Leading industrial nations invest to try to increase advanced manufacturing and innovation to catch up in a free-market world. One common vision for these investments has been Industry 4.0. In short can this topic be described as the internet moving into the industry. The concept is relatively new and has become one of the most discussed topics during the last couple of years in many manufacturing conferences. However, the industry is so far lacking a clear definition of the concept, and much of the focus is on laboratory experiments rather than industrial applications. The research that has been conducted so far has not involved the process industry, where this thesis will operate. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the understanding of how Industry 4.0 can be related to the pulp and paper industry by contextualizing the concept, and function as a “door-opener” for further research. Potentials, sustainability aspects and a concrete example has been used to comprehend this. The study has been designed with a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews at the specific case company Stora Enso, Skoghall. As the concept of Industry 4.0 not yet has an explicit definition the start of the thesis was therefore to create a theoretical framework of the theory to relate to during the rest of the study. The findings of the research show that Industry 4.0 in the pulp and paper industry focuses on Availability through possibilities of prediction and response improvement. The concept should emphasis on keeping the production ongoing with fever break-downs and increased Quality of the products. Communication improvements will be essential in reaching the new industry level, with connecting the whole plant as a crucial part. The thesis contributes with a first insight to what Industry 4.0 will mean to the pulp and paper industry and how it contextualizes in the sector. / Framträdande industriella nationer investerar idag för att öka den avancerade tillverkningen och antalet innovationer för att hänga med i den fria marknaden. En gemensam vision för de här investeringarna är Industri 4.0. I korta drag kan det beskrivas som att internet flyttar in i industrin. Konceptet är relativt nytt och har kommit att bli ett av de mest diskuterade områdena under de senaste åren på tillverkningskonferenser. Industrin saknar dock en tydlig definition av konceptet, och mycket av fokus gällande ämnet hamnar på laborationsexperiment istället för praktiska applikationer. Vidare finns det ett behov av att titta på hur detta ser ut i processindustrin eftersom detta ännu inte granskats, vilket kommer vara området för uppsatsen. Syftet med denna studie är att bidra till förståelsen för hur Industri 4.0 kan relateras till pappersindustrin genom att kontextualisera konceptet och verkasom en ”dörr-öppnare” för vidare forskning. Möjligheter, hållbarhetsaspekter och ett konkret exempel har använts för att skapa förståelse för detta. Studien har designats med ett kvalitativt angreppssätt med semi-strukturerade intervjuer på det specifika fallet, Stora Enso Skoghall. Eftersom konceptet Industri 4.0 ännu saknar en tydlig definition började studien med att skapa ett teoretiskt ramverk för att kunna relatera till detta genom arbetet. Resultaten visar att Industri 4.0 i pappersindustrin fokuserar på Tillgänglighet genom ökade prediktions- och åtgärdsmöjligheter. Konceptet borde lägga vikt vid att hålla igång produktionen med färre avbrott och ökad Kvalitet på produkterna. Kommunikationsförbättringar kommer bli essentiella för att nå den nya nivån av industri, där integrationen av hela fabriken kommer spela en stor roll. Examensarbetet bidrar med en första inblick i vad Industri 4.0 kommer betyda för pappersindustrin och hur det kontextualiseras i branschen.

In Sweden, the dominating source for emissions of degradable organic substances to water is the pulp and paper industry. The organic substances increase oxygen consumption in the recipient which subsequently threatens aquatic species. Improved process engineering, process closures and use of external treatments have in recent years drastically lowered the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). However, the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) has not been reduced to the same extent, as some organic substances are more persistent and must be treated with more advanced techniques. Chemical precipitation, which can bind large parts of the remaining COD into solid matter, making it possible to be removed from the effluent by various separation technologies, contributes to an efficient COD removal. However, the direct operating cost for the treatment is high as large amount of chemicals are used in the process, and large quantities of sludge generated. In the near future EU pulp and paper industry will have to meet new regulatory demands on COD discharges, and pulp mills in Asia, South-America and Oceania will meet stringent discharge demands. It is therefore of interest to review alternative treatments in regards to technical, environmental and economical feasibility in the treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewaters. Much interest has been shown for Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP), which is why these techniques have been evaluated in this thesis. The first part of the report consists of a literature review where processes with the following oxidants have been reviewed: 1. Ozone (O3); 2. Ozone + Hydrogen peroxide (O3/H2O2); 3. Fenton’s reagent (Fe2+/ H2O2); 4. Ozone + Ultraviolet light (O3/UV); 5. Hydrogen peroxide + Ultraviolet light (H2O2/UV); 6. Photo-Fenton’s reagent (Fe2+/ H2O2/UV); 7. Titanium dioxide + Ultraviolet light (TiO2/UV). Ozone treatment (1) and ozone in combination with hydrogen peroxide (2) were chosen for further experimental studies. The experiments were conducted at Wedecos (Xylem Water Solutions) laboratory in Germany and tested on wastewater from three different Swedish mills: A, B and C. The experimental results indicate that treatment with ozone is an efficient method for elimination of COD from pulp and paper mill wastewaters. A relatively high COD reduction (41 % for Mill A, 31% for Mill B and 53% for Mill C) was achieved for all wastewaters with an applied ozone dosage of 0.2g O3/L, without an appreciable impact on other parameters such as pH, N-tot, NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, P-tot and PO43-. There are indications that the nature of the wastewater has an impact on the COD removal efficiency and that TMP wastewater is easier to oxidize in comparison to wastewater from sulphate mills. The combination with hydrogen peroxide did not show any further COD reduction compared to ozone treatment alone, thus confirming the results Ko et al. showed in their study in 2009. Oxidation with ozone is seen as more environmental alternative in comparison to chemical treatment (precipitation/flocculation) because contaminants in the wastewater are destructed rather than concentrated or transferred into a different phase, which leads to the decrease of COD, colour and toxicity without the need to handle large amounts of sludge. However, a subsequent biological treatment may be necessary for removal of BOD as a BOD increase is registered for all wastewater treated in this study. The costs are on the other hand higher in comparison to chemical treatment even though there are indications of cases when treatment with ozone can be profitable (e.g. if the cost for sludge handling increases in the future, price for chemicals increases and electricity price decreases). There are some uncertainties regarding the system and there is no clear evidence that toxic by-products are not formed. More research must be done and more full-scale installations must be reported before the pulp and paper industry is willing to invest in oxidation technology. / I Sverige, är massa- och pappersindustrin den dominerande utsläppskällan av nedbrytbart organiskt material till vatten. När det organiska materialet når recipienten ökar syreförbrukningen eftersom stora mängder syre erfordras för nedbrytningen av materialet. Detta leder i sin tur till att de vattenlevande organismerna hotas och utsätts för syrebrist. Förbättrad processteknik, ökad processlutning och utbyggnad av extern avloppsvattenrening har under de senaste åren drastiskt sänkt den biokemiska syreförbrukningen (BOD). Däremot har den kemiska syreförbrukningen (COD) inte reducerats i samma utsträckning då delar av det organiska materialet är mer persistent och måste behandlas med mer avancerad teknik. Kemisk fällning kan idag binda stora delar av det kvarvarande COD till fast material som sedan kan avlägsnas via olika separationsmetoder. En stor nackdel med den här typen av rening är att stora mängder kemikalier används som i sin tur genererar stora mängder slam som måste tas om hand, vilket introducerar höga driftkostnader. Inom en snar framtid kommer massa- och pappersbruk inom EU att möta nya regulatoriska krav för COD utsläpp, och bruk i Asien, Sydamerika och Oceanien kommer även de att möta väldigt hårda utsläppskrav. Det är därför av intresse att granska alternativa reningsmetoder och utvärdera dess tekniska, miljömässiga och ekonomiska genomförbarhet vid behandling av avloppsvatten från massa- och pappersbruk. Mycket intresse har visats för Avancerade Oxidationsprocesser (AOP), varför dessa tekniker valts att utvärderas i detta examensarbete. Första delen av rapporten innefattar en litteraturstudie där processer med följande oxidanter studerats: 1. Ozon (O3); 2. Ozon + Väteperoxid (O3/H2O2); 3. Fenton’s reagens (Fe2+/ H2O2); 4. Ozon + Ultraviolett ljus (O3/UV); 5. Väteperoxid + Ultraviolett ljus (H2O2/UV); 6. Foto-Fenton’s reagens (Fe2+/ H2O2/UV); 7. Titaniumdioxid + Ultraviolett ljus (TiO2/UV). Utav dessa valdes ozon behandling (1) och ozon i kombination med väteperoxid (2) för vidare experimentella studier. Behandlingarna har utförts vid Wedecos (Xylem Water Solutions) laboratorium i Tyskland och undersökts på avloppsvatten från tre olika svenska bruk; A , B och C. Experimentella resultat tyder på att ozonering är effektiv behandlingsmetod för reducering av COD i avloppsvatten från massa- och pappersbruk. En relativt hög COD reducering (41% för bruk A, 31% för bruk B, och 53% för bruk C)  uppvisades för samtliga avloppsvatten med en tillämpad ozondosering på 0.2 g O3/L, utan någon märkbar inverkan på andra parametrar så som pH, N-tot, NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, P-tot och PO43-. Det förekommer indikationer om att typ av avloppsvatten har en inverkan på COD reduktionen och att TMP avloppsvatten är lättare att oxidera i jämförelse mot avloppsvatten från sulfatmassabruk. Kombinationen av ozon och väteperoxid uppvisade ingen ytterligare COD reduktion i jämförelse mot ozon som enda oxidant, och bekräftade därmed de resultat Ko et al. uppvisade i sin studie 2009. Ozonering ses som ett miljövänligare alternativ till kemisk rening (fällning/flockning) eftersom föroreningarna i vattnet destrueras istället för att koncentreras, vilket innebär att COD, färg och toxicitet kan minskas utan att stora mängder slam genereras. Dock kan en efterföljande biologisk behandling vara nödvändig för avskiljning av BOD då en BOD ökning uppvisats för samtliga avloppsvatten i denna studie i takt med att COD brutits ned till lättnedbrytbart biologisk material. Kostnaderna är däremot höga i jämförelse mot kemisk fällning även om det förekommer indikationer på fall när behandlingen kan vara lönsam (t ex om slamhanteringskostnaderna blir högre i framtiden, inköpspriset för kemikalier ökar och elpriset sjunker). Det råder vissa tveksamheter gällande systemet och det finns inga konkreta bevis på att toxiska biprodukter inte bildas. Mer forskning måste utföras och fler fullskaliga installationer måste rapporteras och innan massa- och pappersindustrin är villig att investera i oxidationstekniken.

The pulp and paper industry is currently facing major challenges. Owing to the substitution of fossil-dependent products with recyclable and biodegradable ones, there is an immense demand for fibre-based products. As a result, there is an urgent need to streamline the supply chain. Additionally, consumers are increasingly pressuring businesses within the industry to improve supply chain transparency as the importance of responsible sourcing of forest-based products are gaining increased attention. To mitigate these issues, a high level of transparency and traceability throughout the entire supply chain, incorruptible tracking systems and secure forest certification systems is of utmost importance within the industry. In recent years, a distributed ledger technology, referred to as blockchain has emerged as a promising technology for improving supply chain transparency and traceability owing to its unique characteristics of storing information in a decentralized and immutable manner. However, due to the novelty of this technology within a supply chain context, a comprehensive assessment is crucial in order to understand how the technology could be leveraged. In this regard, this thesis aims to explore the potential of blockchain technology to improve transparency and traceability within the pulp and paper industry. Owing to the inherent explorative nature of this research, a qualitative approach has been adopted. Through semi-structured interviews with different actors within the supply chain of pulp- and paper products, as well as blockchain experts within the field of supply chain management, cross-sections between the two fields are drawn. In addition, based on the expert interviews, a general blueprint for companies considering implementing blockchain technology is developed. The results of the study indicate several potential use-cases where blockchain technology could bring value to the pulp and paper industry. For instance, the results show that the technology could be harnessed to streamline the supply chain, improve the chain of custody of certified products, support sustainability reporting and improve the quality of products. Lastly, as pioneering research within the field, this thesis opens up a series of directions for future research. / Massa- och pappersindustrin står just nu inför stora utmaningar. På grund av utfasningen av fossilbaserade material har efterfrågan på fiberbaserade material ökat drastiskt. Till följd av detta ökar vikten av effektiva försörjningskedjor. Dessutom, i takt med att hållbart skogsbruk får en ökad betydelse i samhället, ökar pressen från konsumenter att öka transparensen gällande råmaterialets  ursprung.  För att tackla dessa utmaningar krävs en hög grad av transparens och spårbarhet genom hela värdekedjan.   Under de senaste åren har en typ av distribuerad databasteknik, även kallad blockkedjeteknik växt fram som ett lovande verktyg för att förbättra transparens och spårbarhet inom försörjningskedjor,  tack vare dess unika egenskaper att lagra information på ett decentraliserat och oföränderligt sätt. Detta är dock en relativt ny teknik och på grund av detta finns det behov av studier där teknikens användningsområden i branschen utforskas innan den implementeras.   I detta avseende syftar denna rapport till att utforska blockkedjeteknikens potential att förbättra transparens och spårbarhet inom massa- och pappersindustrin. På grund av den utforskande karaktären av denna studie har en kvalitativ metod använts. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med olika aktörer inom värdekedjan för massa- och pappersprodukter, samt experter inom blockkedjor, dras paralleller mellan de två områdena. Dessutom, baserat på intervjuerna med dessa experter, har en allmän steg för steg-guide tagits fram för att underlätta för företag att utvärdera potentialen av blockkedjor inom specifika användningsområden.  Resultaten av studien indikerar flera potentiella användningsområden där blockkedjeteknik kan medföra ett ökat värde. bland annat visar resultaten att tekniken kan utnyttjas för att effektivisera försörjningskedjan, förbättra spårbarheten standarden för certifierade produkter, underlätta hållbarhetsrapportering och förbättra kvaliteten på produkter. Slutligen, som en banbrytande forskning inom området, öppnar detta examensarbete upp för  framtida forskning.

The European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) aims to lower greenhouse gases inpollution-intensive industries. The success of the EU ETS, its policy framework and its pricingstrategy is both empirically acknowledged and disputed. The study contributes to the empiricalresearch on the effect of the price of EU ETS permits on carbon emissions. Therefore, the aimis to establish the relationship between the price of emission permits and CO2 emissions inrelation to each phase of the EU ETS, for Sweden and Finland with a focus on the Pulp andPaper Industry (PPI). Moreover, the focus lies on the difference in the effect of each EU ETSphase on CO2 emissions, allowing for discussion on the effectiveness of each phase. Using aNewey-West multiple linear regression analysis, we found statistically significant evidence thatduring Phase 3, EU ETS permit pricing had a negative effect on CO2 emissions for both Swedenand Finland, EU ETS permit pricing in Phase 1 seems to have a low positive effect on CO2emissions solely for Sweden, while Phase 2 does not have an effect on CO2 emissions for eithercountry. Our collected data implies some degree of ineffectiveness and uncertainty in thesuccess of the EU ETS framework and pricing strategy.

This thesis stems from the interest of Holmen group to investigate the opportunitiesavailable for large electricity consumers in the Swedish primary reserve markets.The study performed focuses on one of Holmen's paper mill and it aims at identifyinga load inside the production process that is suitable for providing frequency containmentservices for the grid. The evaluation of the mill's consumption prole and the technicalrequirements of the reserve market led to the identication of the electric boiler coupledwith a steam accumulator as the most appropriate load.Five case study simulating the participation of the mill to dierent energy and reservemarkets have been evaluated. For each case a linear optimization problem has beenformulated. The rst simulation represents the current practice of the mill in relation tothe energy purchased on the spot market (following it will be also referred as referencecase). The second case study (II c.s.) integrates the use of the steam accumulator asa tool to perform thermal load shifting. In the third case study (III c.s.) the mill ismodelled to bid on the spot and primary reserve market by oering some capacity ofthe electric boiler. The last two case studies (IV and V c.s.) recalls the rst and lastpreviously mentioned, but also include the possibility of having energy imbalance. Thismeans that the imbalance settlement operated by eSett will produce an additional costor prot for the mill.The last three problem formulations fall under the denition of stochastic problems,since two random variable are present, namely: average hourly frequency value andimbalance settlement price. The uncertainty of the variables is represented throughscenarios.The outcome derived from the combination of the results for the winter and summercases shows that each strategy brings an economic saving when compared to the referencecase (I c.s.). The less interesting strategies are the ones that do not involve the reservemarket, leading to about 0.03% (II c.s.) and 0.06% (IV c.s.) of saving on the overallyearly energy cost. Contrariwise, by oering FCR-N capacity, the cost of electricitycan be cut by 5.15% (III c.s.) and 6.69% (V c.s.), respectively considering and notconsidering the imbalance settlement. / Avhandlingen har sitt ursprung i skogsindustrikoncernen Holmens intresse att undersökamöjligheten för stora elförbrukare att delta på den svenska primär-reservmarknaden. Studien som utförts fokuserar på ett av Holmens pappersbruk och syftar till att identifiera en elektrisk process som, inom bruksgränserna, är lämplig för att tillhandahålla frekvensregleringstjänster till det nationella nätet. En utvärdering av brukets elförbrukning samt de tekniska krav som ställs på reservmarknaden ledde till att en elektrisk panna med tillkopplad ångackumulator identifierades som mest lämplig.Fem budstrategier som simulerar brukets deltagande till olika energioch reservmarknader har presenterats. För varje strategi är ett linjärt optimeringsproblem formulerat. Den första strategin visar på nuvarande sätt bruket köper elektricitet på spotmarknaden. Den andra strategin integrerar användning av ångackumulatorn som ett verktyg för att utföra termisk lastskiftning. I den tredje modelleras deltagande också på primärreservmarknaden genom att erbjuda en viss kapacitet hos elpannan. De två sista strategierna baseras på den första och tredje, men tillåter i tillägg obalanser vilket innebär en extra kostnad eller möjlig intjäning för bruket.De tre sista problemformuleringarna faller under definitionen stokastiska problem, eftersom två slumpmässiga variabler är närvarande, nämligen: genomsnittligt timfrekvensvärde och priset för obalans. Osäkerheten för variablerna representeras genom scenarier.Resultatet visar att varje strategi ger en ekonomisk besparing jämfört med refer-ensfallet (strategi ett). De mindre intressanta strategierna är de som inte involverarreservmarknaden, vilka endast leder till ca 0,03% och 0,06% minskning av den totalaårliga energikostnaden. Däremot, genom att erbjuda FCR-N-kapacitet kan kostnaden för el minskas med 6,69% och 5,15% beroende s eller ej.

De maneira geral, o abastecimento de madeira de indústrias de celulose brasileiras provém de áreas plantadas próprias e de madeira comprada no mercado. Programas de planejamento florestal de longo prazo procuram, normalmente, abranger o manejo da floresta plantada de forma dissociada à aquisição de madeira de fontes externas. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o impacto da variação de valores de aquisição da madeira de mercado em modelos de programação linear que consideram seu volume adquirido como uma das variáveis-resposta. Fundamentado em dados florestais de 155 Unidades de Produção fornecidos pela International Paper do Brasil Ltda., empresa do ramo de papel para imprimir e escrever situada em Mogi-Guaçu, Estado de São Paulo, o trabalho apresenta resultados provenientes da geração de 80 modelos de programação linear submetidos a cinco diferentes cenários de valores de madeira de mercado. As abordagens dos modelos foram divididas em: modelos de maximização do valor presente líquido e modelos de minimização do valor do custo presente, subdivididos em modelos Global e Regionalizado (procurando observar uma condicionante administrativa da empresa), ordenados ou de produção livre e, finalmente, submetidos ou não a restrições operacionais de área máxima de colheita. Os resultados permitem observar que as diferentes abordagens de planejamento possuem graus variados de sensibilidade a variações de valores de madeira de mercado, notadamente os modelos de minimização do valor presente do custo. Esta sensibilidade pode ser medida pelas variações provocadas nos programas de colheita de madeira própria e compra de madeira de mercado, pela flutuação das idades médias de colheita, pelos resultados das funções-objetivo e pelo percentual de aproveitamento de área própria. Os dados também sugerem que há vantagem em manejar a floresta pelo modelo Global, que desconsidera os limites administrativos da empresa. Também, pode-se afirmar que a maximização do valor presente líquido das prescrições é a abordagem preferível em função de demonstrar maior robustez na geração de planos de manejo menos sensíveis aos diferentes cenários de valor da madeira de mercado. / Generally, the Brazilian pulp industry wood supply is largely provided by planted forests owned by the companies and wood purchased in the market. Long term planning programs usually address the two supplying sources - fee forests and market wood -separately. The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of different wood acquisition value scenarios in linear programming models that consider the amount of purchased wood as one of the variables. Based on data of 155 Production Units supplied by International Paper do Brasil Ltda., a printing paper company located in Mogi-Guaçu, State of São Paulo, the study presents results from the generation of 80 linear programming models submitted to five different wood acquisition value scenarios. The approach was divided into: maximization of net present value and minimization of the present cost, divided into Global and Regionalized models (pertaining to a company administrative restriction), with regulated or floating production and submitted or not to operational restrictions as a maximum harvesting area. Results allow observing that the different modeling approaches show different degrees of sensitivity to variations in the wood acquisition value - notably the minimization models. That sensitivity can be measured against variations in the harvesting and wood purchase programs, the floatation of the average harvesting ages, results of the objective function values and the percentage of utilization of fee lands. Results also suggest that there are advantages in managing the forest through the Global model, not considering the actual administrative limitations. Also, the maximization approach is the preferred one once it demonstrates more robustness through the generation of management programs less sensitive to the different proposed wood acquisition value scenarios.

The risk for climate change is a growing concern for theglobal society. According to what is known as the Kyoto Protocol,developed countries have committed themselves to reduce theirgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The purpose of this thesis hasbeen to analyse opportunities for CO2 reductions in Swedish pulpand paper mills. The pulp and paper industry accounts forsignificant shares of the Swedish utilisationof both electricityand, in particular, biomass fuels. In this thesis, it has been agoal to focus not only on the technical potential of alternativesfor CO2 reductions in the energy systems of pulp and paper mills,but also on analysing the costeffectiveness of the studiedmeasures. Moreover, the analysis has covered questions concerningthe capacity and willingness among the actors involved with thepulp and paper mills’energy systems to realise CO2reduction potentials. A broad techno-economical evaluation of available technologiesfor increased power production as well as more efficient energyutilisation is carried out. Furthermore, a more indepth analysisof pulp mill-based biomass energy with CO2 removal and permanentsequestration (BECS) is presented. An evaluation is made of thepotential for pulp and paper production with a negative CO2balance through the implementation of BECS. In recent yearsoutside suppliers, mainly energy service companies (ESCOs), havebegun to operate energy facilities in some Swedish pulp and papermills. Based on interviews with managers from pulp and papercompanies and ESCOs, the main driving forces behind theincreasing co-operation as well as the opportunities and riskswith energy related co-operation are presented. Furthermore, the technical possibility of carbon-negativitythrough the implementation of BECS is discussed in relation tocarbon management on both corporate and global levels. The extentto which CO2-reducing measures in pulp and paper mills arerealised will have an impact on Sweden’s capacity to reachCO2 reduction targets. Whether or not technologies for CO2capture and sequestration are developed and implemented inSwedish pulp mills has a very large impact on the size ofSweden’s long-term CO2 reduction potential. Moreover, thedevelopment of business and competence focus in pulp and papercompanies and ESCOs suggests that cooperation will become ofincreasing importance for future sustainable industrial energymanagement. <b>Keywords:</b>CO2 reduction, pulp and paper industry, energysystem, biomass, CO2 capture and sequestration, black liquor,gasification, power production, outsourcing, sustainable energymanagement

This study analyzes the long-term evolution of the North American pulp and paper industry, and offers a new synthesis of the dynamic forces that spearheaded the expansion and transformation of this large manufacturing industry. The evolution of the North American pulp and paper industry between 1860 and 1960 was driven by successive waves of technological learning that spawned structural change. Such waves transformed and expanded the sulphite and sulphate pulp, envelope, paper container, paper bag, magazine and printing paper, coated paper, board, and many other pulp and paper industries between 1860 and 1960. These waves repeated a pattern of co-evolution of technology and industrial organization that enveloped dynamic forces of change, such as innovation, corporate strategies, industrial relocation, and policy. As distinct branches of the pulp and paper industry passed from the early nascent phase to full maturity, the sources of innovation, nature of technological change, strategy and structure of leading firms, and industrial organization underwent throughout transformation. As these waves of industrial change passed from a nascent phase to maturity, the reciprocal dynamics between organization, corporate strategy, policy, and technological learning co-evolved, and established the evolutionary path of the North American pulp and paper industry.

Increased equipment failures and the resultant increase in unplanned downtime as the result of process optimization programs continue to plague pulp mills. The failures are a result of a lack of understanding of corrosion in the different pulping liquors, specifically the parameters responsible for its adjustment such as the role and identification of inorganic and organic species. The current work investigates the role of inorganic species, namely sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide, on liquor corrosivity at a range of process conditions beyond those currently experienced in literature. The role of sulfur species, in the activation of corrosion and the ability of hydroxide to passivate carbon steel A516-Gr70, is evaluated with gravimetric and electrochemical methods. The impact of wood chip weathering on process corrosion was also evaluated. Results were used to identify black liquor components, depending on the wood species, which play a significant role in the activation and inhibition of corrosion for carbon steel A516-Gr70 process equipment. Further, the effect of black liquor oxidation on liquor corrosivity was evaluated. Corrosion and stress corrosion cracking performance of selected materials provided information on classes of materials that may be reliably used in aggressive pulping environments.

<p>The risk for climate change is a growing concern for theglobal society. According to what is known as the Kyoto Protocol,developed countries have committed themselves to reduce theirgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The purpose of this thesis hasbeen to analyse opportunities for CO2 reductions in Swedish pulpand paper mills. The pulp and paper industry accounts forsignificant shares of the Swedish utilisationof both electricityand, in particular, biomass fuels. In this thesis, it has been agoal to focus not only on the technical potential of alternativesfor CO2 reductions in the energy systems of pulp and paper mills,but also on analysing the costeffectiveness of the studiedmeasures. Moreover, the analysis has covered questions concerningthe capacity and willingness among the actors involved with thepulp and paper mills’energy systems to realise CO2reduction potentials.</p><p>A broad techno-economical evaluation of available technologiesfor increased power production as well as more efficient energyutilisation is carried out. Furthermore, a more indepth analysisof pulp mill-based biomass energy with CO2 removal and permanentsequestration (BECS) is presented. An evaluation is made of thepotential for pulp and paper production with a negative CO2balance through the implementation of BECS. In recent yearsoutside suppliers, mainly energy service companies (ESCOs), havebegun to operate energy facilities in some Swedish pulp and papermills. Based on interviews with managers from pulp and papercompanies and ESCOs, the main driving forces behind theincreasing co-operation as well as the opportunities and riskswith energy related co-operation are presented.</p><p>Furthermore, the technical possibility of carbon-negativitythrough the implementation of BECS is discussed in relation tocarbon management on both corporate and global levels. The extentto which CO2-reducing measures in pulp and paper mills arerealised will have an impact on Sweden’s capacity to reachCO2 reduction targets. Whether or not technologies for CO2capture and sequestration are developed and implemented inSwedish pulp mills has a very large impact on the size ofSweden’s long-term CO2 reduction potential. Moreover, thedevelopment of business and competence focus in pulp and papercompanies and ESCOs suggests that cooperation will become ofincreasing importance for future sustainable industrial energymanagement.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>CO2 reduction, pulp and paper industry, energysystem, biomass, CO2 capture and sequestration, black liquor,gasification, power production, outsourcing, sustainable energymanagement</p>