadas, mesmo não havendo um sistema de informações como o Estadual. As diferenças e mudanças necessárias para sua aplicação ao caso prático gaúcho, assim como a sistemática, foram discutidas com representantes de diversos setores da sociedade e de todos os poderes, os quais endossaram a proposta. / The national and state government has advanced in the governing public spending controlling laws. The Law of Fiscal Responsibility is a milestone in the quest to balance the public accounts. Among other tasks, this law also led, together with the constitutional reform of 1993, to the basis for the evaluation of performance, to the creation of costs systems and to the use of performance indicators in the public engine. Despite potential progress that has occurred with the use of these tools in recent years, there are still conceptual difficulties in its operation to improve the efficiency of public administration and, therefore, the results to the population. It is still observed that, next to a large volume of met works and demands, there is a set of suppressed demands, parallel to occurring waste. This can be minimized by continuous evaluation of public expenditure, provided by the use of costs management systems by public officials. With the indicators generated by these systems, it is possible to improve the decision making process for allocating resources. This paper proposes a systematic evaluation of public spending performance through already existing computer systems and databases, therefore with low operational cost, developing a set of performance indicators to monitor the management of public affairs. The analysis of these indicators creates a tool for comparing costs in carrying out activities. Finally, this tool can be linked to variable remuneration and public policies, improving the management of the state. In the case of Rio Grande do Sul (most southern Brazilian state) the indicators can be built linking up information from SCE (State Costs System) with the desired results. In other entities, the system can be built with resources widely available, such as spreadsheets. From these indicators it is possible to monitor the improvement of the indicator and its cost, as well as establish clear criteria tied to the performance payment for the various sectors of the public state machine. For purposes of validation, the work also presents cases of success experienced with steps of the method proposed in other public organizations, which shows its practical feasibility. The Finance Department has a successful variable remuneration system. The Expenditure and Revenue Matrix Budget validates again the quality of the State information. For the countryside cities, the indicators were built up from scattered information, even with no information system as that of the State. The necessary differences and changes for their to practical application in Rio Grande do Sul, as well as the systematic, were discussed with representatives of various sectors of society and all powers, which endorsed the proposal.

In the context of developing effective PSAs to help increase the number of young adults who quit smoking or don’t start, this study took cultural orientation into account and assessed the persuasive effect of high and low source credibility. This present study showed that, in terms of attitude toward the ad message, people who were exposed to a commercial brand actually had a more positive attitude than those who saw the video that had CCTV as its producer. However, no significant differences were found in the other four constructs, including attitude toward antismoking, smoking-related social norms and subjective norms, smoking-related anticipated regret and intentions to quit or not start smoking.

Este estudo procurou investigar como se constituem as práticas da psicologia na interface saúde/trabalho, no contexto do serviço público brasileiro. Procurou-se analisar de que forma os modelos de gestão e as políticas em saúde/trabalho presentes no serviço público influenciam tais práticas. Além disso, buscou-se conhecer as demandas recebidas/produzidas pelo(a)s psicólogo(a)s, assim como as diferentes concepções teóricas que orientam suas práticas. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com quatro psicólogo(a)s que atuam em serviços voltados para a interface saúde/trabalho na Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre. Observou-se, entre os principais fatores que determinam as práticas da psicologia na organização, a ausência de uma política em saúde do trabalhador voltada para o servidor municipal, construída por todos os serviços que atuam nessa área. Isso faz com que, no caso pesquisado, as equipes acabem centrando-se em projetos isolados que, na maior parte das vezes, atuam por meio exclusivo de atendimentos individuais ao “servidor-problema”. O(a)s psicólogo(a)s apontaram para o desejo de construírem práticas mais inventivas e voltadas para os coletivos; entretanto, no momento atual, as formas de trabalhar ainda estão longe de constituirem uma proposta em Saúde do Trabalhador. / This study aimed to investigate how the psychologist’s practicies are developed on the health/work interface, specifically in the brazilian public service context. We analysed how the management pattern sand in health/work policies present in the public service influence these practices. Furthermore, the demands received/produced by the psychologists, as well as the different theoretical conceptionsthat guide their practices were explored. We performed semi-structured interviews with four psychologists that act in interface health/work services at the Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre. We found, among the main factors that determine the practice of psychology in the organization, the absence of an occupational health policy focused on the municipal employee, built with the participation of all services that work in this area. This means that, in the case studied, the teams end up focusing on individual projects that, in most cases, act through the unique individual assistance for the "employee problem". The psychologists indicated a desire to build the most inventive and practices aimed at the collective; however, at present, ways of working are still far from being a proposal in Work’s Health.

abstract: In order to cope with the decreasing availability of symphony jobs and collegiate faculty positions, many musicians are starting to pursue less traditional career paths. Also, to combat declining audiences, musicians are exploring ways to cultivate new and enthusiastic listeners through relevant and engaging performances. Due to these challenges, many community-based chamber music ensembles have been formed throughout the United States. These groups not only focus on performing classical music, but serve the needs of their communities as well. The problem, however, is that many musicians have not learned the business skills necessary to create these career opportunities. In this document I discuss the steps ensembles must take to develop sustainable careers. I first analyze how groups build a strong foundation through getting to know their communities and creating core values. I then discuss branding and marketing so ensembles can develop a public image and learn how to publicize themselves. This is followed by an investigation of how ensembles make and organize their money. I then examine the ways groups ensure long-lasting relationships with their communities and within the ensemble. I end by presenting three case studies of professional ensembles to show how groups create and maintain successful careers. Ensembles must develop entrepreneurship skills in addition to cultivating their artistry. These business concepts are crucial to the longevity of chamber groups. Through interviews of successful ensemble members and my own personal experiences in the Tetra String Quartet, I provide a guide for musicians to use when creating a community-based ensemble. / Dissertation/Thesis / D.M.A. Music 2013

Este estudo procurou investigar como se constituem as práticas da psicologia na interface saúde/trabalho, no contexto do serviço público brasileiro. Procurou-se analisar de que forma os modelos de gestão e as políticas em saúde/trabalho presentes no serviço público influenciam tais práticas. Além disso, buscou-se conhecer as demandas recebidas/produzidas pelo(a)s psicólogo(a)s, assim como as diferentes concepções teóricas que orientam suas práticas. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com quatro psicólogo(a)s que atuam em serviços voltados para a interface saúde/trabalho na Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre. Observou-se, entre os principais fatores que determinam as práticas da psicologia na organização, a ausência de uma política em saúde do trabalhador voltada para o servidor municipal, construída por todos os serviços que atuam nessa área. Isso faz com que, no caso pesquisado, as equipes acabem centrando-se em projetos isolados que, na maior parte das vezes, atuam por meio exclusivo de atendimentos individuais ao “servidor-problema”. O(a)s psicólogo(a)s apontaram para o desejo de construírem práticas mais inventivas e voltadas para os coletivos; entretanto, no momento atual, as formas de trabalhar ainda estão longe de constituirem uma proposta em Saúde do Trabalhador. / This study aimed to investigate how the psychologist’s practicies are developed on the health/work interface, specifically in the brazilian public service context. We analysed how the management pattern sand in health/work policies present in the public service influence these practices. Furthermore, the demands received/produced by the psychologists, as well as the different theoretical conceptionsthat guide their practices were explored. We performed semi-structured interviews with four psychologists that act in interface health/work services at the Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre. We found, among the main factors that determine the practice of psychology in the organization, the absence of an occupational health policy focused on the municipal employee, built with the participation of all services that work in this area. This means that, in the case studied, the teams end up focusing on individual projects that, in most cases, act through the unique individual assistance for the "employee problem". The psychologists indicated a desire to build the most inventive and practices aimed at the collective; however, at present, ways of working are still far from being a proposal in Work’s Health.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / Through South African labour legislation, bargaining councils are empowered to conclude collective agreements between employers and trade unions. While bargaining councils were created for virtually every sector within the South African private sector, only one bargaining council exists for the public sector. This public sector bargaining council is known as the Public Service Co-ordinating Bargaining Council (PSCBC). The PCSBC subsequently established four sectoral councils to further collectively bargain on matters pertaining to sectoral issues relevant to the sector it represents. However, the PSCBC remains the apex of these four public service sectoral bargaining councils. This thesis focuses on how the Public Service Co-ordinating Bargaining Council (PSCBC) contributes to social dialogue within South African public service. This thesis seeks to fill a significant literature gap on collective bargaining as accomplished by the PSCBC. The thesis briefly examines the history of collective bargaining in the South African public service. The research methodology utilised includes information gleaned from annual reports published by the PSCBC. Interviews of selected stakeholders such as government officials and labour organisations involved in the PSCBC were conducted. The PSCBC objectives are identified and analysed against the performance of the PSCBC for the period 1997 to 2007. The relevant PSCBC role players are identified. The power realities between these role players are reflected. The criteria for remaining a party to these PSCBC will be explained. The thesis holds that historically an adversarial relationship existed between the state as employer and the recognised trade unions. The establishment of the PSCBC created the opportunity for the historical adversaries between an employer and trade union to be converted into social dialogue interactions, which are commonly believed to be a better approach in resolving their differences. / South Africa

Leadership and governance have been under scrutiny and the object of debate for decades in public and private sector, as well as in Public Administration discourse in general. Such debates are fuelled by theories that seem to be embedded within Public Administration. It is because both practitioners and scholars of Public Administration continue to allude to underpinning theories, even in modern public administration, regarding bureaucracy or organisational design, decision-making, leadership, the human element in public administration, systems, policy and environmental analysis, as well as their importance in public administration. The aforementioned aspects are regarded as pillars in conceptual analysis of public administration and become useful in understanding the role of leaders in public organisations, the importance of systems to improve governance and understanding of public finance in public administration. This will in turn lead to an understanding of public financial management systems in order to ascertain whether the government departments do apply, understand and comply public financial management systems as crafted within different policy frameworks. Such a conceptual analysis of public administration is crucial to this research as it provides a fundamental theoretical framework for the study. It gives meaning to ‘public finance in public administration’ and also put the study into the context of public administration. What is to be borne in mind is that public administration does not operate in a cocoon, but is exposed to environmental factors like social, economical, political and technological factors. It is therefore significant that public servants, the leadership in particular, display a high level of ability to analyse and scrutinise such an environment because the latter has an influence on internal departmental operations, the approach to service delivery and policy frameworks in general. This research also shows that there is a shift from traditional public administration towards public management. The former is regarded to be focusing on rules, control, strict procedures and inputs instead of results (outcomes) and the latter is known for innovation in service delivery, flexibility and accountability and the promotion of managerialism. The study reveals that the South African Public Service through its reforms has adopted public ‘management’ instead of ‘administration’. Such reforms are explicitly reflected in its evolving public finance management systems that originate from the South African Constitution, 1996 and implemented by Public Finance Management Act (PFMA), 1999. It is in this context that the PFMA is observed as a model of governance in the Public Service and also used as a case study throughout the research. In explaining governance from the public finance perspective, institutions and structures that support governance are identified, integrated approach to risk management is also identified in order to support the theory of governance and its application in the Public Service. Therefore, the study analyses leadership, particularly the managerial leadership by focusing and scrutinising on senior management service (SMS) in the South African Public Service, as well as governance. The PFMA will be used as a case study by taking into account public finance management systems in the public service. / Thesis (PhD (Public Affairs))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / PhD / unrestricted

The passage of the Unemployment Assistance Act in July, 1956 represented a significant break with the traditional approach to public assistance in Canada for it brought Dominion government participation into a field always regarded as the exclusive responsibility of the provinces. This study has been undertaken to consider its implications for Social Security in Canada, including the effects of the Act on existing provincial programs. The method of study has been both historical and analytical. In order to identify the political and social factors which lead to this radical change in attitude on the part of the Dominion, Parliamentary debates have been reviewed and the proceedings of Dominion-Provincial conferences studied. In addition, such reports as that of the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations, the National Employment Commission and the various publications of the Canadian Welfare Council were useful sources of information. A study of the legislation itself was essential to analyze its effects on provincial programs and this was done in conjunction with a review of provincial legislation pertinent to the subject. A definitive evaluation of the legislation is limited by the fact that it is of such recent origin that there has been little time to study its total effect. Furthermore, an amendment to the Act which took effect on January 1, 1958 broadened the terms of the legislation to extend the degree of participation by the Dominion. Significant points which do emerge however, are; (a) Those provinces which have developed high standards in their public assistance programs are the principal beneficiaries under the legislation, (b) Those provinces which have relied heavily on Mothers' Allowances to meet the needs of a large segment of dependent persons are at a serious financial disadvantage, (c) The application of the Act is uneven among the provinces because of the wide variations in services offered. An important element in the legislation is the abolition of residence regulations between the participating provinces, a step which may bring an end to one of the most vexing problems in public welfare administration. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

An increasing desire on the part of the public to have more control over the environment in which they live is raising demands for a more decentralized decision-making structure. These demands mean a change in the power structure. Information has become the source of power and control. If citizens are to be involved equally in decisions, it means they must have freer access to the reception and distribution of information - especially in the mass media. Television as a medium has the capacity to deeply involve people and to transmit a large volume of information. In Canada, the content of broadcast television is controlled by the government agency, the CBC, and private broadcasters. Financial interests (advertisers and stockholders) can exert strong influence on programme content. A scarcity of broadcast channels and very expensive and complicated equipment restrict access to broadcast television. Cable television offers a solution. It has a potential capacity of eighty-two channels; it does not require as sophisticated equipment; and the Canadian Radio-Television Commission requires the cable system operator to provide a community channel. Free access by citizens to a cable channel for expression and information is the basis of community television. Several cases, in which media access and citizen influence over decisions were improved, were examined. The Fogo Island project exhibited the power of film to help a community to formulate its goals and define solutions to its problems. The Drumheller project used video-tape, instead of film, to the same ends. In both these projects the citizens controlled the content of the "programmes". The Barrie experiment used two electronic media (television and telephone) for dialogue. The content of the programme was determined by a community committee. The Richmond project used electronic dialogue but the content was greatly influenced by a technical panel. The experiment in the West End was designed to spur discussion of the future of that area, to interest some residents in the use of video and cable television for expression of their attitudes about West End life and some directions for development. On a small scale the experiment was successful; the extension over a longer period of time will determine its final outcome. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

L’étude de la durée des délégations de service public a été pour longtemps marginalisée bien que cette notion constitue un élément essentiel du contrat. Néanmoins, depuis le début des années 1990 et notamment avec l’adoption de la loi Sapin, la conception de la fixation de la durée et de l’encadrement de sa prolongation a connu une importance grandissante. Elle a été conçue comme le moyen le plus apte à garantir la lutte contre la corruption et les rentes de situations. Cependant les modalités de la détermination de la durée ont été rattachées à des notions variables tel l’amortissement, ce qui a rendu la fixation préalable de la durée d’une impossibilité évidente. De ce fait, cette fixation telle qu’exercée aujourd’hui en matière des délégations de service public, souffre d’une grave incohérence tant dans sa conceptualisation que dans son application. Par conséquent, cette théorie n’a pas réussi à préserver le service public et à trouver une sorte de compromis entre le délégant et le délégataire qui tient compte primordialement de l’intérêt du service et de l’usager. Il semble que seule la théorie de la durée variable, liée aux résultats de l’exploitation saurait remédier aux difficultés que soulève une constante variation des circonstances. Dans cette perspective, désencombrer la durée nous pousse à amplifier le contrôle et à élargir l’imperium du magistrat pour assurer la sauvegarde du service public. / The study of the duration of delegation of public services has long been marginalized despiet it being an essential element of the contract. However, since the early nineties, and with the adoption of the Sapin law, the concept of the determination of the duration and of the frames setting out its extension has received increased attention. It has been seen as the most appropriate means to guarantee the fight against corruption. Nonetheless, the modalities of determination of the duration have been linked to multiple notions such as amortization, which has rendered an early determination of the duration impossible. As a consequence, the determination of the duration, as practised today, suffers from serious incoherences in both concept and application. Therefore, this theory has failed to protect public services and permit compromise between the delegate and the person being delegated to, primarily taking into account the best interests of the service and the user. It appears that only a theory of a variable duration, linked to the results of the operation would remedy the difficulties raized by the ever-changing circonstances. In this perspective, simplifiying the duration would lead to increased control and power of the judge in order to safeguard public services.