Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Waikato, 2007. / Title from PDF cover (viewed March 19, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-118)

De maneira geral, o abastecimento de madeira de indústrias de celulose brasileiras provém de áreas plantadas próprias e de madeira comprada no mercado. Programas de planejamento florestal de longo prazo procuram, normalmente, abranger o manejo da floresta plantada de forma dissociada à aquisição de madeira de fontes externas. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o impacto da variação de valores de aquisição da madeira de mercado em modelos de programação linear que consideram seu volume adquirido como uma das variáveis-resposta. Fundamentado em dados florestais de 155 Unidades de Produção fornecidos pela International Paper do Brasil Ltda., empresa do ramo de papel para imprimir e escrever situada em Mogi-Guaçu, Estado de São Paulo, o trabalho apresenta resultados provenientes da geração de 80 modelos de programação linear submetidos a cinco diferentes cenários de valores de madeira de mercado. As abordagens dos modelos foram divididas em: modelos de maximização do valor presente líquido e modelos de minimização do valor do custo presente, subdivididos em modelos Global e Regionalizado (procurando observar uma condicionante administrativa da empresa), ordenados ou de produção livre e, finalmente, submetidos ou não a restrições operacionais de área máxima de colheita. Os resultados permitem observar que as diferentes abordagens de planejamento possuem graus variados de sensibilidade a variações de valores de madeira de mercado, notadamente os modelos de minimização do valor presente do custo. Esta sensibilidade pode ser medida pelas variações provocadas nos programas de colheita de madeira própria e compra de madeira de mercado, pela flutuação das idades médias de colheita, pelos resultados das funções-objetivo e pelo percentual de aproveitamento de área própria. Os dados também sugerem que há vantagem em manejar a floresta pelo modelo Global, que desconsidera os limites administrativos da empresa. Também, pode-se afirmar que a maximização do valor presente líquido das prescrições é a abordagem preferível em função de demonstrar maior robustez na geração de planos de manejo menos sensíveis aos diferentes cenários de valor da madeira de mercado. / Generally, the Brazilian pulp industry wood supply is largely provided by planted forests owned by the companies and wood purchased in the market. Long term planning programs usually address the two supplying sources – fee forests and market wood -separately. The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of different wood acquisition value scenarios in linear programming models that consider the amount of purchased wood as one of the variables. Based on data of 155 Production Units supplied by International Paper do Brasil Ltda., a printing paper company located in Mogi-Guaçu, State of São Paulo, the study presents results from the generation of 80 linear programming models submitted to five different wood acquisition value scenarios. The approach was divided into: maximization of net present value and minimization of the present cost, divided into Global and Regionalized models (pertaining to a company administrative restriction), with regulated or floating production and submitted or not to operational restrictions as a maximum harvesting area. Results allow observing that the different modeling approaches show different degrees of sensitivity to variations in the wood acquisition value – notably the minimization models. That sensitivity can be measured against variations in the harvesting and wood purchase programs, the floatation of the average harvesting ages, results of the objective function values and the percentage of utilization of fee lands. Results also suggest that there are advantages in managing the forest through the Global model, not considering the actual administrative limitations. Also, the maximization approach is the preferred one once it demonstrates more robustness through the generation of management programs less sensitive to the different proposed wood acquisition value scenarios.

För drygt ett decennium sedan började marknaden för tryckpapper att vika. Den svenska pappers- och massaindustrin fick en ny annorlunda konkurrent genom introduktionen av till exempel smarta telefoner och surfplattor. Utvecklingen har medfört att svenska pappers- och massaföretag i högre utsträckning har börjat titta på mer radikala innovationer i sin produktutveckling där nya användningsområden för träråvaran utforskas, en inriktning som kräver kompetenser utöver de som bolagen besitter internt. Studiens syfte är att undersöka olika samarbetsformer inom svensk pappers- och massaindustri för att kartlägga vilka faktorer som varit, och är, framgångsrika för produktinnovationer. Ambitionen är också att undersöka om det skett en förändring i samarbetenas karaktär under de senaste 25 åren. De företag som deltagit i studien är SCA, Södra Cell, Holmen/MoDo, Stora Enso, BillerudKorsnäs och Rottneros samt ett antal samarbetspartner till dem. Resultaten visar att såväl samarbetsformer som vilka aktörer svensk skogsindustri samarbetar med har förändrats i stor utsträckning. Branschen har börjat söka alltmer samarbete med andra branscher samtidigt som samarbeten med konkurrenter har minskat kraftigt. Under samma period har det blivit viktigare att reglera samarbeten i avtal och bland annat hur de immateriella värdena, som patent, fördelas mellan deltagarna i ett samarbete. En annan slutsats är att det finns en koppling mellan samarbeten och genereringen av en organisations produktinnovationer. Företag är beroende av extern kompetens för att lyckas med radikala innovationer och en bred kunskapsbas är att föredra för att bäst producera produktinnovationer. Extern kompetens kan till exempel hjälpa företagen att öka förståelsen för andra/nya marknader och kan således vara ett sätta att hitta helt nya användningsområden för den värdefulla råvara skogen erbjuder. Nyckelord: radikal innovation, samarbete, svensk pappers- och massaindustri / During the last decade has the market for printing paper begun to decline. The introduction of the smart phones and tablets quickly became a disturbing factor for the printing paper companies. This has forced the product development in the Swedish pulp and paper companies, to a greater extent, to look at more radical innovations. This requires the exploration of new applications and possibilities for the forest resource, an approach that requires expertise beyond what the companies possess internally. This study aims to investigate various forms of collaboration within the Swedish pulp and paper industry to identify factors that have been and are successful for product innovations. The aim has also been to investigate whether there is a change in the character of collaborations in the last 25 years. The participating companies in the study were SCA, Södra Cell, Holmen/MoDo, Stora Enso, BillerudKorsnäs, and Rottneros, plus some of their collaboration companies. The results show that the forms of collaboration in which the Swedish forest industry cooperate have changed considerably. The industry has begun to seek more cooperation with other industries, while collaboration with competitors has decreased. It seems to have become more important to regulate collaborative agreements, primarily how the intangible resources, like patents, are distributed among the participants in collaborations. Another conclusion is that there is a link between collaboration and the success of a firm’s product innovation. Companies are dependent on external knowledge for the success of radical innovations and a broad knowledge base is preferable to best be able to generate product innovations. External knowledge could, for example, help companies increase their understanding of other or new markets and may thus be a way to find new uses for the valuable raw material forest offers. Key words: radical innovation, collaboration, Swedish pulp and paper industry

No description available.

Abstract Purpose Changing processes and an organization quickly and successfully is a challenging task. Thus, standardization of the process of making changes as well can be useful to reach the goal of increased performance. Many different aspects can be considered when investigating the critical factors that lead to a successful change. Assessing whether these critical factors can be utilized to formulate standards is, therefore, an interesting topic to delve deeper into. Thus, the purpose is “Explore how change management processes in the pulp and paper industry can be standardized, and how the change management process can be improved.” and the research questions (RQ):  RQ1. What are the critical factors of the change management processes in the pulp and paper industry?  RQ2. How can standardization of change management processes be achieved in the pulp and paper industry? Method This is a qualitative study where information has been gathered through a literature review and a multiple case study. The empirical data was primary data gathered through interviews. Theoretical information was gathered based on keywords selected through brainstorming sessions and found in articles. A data analysis model was used when analysing the empirical data.  Findings Six critical factors were found as an answer to RQ1. These six critical factors for pulp and paper industries were found within broader studies on change management factors as well. Standardization of change management processes on a general level was deemed possible. However, when investigating detailed levels of change management processes there are indications that it is possible to some degree, but it is more difficult to transfer a standardized process between different types of changes. Future Research More research can be beneficial in change management on more detailed levels and how standards can be transferred between types of change, and if this is only applicable to pulp and paper industries or to 24-hour continuous production processes. The conceptual maturity model presented in this report could be explored further and has the potential to be modified further to fit the needs of different organizations and industries. The conceptual guideline that was presented in the report needs to be tested and verified. Limitations This project has excluded international factories from its studied area. This project also scopes in toward the pulp and paper industry as its focus and did not analyse if its result is applicable to other industries or not. Additionally, this project did not verify if the implementation of the resulting guidelines yields a positive or negative outcome, further study is required.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of environmental regulations for water-borne emissions in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. Furthermore, the study intends to analyze if there are differences in the effectiveness before and after the restructuring of the Swedish regulatory procedures in 1999. It also addresses the impact of compliance periods in the regulatory process. The method is econometric and based on the use of a fixed-effect panel data regression model. The data comprise 1 698 unique observation from 21 Swedish pulp and paper mills during the time period 1980-2013 regarding emissions, emission standards and production levels. The results display that the environmental regulation in the industry has been effective in the sense that emissions have decreased with the implementation of performance standards. Furthermore, the period before 1999 shows a greater reduction of emissions than the period after 1999. Finally, the results indicate that the use of compliance periods appears to have contributedto a greater reduction in emissions compared to cases where no such periods are granted. / Syftet med denna studie är att analysera effektiviteten av miljöregleringen av vattenbaserade utsläpp inom den svenska massa- och pappersindustrin. Dessutom avser denna studie att analysera om det finns några effektivitetsskillnader före och efter omstruktureringen av den svenska regleringsprocessen år 1999. Studien behandlar även effekten av anpassningsperioder i regleringsprocessen. Metoden är ekonometrisk och baseras på en "fixed-effect" panel datamodell. Datamaterialet består av 1 689 unika observationer från 21 svenska massa- och pappersbruk under åren 1980 - 2013 avseende utsläpp, gränsvärden och produktionsnivåer. Resultatet visar att miljöregleringen har varit effektiv i den meningen att utsläppen har minskat med införandet av gränsvärden. Dessutom, perioden innan 1999 visar en större utsläppsreduktion än perioden efter 1999. Till sist, resultaten indikerar att användandet av anpassningsperioder verkar ha bidragit till större utsläppsreduceringar i jämförelse till de fall där dessa perioder inte beviljades.

A partir da década de 1970, os impactos da sociedade de consumo industrial sobre o meio ambiente tornaram-se amplamente reconhecidos e debatidos em diversos setores da sociedade, inserindo-se nas agendas de lideranças mundiais. Central para o debate sobre meio ambiente e crescimento econômico tem sido o papel das empresas que, tendo sido historicamente parte do problema, passaram a incluir o meio ambiente em suas atividades e na gestão de seus negócios. Grandes acidentes envolvendo usinas nucleares e contaminações e outros de menor porte aumentaram a percepção pública quanto aos riscos decorrentes de um processo de produção predatório que ignora os limites da natureza. O objetivo do trabalho é discutir as estratégias de internalização da gestão ambiental à estrutura da empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose nos últimos 30 anos, com enfoque na gestão hídrica da empresa. Para tanto, adotou-se uma metodologia baseada em análise documental e em um estudo de caso na empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose. A revisão bibliográfica foi realizada em materiais obtidos na CETESB, na sede da Empresa Suzano e na Associação Brasileira de Papel e Celulose (ABTCPBRACELPA), além de teses e dissertações. Os dados para análise foram levantados em revistas setoriais com foco em gestão ambiental e em papel e celulose e nos relatórios de Sustentabilidade da empresa Suzano dos últimos 10 anos. Nesta etapa buscou-se avançar na compreensão das alternativas tecnológicas do setor de papel e celulose com foco na gestão da água, conhecer os participantes no mercado de papel e celulose e suas iniciativas voltadas ao tema da sustentabilidade. Foram ainda realizadas visitas à fábrica e à sede da empresa Suzano, com realização de entrevistas com a gerência de meio ambiente e qualidade. Os resultados alcançados revelam que três fatores têm sido determinantes para as mudanças na gestão hídrica na empresa, a saber: a legislação, que estabelece padrões de emissão de efluentes hídricos em corpos dágua; a pressão da opinião pública, notadamente a partir de meados da década de 1980 com relação à presença de compostos organoclorados (dioxinas) em efluentes de papel e celulose; e as exigências dos mercados importadores, como, por exemplo, quanto à certificação ambiental dos processos produtivos. Os resultados dessa pesquisa indicam que a empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose nos últimos 30 anos passou de uma estratégia passiva com relação ao meio ambiente para uma estratégia proativa incorporando as exigências ambientais da legislação e de seus mercados no exterior. Conclui-se, portanto, que o meio ambiente tornou-se elemento-chave de competitividade e permanência no mercado para a empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose. / Since the 1970s, the impacts of the industrial production on the environment have become highly recognized and debated by ample sectors of society and taken over the agendas of leaders all over the world. Central to the debate between environmental protection and economic growth has been the role played by the business sector in the search for solutions to the environmental crisis by internalizing environmental demands. The aim of this paper is to discuss the strategies adopted by the Companhia Suzano de Papel e Celulose when interiorizing environmental concerns. Emphasis will be given to the industrial management of water resources in the last 30 years. To this effect, a case study method has been adopted. The bibliographic research was carried out through the use of materials, obtained at The State of São Paulo Environmental Agency), at ABTCP-BRACELPA (The Brazilian official Pulp and Paper Organization), and other studies on the pulp and paper sector. The data used in the analysis in environmental management magazines focused on the pulp and paper sector and the companys annual sustainability reports of the last 10 years. The aim was to acquire deeper understanding of the pulp and paper sector technological alternatives for cleaner production. In addition, interviews with the company´s Environment and Quality manager of the Suzano plant were also carried out. The results suggest that the company´s water management strategies have been determined by three key factors: the regulation, which sets the standards for effluent discharges; the pressure of public opinion, in the mid 1980s, particularly public demands for the elimination of the use of chlorine compounds (the dioxins); and the environmental demands of external markets such as those related to the environmental certification of production processes. The results reveal that, in the last 30 years, Companhia Suzano de Papel e Celulose has shifted from a passive strategy towards its environmental impacts to a proactive by interiorizing both the demands of the regulation and the demands of its overseas markets. In conclusion, the environment has become a key element both for the companys competitiveness and survival.

A crescente preocupação mundial com o manejo dos recursos florestais tem exercido grande pressão nos ambientes extrativistas e industriais ligados à base produtiva silvícola. Em vista da dificuldade de se estabelecer quais empresas e produtores adotam padrões produtivos ambientalmente sustentáveis, o uso das certificações tem ganhado notoriedade, funcionando como mecanismo de sinalização de comportamento mercadologicamente valorizado. Este cenário representa empiricamente teorizações da Economia da Informação em um ambiente agroindustrial específico, apresentando ferramentas de emissão de sinais como potenciais redutores da assimetria de informação presente na estrutura econômica de comércio. Contudo, permanecem questionamentos sobre como este uso de certificações e conseqüente melhoria da disponibilidade informacional podem impactar sobre as firmas adotantes desta estratégia. Relacionando esta situação com elementos da Economia Industrial (abordagem Estrutura-Conduta-Desempenho) e caracterizando a sinalização como um elemento de Conduta, esta pesquisa se propõe a verificar empiricamente potenciais impactos desta estratégia de atuação no Desempenho resultante. Como objeto específico de estudo, elegeu-se, dentro da indústria silvícola brasileira, o setor de papel e celulose, dada a sua relevância econômica para o agronegócio brasileiro. O método de análise de desenvolve através de modelos econométricos que buscam estabelecer e mensurar relações de influência entre a evolução de adoção de certificações de manejo florestal sustentável no desempenho exportador agregado do setor para o período 1995- 2008 (dados mensais), visto que a prática de comércio internacional potencializa a disponibilidade assimétrica de informações. Os resultados encontrados são parcialmente conclusivos em direção à sustentação da hipótese de que o uso de certificações tem influências positivas sobre o desempenho de comércio exterior da indústria brasileira de papel e celulose. / World’s increasing concern regarding forest resources management has pressured the producers and industries connected to forestry activities. In face of the difficulty to differentiate agents’ productive patterns of behavior towards forests, the use of sustainable forest management certifications is becoming increasingly relevant, working as a supposedly market valued signaling device. This scenario represents empirically in a specific agroindustrial environment the theories developed in Information Economics, presenting signal emission tools as potential reducers of commercial information asymmetry. However, questions regarding how the use of these certifications and the consequent improvement of information availability impact on firms which adopt this strategy remain. Relating this situation with the elements of Industrial Economics (more specifically the Structure-Conduct-Performance approach) and defining the signaling behavior as a Conduct pattern, this research proposes an analysis of the possible impacts of this strategy in the resulting Performance. As object of study, the Brazilian Pulp & Paper (P&P) industry is chosen, given its economic importance for the country’s forest and agribusiness sectors. The methodology to develop this verification is based on econometric regression models, aiming to establish and measures influences between the sustainable forest management certifications implementation evolution in the aggregated exporting performance of the Brazilian P&P industry for the period 1995-2008 (monthly data), since the international trade is expected to rise the levels of information asymmetry and hence the value of signals. Results allow partial acceptance of the hypothesis that the use of certifications has positive influences on Brazilian P&P industry’s international trade performance.

The biological sludge formed in the pulp and paper wastewater treatment constitutes a costlyproblem to dispose off due to poor dewaterability. It is often incinerated or used as soilconditioner improvement. By using anaerobic digestion of the biological sludge, thedewaterability can be increased. Thanks to the formation of biogas, the sludge volume isdecreased and energy can be recovered as methane. By pre-treating the sludge, the biogasproduction can be increased, making the anaerobic digestion more economically feasible. Eleven samples of biological sludges from six Swedish pulp and paper mills, chosen torepresent different types and sizes of mills available in Sweden, were pre-treated with alkali(NaOH, pH12), heat (80˚C, 1 hr) and electroporation (2000 pulses, 10 kV/cm). Initialmethane production rate and methane potential of all sludges and pre-treatments weredetermined using batch experiment. A combination of two sludges (from the same mill) pretreatedwith alkali and heat was further investigated in a semi-continuous digester experiment. The batch experiments showed that alkali pre-treatment had the greatest positive effect onmethane production. Heat treatment performed second best, whereas electroporation had no orlittle effect. Overall, pre-treatments increased the initial methane production rate, but withinsignificant effects on the methane potential. Heat pre-treatment showed no difference inbiogas production compared to the control in the semi-continuous digester experiment. Alkalitreatment was shown to inhibit biogas production and cause high accumulation of acetate. Itcould not be concluded whether it was an effect from hydroxide or sodium ion addition.Further analysis of the NaOH impact on floc structure, toxicity and bioavailability issuggested to determine the suitability of alkali-treated sludge for anaerobic digestion. / Bioslam, som bildas vid vattenreningen på pappers- och massabruk, utgör en kostnad attomhänderta på grund av avvattningssvårigheter. Kvittblivning sker oftast genom förbränningeller användning som jordförbättringsmedel. Genom rötning kan slammet bli merlättavvattnat och tack vare att det bildas biogas minskar slamvolymen samtidigt som energikan utvinnas från metanet. Produktionen av biogas kan ökas genom att förbehandla slammetinnan rötning, vilket skulle innebära ekonomiska fördelar. Denna studie har undersökt effekten av förbehandling för elva bioslam från sex svenskapappers- och massabruk, valda att representera olika typer och storlekar på svenska bruk.Behandlingen gjordes med alkali (NaOH, pH12), värme (80˚C, 1 h) och elektroporering(2000 pulser, 10 kV/cm). Effekten av förbehandling på initial metanproduktionshastighet ochmetanpotential undersöktes med hjälp av satsvis utrötning (batch) av alla slam. Enkombination av två slam från samma burk utvärderades i ett semi-kontinuerligt rötningsförsökefter förbehandling med värme och alkali. Resultatet från utrötningsförsöket visade att den alkaliska förbehandlingen hade störst positivinverkan på metanproduktionen. Värmebehandlingen presterade näst bäst, medanelektroporeringen visade sig ha liten eller ingen effekt. Generellt sett ökade den initialametanproduktionshastigheten till följd av förbehandling, medan metanpotentialen förblevoförändrad. Värmebehandling gav ingen effekt på biogasproduktionen i det semikontinuerligarötningsförsöket jämfört med kontroll, medan alkalisk förbehandling inhiberadebiogasproduktionen och orsakade höga koncentrationer av ackumulerat acetat. Det kunde inteavgöras huruvida det var natrium- eller hydroxidjoner, som orsakade inhiberingen. För attkunna utvärdera möjligheten att röta slam, som förbehandlats med NaOH, rekommenderasvidare analys av dess påverkan på flockstruktur, toxicitet och biotillgänglighet.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.