A crescente preocupação mundial com o manejo dos recursos florestais tem exercido grande pressão nos ambientes extrativistas e industriais ligados à base produtiva silvícola. Em vista da dificuldade de se estabelecer quais empresas e produtores adotam padrões produtivos ambientalmente sustentáveis, o uso das certificações tem ganhado notoriedade, funcionando como mecanismo de sinalização de comportamento mercadologicamente valorizado. Este cenário representa empiricamente teorizações da Economia da Informação em um ambiente agroindustrial específico, apresentando ferramentas de emissão de sinais como potenciais redutores da assimetria de informação presente na estrutura econômica de comércio. Contudo, permanecem questionamentos sobre como este uso de certificações e conseqüente melhoria da disponibilidade informacional podem impactar sobre as firmas adotantes desta estratégia. Relacionando esta situação com elementos da Economia Industrial (abordagem Estrutura-Conduta-Desempenho) e caracterizando a sinalização como um elemento de Conduta, esta pesquisa se propõe a verificar empiricamente potenciais impactos desta estratégia de atuação no Desempenho resultante. Como objeto específico de estudo, elegeu-se, dentro da indústria silvícola brasileira, o setor de papel e celulose, dada a sua relevância econômica para o agronegócio brasileiro. O método de análise de desenvolve através de modelos econométricos que buscam estabelecer e mensurar relações de influência entre a evolução de adoção de certificações de manejo florestal sustentável no desempenho exportador agregado do setor para o período 1995- 2008 (dados mensais), visto que a prática de comércio internacional potencializa a disponibilidade assimétrica de informações. Os resultados encontrados são parcialmente conclusivos em direção à sustentação da hipótese de que o uso de certificações tem influências positivas sobre o desempenho de comércio exterior da indústria brasileira de papel e celulose. / World’s increasing concern regarding forest resources management has pressured the producers and industries connected to forestry activities. In face of the difficulty to differentiate agents’ productive patterns of behavior towards forests, the use of sustainable forest management certifications is becoming increasingly relevant, working as a supposedly market valued signaling device. This scenario represents empirically in a specific agroindustrial environment the theories developed in Information Economics, presenting signal emission tools as potential reducers of commercial information asymmetry. However, questions regarding how the use of these certifications and the consequent improvement of information availability impact on firms which adopt this strategy remain. Relating this situation with the elements of Industrial Economics (more specifically the Structure-Conduct-Performance approach) and defining the signaling behavior as a Conduct pattern, this research proposes an analysis of the possible impacts of this strategy in the resulting Performance. As object of study, the Brazilian Pulp & Paper (P&P) industry is chosen, given its economic importance for the country’s forest and agribusiness sectors. The methodology to develop this verification is based on econometric regression models, aiming to establish and measures influences between the sustainable forest management certifications implementation evolution in the aggregated exporting performance of the Brazilian P&P industry for the period 1995-2008 (monthly data), since the international trade is expected to rise the levels of information asymmetry and hence the value of signals. Results allow partial acceptance of the hypothesis that the use of certifications has positive influences on Brazilian P&P industry’s international trade performance.

[pt] Pesquisas recentes apontam que o Brasil ocupa lugar de destaque no ranking mundial de produção de papel e celulose. O setor é fundamental para economia nacional e é responsável por gerar diversos empregos diretos e indiretos. Porém, apesar de a madeira, principal matéria prima do processo produtivo, ser proveniente de florestas plantadas, as empresas do setor se deparam com problemas de cunho ambiental em função da grande quantidade de resíduos sólidos industriais gerados diariamente em suas fábricas, os quais, apresentam potencial de causar danos ambientais. Desta forma, o setor sofre com o forte apelo ambiental da sociedade, dos órgãos fiscalizadores e do mercado. Este fato tem levado as empresas a buscarem soluções alternativas para o descarte dos seus resíduos, com o intuito de valorizar e garantir um novo uso aos mesmo, ao invés, da simples disposição em aterro, levando em conta os conceitos e princípios da Economia Circular. Neste sentido buscou-se estudar na literatura os potenciais meios de valorização para os resíduos dregs e grits e, como resultado, encontrou-se utilizações dos mesmos como corretivos de acidez de solo e fertilizantes, estabilização de áreas degradadas, aplicação em obras rodoviárias, utilização na indústria de cerâmica e de cimento e na utilização como agregados em argamassas. Buscou-se também averiguar as práticas atuais adotadas por empresas do setor e os benefícios alcançados por elas como, por exemplo, a melhoria da imagem da empresa, redução do passivo ambiental e dos custos de transporte e disposição dos resíduos. / [en] Nowadays, the strong environmental, social and economic appeal faced by the industrial sector have been contributing to the development of studies and research aimed at finding alternatives to the use of solid waste generated in its processes, in order to add value to them and to minimize the amount of waste sent to landfills, promoting improvement in the environmental performance of their processes and still favoring their image in the market, especially in the international market. In this way the Circular Economy arises. According to Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2013), the Circular Economy is restorative and regenerative by principle, arises precisely to put an end to the current linear industrial model, considered as pipe end, in which, the raw material extracted from nature is processed, consumed and discarded after use. The goal of Circular Economy is to keep products, components and materials at their highest level of usefulness and value, all the time. The model distinguishes between technical and biological cycles. Consumption happens only in biological cycles, where food and biologically-based materials (such as cotton or wood) are designed to feed back into the system through processes like composting and anaerobic digestion. These cycles regenerate living systems, such as soil, which provide renewable resources for the economy. Technical cycles recover and restore products, components, and materials through strategies like reuse, repair, remanufacture or (in the last resort) recycling (Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2013). The circular economy incorporates ideas from different schools of thought as the regenerative design, cradle to cradle, industrial ecology, economy of performance, biomimicry, and the blue economy; This model of economy is based on three principles: nature as model, nature as a measure and nature as a mentor.

A crescente preocupação mundial com o manejo dos recursos florestais tem exercido grande pressão nos ambientes extrativistas e industriais ligados à base produtiva silvícola. Em vista da dificuldade de se estabelecer quais empresas e produtores adotam padrões produtivos ambientalmente sustentáveis, o uso das certificações tem ganhado notoriedade, funcionando como mecanismo de sinalização de comportamento mercadologicamente valorizado. Este cenário representa empiricamente teorizações da Economia da Informação em um ambiente agroindustrial específico, apresentando ferramentas de emissão de sinais como potenciais redutores da assimetria de informação presente na estrutura econômica de comércio. Contudo, permanecem questionamentos sobre como este uso de certificações e conseqüente melhoria da disponibilidade informacional podem impactar sobre as firmas adotantes desta estratégia. Relacionando esta situação com elementos da Economia Industrial (abordagem Estrutura-Conduta-Desempenho) e caracterizando a sinalização como um elemento de Conduta, esta pesquisa se propõe a verificar empiricamente potenciais impactos desta estratégia de atuação no Desempenho resultante. Como objeto específico de estudo, elegeu-se, dentro da indústria silvícola brasileira, o setor de papel e celulose, dada a sua relevância econômica para o agronegócio brasileiro. O método de análise de desenvolve através de modelos econométricos que buscam estabelecer e mensurar relações de influência entre a evolução de adoção de certificações de manejo florestal sustentável no desempenho exportador agregado do setor para o período 1995- 2008 (dados mensais), visto que a prática de comércio internacional potencializa a disponibilidade assimétrica de informações. Os resultados encontrados são parcialmente conclusivos em direção à sustentação da hipótese de que o uso de certificações tem influências positivas sobre o desempenho de comércio exterior da indústria brasileira de papel e celulose. / World’s increasing concern regarding forest resources management has pressured the producers and industries connected to forestry activities. In face of the difficulty to differentiate agents’ productive patterns of behavior towards forests, the use of sustainable forest management certifications is becoming increasingly relevant, working as a supposedly market valued signaling device. This scenario represents empirically in a specific agroindustrial environment the theories developed in Information Economics, presenting signal emission tools as potential reducers of commercial information asymmetry. However, questions regarding how the use of these certifications and the consequent improvement of information availability impact on firms which adopt this strategy remain. Relating this situation with the elements of Industrial Economics (more specifically the Structure-Conduct-Performance approach) and defining the signaling behavior as a Conduct pattern, this research proposes an analysis of the possible impacts of this strategy in the resulting Performance. As object of study, the Brazilian Pulp & Paper (P&P) industry is chosen, given its economic importance for the country’s forest and agribusiness sectors. The methodology to develop this verification is based on econometric regression models, aiming to establish and measures influences between the sustainable forest management certifications implementation evolution in the aggregated exporting performance of the Brazilian P&P industry for the period 1995-2008 (monthly data), since the international trade is expected to rise the levels of information asymmetry and hence the value of signals. Results allow partial acceptance of the hypothesis that the use of certifications has positive influences on Brazilian P&P industry’s international trade performance.

A partir da década de 1970, os impactos da sociedade de consumo industrial sobre o meio ambiente tornaram-se amplamente reconhecidos e debatidos em diversos setores da sociedade, inserindo-se nas agendas de lideranças mundiais. Central para o debate sobre meio ambiente e crescimento econômico tem sido o papel das empresas que, tendo sido historicamente parte do problema, passaram a incluir o meio ambiente em suas atividades e na gestão de seus negócios. Grandes acidentes envolvendo usinas nucleares e contaminações e outros de menor porte aumentaram a percepção pública quanto aos riscos decorrentes de um processo de produção predatório que ignora os limites da natureza. O objetivo do trabalho é discutir as estratégias de internalização da gestão ambiental à estrutura da empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose nos últimos 30 anos, com enfoque na gestão hídrica da empresa. Para tanto, adotou-se uma metodologia baseada em análise documental e em um estudo de caso na empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose. A revisão bibliográfica foi realizada em materiais obtidos na CETESB, na sede da Empresa Suzano e na Associação Brasileira de Papel e Celulose (ABTCPBRACELPA), além de teses e dissertações. Os dados para análise foram levantados em revistas setoriais com foco em gestão ambiental e em papel e celulose e nos relatórios de Sustentabilidade da empresa Suzano dos últimos 10 anos. Nesta etapa buscou-se avançar na compreensão das alternativas tecnológicas do setor de papel e celulose com foco na gestão da água, conhecer os participantes no mercado de papel e celulose e suas iniciativas voltadas ao tema da sustentabilidade. Foram ainda realizadas visitas à fábrica e à sede da empresa Suzano, com realização de entrevistas com a gerência de meio ambiente e qualidade. Os resultados alcançados revelam que três fatores têm sido determinantes para as mudanças na gestão hídrica na empresa, a saber: a legislação, que estabelece padrões de emissão de efluentes hídricos em corpos dágua; a pressão da opinião pública, notadamente a partir de meados da década de 1980 com relação à presença de compostos organoclorados (dioxinas) em efluentes de papel e celulose; e as exigências dos mercados importadores, como, por exemplo, quanto à certificação ambiental dos processos produtivos. Os resultados dessa pesquisa indicam que a empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose nos últimos 30 anos passou de uma estratégia passiva com relação ao meio ambiente para uma estratégia proativa incorporando as exigências ambientais da legislação e de seus mercados no exterior. Conclui-se, portanto, que o meio ambiente tornou-se elemento-chave de competitividade e permanência no mercado para a empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose. / Since the 1970s, the impacts of the industrial production on the environment have become highly recognized and debated by ample sectors of society and taken over the agendas of leaders all over the world. Central to the debate between environmental protection and economic growth has been the role played by the business sector in the search for solutions to the environmental crisis by internalizing environmental demands. The aim of this paper is to discuss the strategies adopted by the Companhia Suzano de Papel e Celulose when interiorizing environmental concerns. Emphasis will be given to the industrial management of water resources in the last 30 years. To this effect, a case study method has been adopted. The bibliographic research was carried out through the use of materials, obtained at The State of São Paulo Environmental Agency), at ABTCP-BRACELPA (The Brazilian official Pulp and Paper Organization), and other studies on the pulp and paper sector. The data used in the analysis in environmental management magazines focused on the pulp and paper sector and the companys annual sustainability reports of the last 10 years. The aim was to acquire deeper understanding of the pulp and paper sector technological alternatives for cleaner production. In addition, interviews with the company´s Environment and Quality manager of the Suzano plant were also carried out. The results suggest that the company´s water management strategies have been determined by three key factors: the regulation, which sets the standards for effluent discharges; the pressure of public opinion, in the mid 1980s, particularly public demands for the elimination of the use of chlorine compounds (the dioxins); and the environmental demands of external markets such as those related to the environmental certification of production processes. The results reveal that, in the last 30 years, Companhia Suzano de Papel e Celulose has shifted from a passive strategy towards its environmental impacts to a proactive by interiorizing both the demands of the regulation and the demands of its overseas markets. In conclusion, the environment has become a key element both for the companys competitiveness and survival.

Pulp and paper industries in Sweden have since the end of the 19th century until late 70s been active in dumping wastewater into adjacent water bodies that have created fibrous sediments called fiberbank and fiber-rich sediment. Fiberbanks are large banks of predominantly organic material while fiber-rich sediment is fibrous sediment that has been mixed with bottom sediment. The fiberbanks comprise of high levels of processed wood fibres and contaminants such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). It also produces carbon dioxide and methane gas by microbial activity and leaves the sediment with exit holes called pockmarks. These sediments have been proven to cause environmental harm to the benthic biological environment around it, also causing it to become anoxic/hypoxic. Some of the POPs bioaccumulate which also affect humans through fishing. If the fiberbanks are disturbed through e.g. mass movement, toxic contaminants could be released into the aquatic environment. Fiberbanks need to be remediated and more research is needed to characterise it. In-situ capping is a remediation technique that is being tested at the laboratory scale for its application to fiberbanks. It involves placing a layer of clean material on top of the sediment, in order to stabilize it and to limit contaminant release.Because of their high organic content and low density, these sediments might behave differently than typical natural sediments. Therefore, laboratory experiments are necessary to understand their key properties. This thesis focuses on the Sandviken site, for which the bearing capacity of fiberbanks, their thickness, and the compression rate of fiber-rich sediments are studied. The bearing capacity is the capacity for a sediment to hold a weight, and in the case of in-situ capping it is an important parameter to study. The thickness was interpreted from physical data collected by a fluid mud penetrometer (FluMu), from the University of Bremen to assess the fiberbank volume. Fiber-rich sediment is examined to expand the knowledge on its physical properties by testing consolidation and potential gas production.Bearing capacity was tested by placing sediment in a tank and placing a cap on top of it. The site thicknesses were interpolated in ArcMap into a visual topography where the volume could be calculated. Fiber-rich sediment consolidation was tested by placing the sediment in columns with different capping thicknesses. By monitoring bubbles and pockmarks, gas production was confirmed.Results show that the tank sediment construction kept its shape without collapsing or failing at the edges. Sediment/cap interface was sharp, it means little to no mixing between the layers. This proves that Sandviken fiberbank has enough bearing capacity to hold up a cap and that it contains contaminants well. FluMu interpretation resulted in a fiberbank volume of 51885 m3. The fiberbank thickest layer was interpreted as being in front of the sulphate factory which is a credible result. The fiberbank volume is not conclusive since the FluMu has not measured complete thicknesses of the layers. This can be said since thicknesses have been measured at a minimum of 6 m and the thickest point interpreted was 1,11 m. The fiber-rich sediment consolidation showed that a cap that is very thick will cause most consolidation and more rapid dissipation of pore water. Bubbles and pockmarks were observed and confirm gas production. / Papper- och massa-industrin i Sverige har varit aktiv fram till 1970-talet och har dumpat förorenat vatten i angränsande vattendrag. Detta har gett upphov till fibersediment som kallas fiberbank och fiberrikt sediment. Fiberbanker är stora banker av övervägande organiskt material och fiberrikt sediment är en blandning av fiberbank sediment och bottensediment. Fiberbankerna består mestadels av bearbetade träfibrer och föroreningar som tungmetaller och långlivade organiska föroreningar (POPs). Sedimentet producerar även växthusgaser genom mikrobiell aktivitet. Dessa sediment orsakat miljöskada på den biologiska bottenmiljön i omgivningen då den förlorat syreinnehåll. Samtliga POPs samlas i fisk vilket därav även påverkar människors hälsa. Om fiberbankerna skulle störas, släpps giftiga föroreningar ut i miljön. Fiberbanker måste åtgärdas och en saneringsteknik som undersöks i laboratorieskala är in-situ övertäckning. Detta innebär att placera ett lager av rent material ovanpå sedimentet för att stabilisera det och stoppa frigöring av föroreningar.På grund av sedimentets annorlunda karaktär är experiment i laboratorier nödvändiga för att förstå deras nyckelegenskaper. Detta arbete fokuserar på fiberbanken i Sandviken, fiberbankens bärförmåga, dess tjocklek och kompressionshastigheten för fiberrika sediment studeras. Bärförmågan är kapaciteten för ett sediment att hålla en vikt och när man ska belasta ett sediment med ett övertäckningslager är detta viktigt. Tjockleken av sedimentet undersöks för att bedöma fiberbankens volym i området. Fiberrikt sediment undersöks för att utöka kunskapen om dess fysiska egenskaper genom att testa konsolidering och om det producerar gas likt fiberbanksediment.Bärförmågan testades genom att placera sediment i en tank och placera ett lager av rent material på. Platstjocklekarna tolkades från fysiska data från en typ av sensor som penetrerar sediment och interpolerades därefter i ArcMap till en visuell topografi där volymen kunde beräknas. Fiberrik sedimentkonsolidering och gasproduktion testades genom att placera sedimentet i kolumner med olika locktjocklekar.Resultaten visar att bärförmågan av fiberbanksedimentet var tillräckligt för att klara av en grundlig belastning. Gränsen mellan sedimentet och övertäckningslagret var skarp i slutskedet, det innebär liten eller ingen blandning mellan skikten. Detta bevisar att sedimentet bibehåller övertäckningslager väl över sig då ytan är platt. Tolkningen av sensordata resulterade i en fiberbankvolym på 51885 m3. Fiberbankvolymen är inkomplett eftersom FluMu inte har uppmätt skiktens fullständiga tjocklekar eftersom tjocklekar har tidigare uppmätts till minst 6 m och den tolkade tjockaste punkten var 1,11 m. Den fiberrika sedimentkonsolideringen visade att ett övertäckningslager som är mycket tjock kommer att orsaka mest och snabbast konsolidering. Observationer bekräftade även gasproduktion i sedimentet.

Denna kvalitativa fallstudie syftade till att undersöka hur riskanalysmetoden Process Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (PFMEA) tillämpas och anpassas till pappers- och massaindustrin för att proaktivt hantera processrisker. Studien baserades på antagandet att Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) och Verband der Automobilindustries (VDA) PFMEA-metod från år 2019 även kan användas för en process där virke omvandlas till träflis. Data samlades in genom litteraturstudier, observationer, företagsdokument, intervjuer och workshops med processexperter. Processrisker analyserades med AIAG och VDAs PFMEA-metod och tematisk analys användes för att identifiera lämpliga anpassningar av metoden. Utifrån deltagande roller och tidsåtgången för PFMEA-aktiviteter analyserades även resurser för en PFMEA. Resultatet visade att AIAG och VDAs PFMEA-metod är tillämplig för en process där virke omvandlas till träflis, förutsatt att bedömningskriterierna för allvarlighetsgrad anpassas och fiskbendiagram, 5-varför och felträdsanalys inkluderas för en strukturerad analys av grundorsaker. Totalt identifierades 36 feltillstånd, varav grundorsaksanalyser prioriterades för fyra som hade effekter med en allvarlighetsgrad åtta eller högre. För prioriterade feltillstånd identifierades elva grundorsaker för vilka åtgärder kunde rekommenderas. För att genomföra analysen under en 16-veckorsperiod uppskattades kostnaden till cirka 212 571 kr i arbetstidskostnader. Studien visar att AIAG och VDAs PFMEA-metod är en strukturerad metod för att analysera processrisker även inom pappers- och massaindustrin, om anpassningar görs av bedömningskriterier och metoder för grundorsaksanalys inkluderas. Budgeteras kvalificerad personal kan en PFMEA genomföras inom 16 veckor på en process där virke omvandlas till träflis. / This qualitative case study aimed to investigate how the Process Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (PFMEA) methodology can be applied and adapted to the pulp and paper industry for proactive management of process risks. The study assumed that the Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) och Verband der Automobilindustrie (VDA) PFMEA method from year 2019 could also be utilized for a process that transforms timber into wood chips. Data were collected through literature reviews, observations, company documents, interviews, and workshops with process experts. Process risks were analyzed using the AIAG and VDA PFMEA method, and thematic analysis was applied to identify suitable adaptations of the method. Resources required for a PFMEA were also analyzed based on the roles of the participants and the time for conducting PFMEA activities. The results revealed that the AIAG and VDA PFMEA method is applicable to a process that transforms timber into wood chips, provided that the severity assessment criteria are adjusted and fishbone diagrams, 5-why analysis, and fault tree analysis are included for a structured examination of root causes. A total of 36 failure modes were identified, where root cause analysis was prioritized for four failure modes exhibiting effects with a severity rating of eight or higher. Eleven root causes were identified for the prioritized failure modes for which recommended actions could be proposed. The estimated cost of labor for conducting the analysis over a 16-week period was approximately 212 571 SEK. This study demonstrates that the AIAG and VDA PFMEA method is a structured approach for analyzing process risks, even within the pulp and paper industry, if adjustments are made to the severity assessment criteria and methods for root cause analysis are included. With the allocation of sufficient resources and qualified personnel, a PFMEA can be completed within a 16-week timeframe for a process involving the conversion of timber into wood chips.

Energisektorn står idag för en tredjedel av de globala växthusgasutsläppen och på senare tid har tillgången på energi blivit en alltmer kritisk fråga då energisystemets utveckling har en avgörande roll för att nå nationella och internationella klimatmål. Energipolitiska styrmedel reglerar bland annat att företag och energisystemets utveckling går i rätt riktning och på grund av att många faktorer behöver inkluderas är energipolitiken ett komplext arbete. Tidigare studier visar att flertalet energipolitiska styrmedel har varit effektiva i syfte att minska klimatpåverkan från industriella verksamheter. Att som företag vara uppdaterad på förändringar inom energimarknaden och utvecklingen av energipolitiska styrmedel har kommit att bli viktigt då de påverkar verksamhetens energianvändning. Den svenska industrisektorn är en central användare av energi, där massa- och pappersindustrin står för omkring hälften av den totala energianvändningen inom Sveriges industrisektor. Energi är en integrerad fråga i massa- och pappersindustrin med utmaningar gällande miljöpåverkan, resursutnyttjande och hantering av förändrade energipriser. Ökad energieffektivitet för energiintensiva industrier är dessutom en viktig del i den globala klimatomställningen. Att integrera energimanagement i verksamheten är ett verktyg för att genomföra energieffektiviseringsåtgärder. Tidigare forskning och modeller för implementering av energimanagement i industriella verksamheter inkluderar däremot inte energirelaterad omvärldsbevakning, vilket skapar utrymme för vidare forskning. Denna studie syftar till att genom en omvärldsbevakning identifiera hur nuvarande och framtida energipolitiska styrmedel påverkar kemiska massa- och pappersbruk, med avseende på el som energibärare. Vidare undersöks hur förändringar på elmarknaden kan komma att påverka den kemiska massa- och pappersindustrin. Resultatet analyseras med utgångspunkt från ett befintligt ramverk för strategiskt arbete med energimanagement. Avslutningsvis appliceras ett företagsperspektiv genom en fallstudie på ett företag inom den kemiska massa- och pappersindustrin, för att undersöka interna strategier för energirelaterad omvärldsbevakning. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod samt med ett deduktivt angreppssett genom främst litteratur- och intervjustudier. Resultatet visar att flertalet styrmedel påverkar massa- och pappersindustrin idag och att majoriteten av dessa även väntas göra det i framtiden. Pågående förhandlingar inom Fit for 55, där ett antal direktiv väntas justeras och förhandlas om, kommer medföra effekter på industrin. Vad gäller elsystemets förändringar kan elpriset komma att bli mer varierande, både under dygnet men även under året, vilket grundas i en kombination av ökad elektrifiering och implementering av fler intermittenta energikällor i elsystemet. För att hantera dessa förändringar kan massa- och pappersindustrin se möjligheter i att bidra till en minskad energianvändning, exempelvis genom att delta på flexibilitetsmarknaden. Den befintliga teoribildningen kring energimangagement är inte fullständig då tidigare forskning saknar omvärldsperspektiv. Ett utökat ramverk för energimanagement har därför tagits fram där omvärldsbevakning integreras som ytterligare nyckelkategori. Vidare presenteras en modell som illustrerar ansvarsfördelnig för energirelaterad omvärldsbevakning sett ur ett perspektiv där företag, branschorganisationer och EU inkluderas. Avslutningsvis visar studien att elintensiva företag bör formulera tydliga interna strategier för hur energirelaterad omvärldsbevakning ska inkluderas i energimanagement. / Today, the energy sector accounts for a third of the global greenhouse gas emissions. The supply of energy has recently become an increasingly critical issue as the development of the energy system plays a crucial role to achieve national and international climate goals. Energy policy instruments regulate the development of companies' energy use and the energy system, but since several factors need to be included the field of energy policies is complex. Previous research shows that energy policy instruments have been effective to reduce the climate impact of industrial activities. Due to the constant development of the energy market and modifications of energy policy instruments, enterprises need to stay updated on these changes as they affect the business's energy use. The Swedish industrial sector is a central user of energy, where the pulp and paper industry accounts for about half of the total use of Sweden's industrial sector. Therefore, energy is an integrated issue in the pulp and paper industry with current challenges in terms of environmental impact, resource utilization, and changing energy prices. Increased energy efficiency in energy-intensive industries is important for confronting climate changes and energy management is a tool for implementing energy efficiency measures. However, current energy management literature and models for implementation in industrial firms do not include energy-related external environmental monitoring, which enables further research. The aim of this study is by conducting an external environmental analysis, identify how current and future energy policies affect the chemical pulp and paper industry, concerning electricity as an energy carrier. Furthermore, the study also seeks to investigate how changes within the electricity market affect the chemical pulp and paper industry. The results are analyzed based on an existing conceptual framework of energy management. Finally, an organizational perspective is applied to a company in the chemical pulp and paper industry to examine internal strategies for energy-related external environmental monitoring. The study is based on a qualitative research method with a focus on a deductive approach. The results show that serveral policy instruments affect the pulp and paper industry today, and the majority of these are also expected to do so in the future. Ongoing negotiations within Fit for 55, where several directives are expected to be adjusted, will have effects on the industry. Regarding the changes in the electricity network, the price of electricity expects to become more variable, both during the day but also during the year, which is based on a combination of increased electricity use and implementation of intermittent energy sources. To deal with these changes, the pulp and paper industry can see opportunities in contributing to a reduction in energy use, for example by participating in the flexibility market. The existing studies in the field of energy management are not complete as previous research lacks an external perspective. An expanded framework for energy management has been developed, where external monitoring is integrated as an additional key category in an existing model. Moreover, this study presents a model illustrating the distribution of responsibilities for energy-related environmental monitoring, seen from a perspective that includes companies, industry associations, and the EU. To conclude, this study shows that electricity-intensive organizations should formulate internal strategies for how energy-related external environmental monitoring should be implemented and included in energy management.

Mature industries have played and still play a crucial role in national and world economies. To survive and retain competitiveness, they need to innovate, as innovation is the driver of economics growth and industrial transformation. However, existing research does not provide sufficient explanation of how innovation in mature industries can be enabled based on resources and internal development logic of those industries, i.e. endogenously. Some previous studies focused on incremental innovation patterns, which led to an underestimation of innovation potential of mature industries. Other studies acknowledged a high innovation potential of mature industries, but failed to explain how, through what mechanisms, industry-endogenous logic can bring about major innovations. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to systematically address, explain and conceptualize endogenous industry- innovation and its driving mechanisms in mature industries. To achieve this purpose, three main issues are addressed. First, the thesis investigates and conceptualizes the notion of industry endogenous innovation mechanisms based on the path dependency theory. Second, the thesis addresses strategic choices and actions by established companies that are rooted in the industry endogenous mechanisms and result in highly innovative outcomes. Third, the thesis systematically analyses different aspects of radicalness of innovations resulting from industry endogenous mechanisms. The thesis represents a qualitative, embedded case study with two main industry cases, i.e. the global lighting industry and the Swedish pulp and paper industry. The lighting industry and its sub-cases in the form of specific lighting technologies have been studied via the analysis of patents of leading lighting manufacturers, archival and secondary data sources as well as interviews with different types of actors in the industry. The pulp and paper industry and its sub-cases in the form of innovation initiatives have been studied with the help of interviews with leading manufacturers and research institutes, as well the analysis of annual reports and secondary data sources. The outcomes of the study are presented in the form of the thesis cover paper and five appended papers. The results show that innovations of any magnitude can be endogenously developed in mature industries. At the industry level, endogenous innovation is driven by innovation mechanisms that can be conceptualized as reactive sequences and self-reinforcing mechanisms. At the level of individual companies, the exploitation strategy corresponds to the logic of endogenous innovation mechanisms by enabling highly innovative outcomes and building on a wide range of resources available in the industry. The endogenous character of innovation mechanisms imposes certain limitations on the radicalness of the outcomes in the form of trade-offs in terms of how many and what particular aspects can be radically new at once. With these results, the thesis contributes to a more balanced overall understanding of innovation potential of mature industries and allows shifting the focus of discussion from whether mature industries can develop radical innovation to when and under what conditions they can succeed in this process. The results of the thesis also suggest several recommendations for managers in established companies with regard to how they can they can take advantage of industry endogenous innovation mechanisms. / Mogna branscher har traditionellt sett spelat och spelar fortfarande en viktig roll för såväl nationella ekonomier som för världsekonomin. För att överleva och behålla sin konkurrenskraft behöver mogna branscher fortsätta vara innovativa, eftersom innovation driver ekonomisk tillväxt. Även för enskilda, etablerade företag i sådana branscher är innovation centralt – de företag som inte lyckas med innovation riskerar att förlora i konkurrensen och bli ersatta av andra. Det finns emellertid än så länge inte någon bra förklaring till hur innovation i mogna branscher kan möjliggöras endogent, d v s baserat på befintliga resurser och branschens interna utvecklingslogik. Tidigare studier har antingen tenderat att underskatta innovationspotentialen i mogna branscher eller misslyckats med att visa hur – d v s genom vilka mekanismer – branschens egen logik kan möjliggöra radikala innovationer. Syftet med denna avhandling är att förklara och konceptualisera endogena innovation och dess drivmekanismer i mogna branscher. För att uppnå detta syfte undersöker avhandlingen endogena innovationsprocesser på såväl bransch- som företagsnivå samt analyserar i vilken utsträckning olika aspekter av radikala innovationer möjliggörs av endogena mekanismer. Avhandlingen är baserad på kvalitativa fallstudier av två branscher. Den första branschen är den globala belysningsindustrin, där olika belysningstekniker har studerats via analyser av patent, sekundära datakällor samt intervjuer med olika typer av aktörer i branschen. Den andra branschen är svensk pappersmassaindustri, där ett antal olika innovationsinitiativ har studerats framförallt med hjälp av intervjuer med ledande företag och forskningsinstitut. Avhandlingen består av en kappa och fem bifogade artiklar. Resultaten visar att alla typer av innovationer, inklusive radikala innovationer, kan utvecklas endogent i mogna branscher. På industrinivån drivs denna utveckling av innovationsmekanismer i form av reaktiva sekvenser och självförstärkande mekanismer. På företagsnivån kan processen drivas av en innovationsstrategi som bygger på exploatering av befintliga resurser. Trots att alla aspekter av radikala innovationer kan utvecklas endogent, medför endogena mekanismer emellertid vissa begränsningar i form av kritiska avvägningar när det gäller hur många och vilka aspekter som kan hållas radikala samtidigt. Med dessa resultat bidrar avhandlingen till en mer balanserad, övergripande förståelse för innovationspotentialen i mogna branscher och medger ett skifte av fokus i vetenskapliga diskussioner från frågan om mogna branscher kan utveckla radikala innovationer till när och under vilka villkor de kan lyckas med denna process. I avhandlingen ges även rekommendationer för ledare i etablerade företag med avseende på hur de kan dra nytta av branschens endogena innovationsmekanismer.

O grande volume de resíduos sólidos industriais gerado pelo setor de celulose e papel e o alto custo do seu manejo estimulam pesquisas em busca de soluções mais adequadas para o seu gerenciamento. Uma alternativa que se destaca neste contexto é o aproveitamento destes resíduos em materiais de construção. Este trabalho visa o aproveitamento do lodo de ETE de indústria de papel na produção de compósitos cimentícios para uso na construção civil. Foi estudada a influência de diferentes teores da adição do lodo de ETE (5%,10%,20% e 30% em massa) em argamassa de cimento e areia, com relação água-cimento de 0,65. Determinou-se para o resíduo: teor de umidade; massa unitária; massa específica; pH; sazonalidade de geração e teor de sólidos fixos e para o compósito: massa específica aparente; absorção de água por imersão; absorção de água por capilaridade; retratibilidade; isolamento acústico; resistência à compressão e análise da microestrutura. O resíduo foi classificado como Classe II – A, não inerte e não perigoso, o que indica alto potencial para aproveitamento em materiais de construção. Sua incorporação na argamassa aumentou a absorção de água por capilaridade em 12,76 % e por imersão em 18,93% no traço com 30% de resíduo para a empresa "A". Houve também a diminuição da resistência à compressão com a incorporação do resíduo, entretanto definiu-se o ponto-ótimo de incorporação em 12% para as duas empresas avaliadas, garantindo assim a resistência mínima à compressão de 2,5 MPa, exigência para blocos sem função estrutural. A incorporação de resíduo também apresentou decréscimo na massa específica do compósito de 14% na empresa "A" e de 34% para a empresa "B" para os traços de 30% de resíduo. Os resultados permitem concluir que este compósito é adequado para uso em materiais de construção sem função estrutural. / The large volume of industrial solids residues generated by the pulp and paper sectors and its high management cost stimulate research aiming at finding adequate solutions to its management. An alternative that shows high potential in this context is using these residues in building materials. This work aims at studying the use of paper's mills effluent treatment solid waste in the production of cement composites to be used in construction. The influence of adding different sludge proportions (5%,10%,20% and 30% in mass) in cement and sand mortar, with a water-cement relation of 0,65 was studied. The humidity ratio, unit mass, specific mass, pH, generation season and fixed solid concentration for the residue; and specific apparent mass, water absorption by immersion, water absorption by capillarity, acoustic isolation, compression resistance and microstructure analysis for the composite. The residue was classifies as Class II – A, not inert and not dangerous, which indicated high potential for use as building materials. Its use in the mortar increased the water absorption by capillarity in 12.76% and in immersion by 18.93% in the trace of 30% residue from company "A". There was also a decrease in compression strength when the residue was incorporated, however the optimal incorporation point was defined in 12% for both evaluated firms, guaranteeing the minimum compression resistance of 2.5 MPa, required for block without structural function. The residue incorporation also presented a decrease in the composite specific mass of 34% for company "B" and 1% for company "A" for the traces of 30% residue. The results allow us to conclude that this composite is adequate for use as building materials with no structural function.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:43:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dis_Ariel_final.pdf: 5083548 bytes, checksum: acac140ede5eeafdd769aa58a612e863 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-25 / This work aims to study the electrochemical steel ASTM A285 Grade C and the same welded with coated electrode AWS E 7018 in the solution of industrial white liquor used in pulp and paper industry by the Kraft method. Samples were withdrawn by electroerosion into three regions: the base metal (BM), the heat affected zone (HAZ) and at the weld metal (WM). Corrosion rates of the three metal regions were determined in 8°C, 16°C, 24°C, 35°C, 42°C, 50°C and 60°C temperature. The values of corrosion rates were compared with the BM, ZTA and WM corrosion rates in electrolytic solutions of the main chemical components of the industrial white liquor in the same temperature range. These solutions were 0,1 mol/L of Na2SO4; 2.276 mol/L of NaOH; 0.126 mol/L of Na2S; 0.128 mol/L of Na2CO3 and simulated white liquor composed of the above solutions with the same molar concentrations. The BM to 24°C, industrial white liquor aerated presented corrosion rate of 0.022 mm/year, 0.045 mm/year for the HAZ and 0.032 mm/year for the WM. It was observed that the HAZ corrosion rates were higher than BM and WM in all solutions studied. Lower corrosion rates were in Na2CO3, followed by NaOH, Na2S, simulated white liquor and finally with the highest corrosion rates in white liquor industry. All solutions are presented alkaline, except sodium sulfate, and it was observed that the three regions are passivated when compared to a reference solution of 0.1 mol/L Na2SO4, and aerated with a pH between 6.0 to 6.5. This passivation film are complex chemical composition due to the presence in solution of OH- HS- ion. From the corrosion potentials of BM in each solution and the pH values it was found that the BM region is passivated according iron Pourbaix diagram in water. Chronoamperometry and voltammetric studies showed that these passivation films that promote greater protection against corrosion, they are solubilized in NaOH solution, simulated white liquor and industrial white liquor when submitted to anodic polarization in potential near at +2.0 V versus saturated calomel electrode. In Na2S and Na2CO3 solution was observed the formation of thick deposits on the surface of BM and when analyzed by EDS was observed the presence of phases such as oxides, sulfides and possibly iron carbonate. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo eletroquímico do aço ASTM A285 Grau C soldados com eletrodo revestido AWS E 7018 em meio de licor branco industrial empregado na indústria de papel e celulose pelo método Kraft. As amostras foram retiradas por eletroerosão em três regiões: metal base (MB), região termicamente afetada pela soldagem (ZTA) e pelo metal de solda (MS). As taxas de corrosão das três regiões metálicas foram determinadas em temperaturas de 8°C a 60°C. Os valores das taxas de corrosão foram comparados com as taxas de corrosão do MB, ZTA e MS em soluções eletrolíticas dos principais componentes químicos do licor branco industrial, no mesmo intervalo de temperatura. Estas soluções foram de 0,1 mol/L de Na2SO4; 2,276 mol/L de NaOH; 0,126 mol/L de Na2S; 0,128 mol/L de Na2CO3 e em um licor branco simulado composto pelas soluções acima com as mesmas concentrações molares. O MB, a 24°C, em licor branco industrial, aerado, apresentou taxa de corrosão de 0,022 mm/ano, 0,045 mm/ano para a ZTA e 0,032 mm/ano par o MS. Observou-se que as taxas de corrosão da ZTA foram superior a do MB e MS em todas as soluções estudadas. As taxas de corrosão mais baixas foram em Na2CO3, seguido pela solução de NaOH, Na2S, licor branco simulado e finalmente, com as maiores taxas de corrosão, em licor branco industrial. Todas as soluções apresentaram-se alcalinas, exceto a de sulfato de sódio, e constatou-se que as três regiões encontravam-se passivadas quando comparada a uma solução de referência de 0,1 mol/L de Na2SO4,aerada e com pH entre 6,0 a 6,5. Estes filmes de passivação são de composição química complexa devido a presença em solução de íon OH- e HS-. A partir dos potenciais de corrosão do MB em cada solução e dos valores do pH foi verificado que a região do MB encontra-se passivado segundo o diagrama de Pourbaix de ferro em água. Estudos voltamétricos e de cronoamperometria mostraram que estes filmes de passivação, que promovem uma maior proteção contra a corrosão, são solubilizados em meio de NaOH, licor branco simulado e no licor branco industrial quando submetidos a polarizações anódicas em potenciais próximos de +2,0 V versus eletrodo de calomelano saturado. Em solução de Na2S e Na2CO3 foi observado à formação de depósitos espessos sobre a superfície do MB e quando analisados por EDS, observou-se a presença de fases como de óxidos, sulfetos e possivelmente carbonato de ferro.