Sappi is one of the leading producer and supplier of Eucalyptus pulp to the world market. It is also a great contributor to South Africa economy in terms of employment opportunity to the rural people through its large plantation and export earnings. Pulp mills production of quality wood pulp is mainly affected by the supply of non uniform raw material namely Eucalyptus tree supply from various plantations. Improvement in quality of the pulp depends directly on the improvement on the quality of the raw materials. Knowing factors which affect the pulp quality is important for tree breeders. Thus, the main objective of this research is first to determine which of the anatomical, chemical and pulp properties of wood are significant factors that affect pulp properties namely viscosity, brightness and yield. Secondly the study will also investigate the effect of the difference in plantation location and site quality, trees age and species type difference on viscosity, brightness and yield of wood pulp. In order to meet the above mentioned objectives, data for this research was obtained from Sappi’s P186 trial and other two published reports from the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Principal component analysis, cluster analysis, multiple regression analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis were used. These statistical analysis methods were used to carry out mean comparison of pulp quality measurements based on viscosity, brightness and yield of trees of different age, location, site quality and hybrid type and the results indicate that these four factors (age, location, site quality and hybrid type) and some anatomical and chemical measurements (fibre lumen diameter, kappa number, total hemicelluloses and total lignin) have significant effect on pulp quality measurements. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

The South African forestry industry has contributed significantly to the economic growth of the country by the planting of trees and the processing of these trees for the export market. With the increased demand for wood chips, the wood chip industry is concerned that the plantation resource that is currently available may not be adequate to fulfil the production required for future wood chip export. The purpose of this study is to examine the trends in wood chips exports from the Port of Durban and to examine the stability and growth of private pulpwood production in Southern KwaZulu-Natal. The forestry pulp and paper sector and its related downstream manufacturing enterprises is an important part of the KwaZulu-Natal economy. Eucalyptus and wattle timber are used to manufacture pulp and are exported in the form of wood chips. The Durban Wood Chipping facility is aimed at the export of wood chips from Durban to pulp and paper manufacturers in Japan. The methodology used in this study included questionnaires and semi-structured interviews that were held with the respondents involved in the forestry industry. A questionnaire was sent electronically to 119 participants being the total population of timber farmers that supply NCT Durban Wood Chips. A total of 33 respondents completed the questionnaire resulting in a 27.73% response rate. Three key personnel, with a strong forestry background, belonging to NCT Forestry Cooperative limited were selected as participants for the qualitative aspect of the study. The findings of the study showed that wood chips exports have increased from the Durban facility between 2006 and 2011. This came from recent research literature as well as data from NCT Durban Wood Chips (PTY) LTD. Dominant challenges faced by the farmers were land reform, transportation costs and municipal rates. Land claims, road infrastructure, economics (cost vs income) and demand for timber were the most challenging factors affecting private timber production into the future. The qualitative and quantitative results confirm that timber production is definitely increasing and hence contributing to stability of private pulpwood production in Southern KwaZulu-Natal. / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2011.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Waikato, 2007. / Title from PDF cover (viewed March 19, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-118)

Mémoire (M.E.S.R.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1999. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Submitted by damien binois (damien.binois@gmail.com) on 2012-09-04T16:07:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation approved.pdf: 1735527 bytes, checksum: c81211d4cffe69eeac83bbdbd51e9be5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eliene Soares da Silva (eliene.silva@fgv.br) on 2012-09-04T19:06:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation approved.pdf: 1735527 bytes, checksum: c81211d4cffe69eeac83bbdbd51e9be5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-04T19:49:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation approved.pdf: 1735527 bytes, checksum: c81211d4cffe69eeac83bbdbd51e9be5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-18 / This dissertation aimed at understanding hurdles that açaí exportation faces on the supply side and giving recommendations to public authorities and pulp companies on how to overcome them. With a qualitative analysis based on interviews of the production and supply chain stakeholders, the study explained those problems through a framework of five main variables: Product offer, price, logistics, regulations and quality. Açaí, fruit of Euterpe Oleracea, has been at the core of local populations traditional diet in the Amazon estuary for centuries. Because of its nutritive properties it became famous in Brazil in the 2000’s and demand boomed. Exportations started to be significant in the mid- 2000’s and have increased at a quick pace after. However the productive chain of açaí is complex and raises many issues that hinder exportation. Since offer has not managed to keep pace with demand boom prices have soared. This is explained by the fact that production is hard to increase, highly seasonal and the supply chain counts many intermediaries. Moreover, açaí pulp availability is instable because pulp companies struggle to face seasonality problems, lack financing for investment and working capital need and tend to be poorly managed. Logistic is challenging because açaí fruit is highly perishable and produced in remote regions. It therefore has to be processed quickly and transported frozen. Quality is a strong problem too: there is no clear control on product safety and concentration. Finally, açaí is lacking a specific nomenclature for exportation and faces strong non-tariff barriers in importing countries. To overcome those problems, public authorities should improve infrastructures in producing areas, intensify public research to develop performing plantations, increase productivity and develop new ways to conserve and transport açaí products. The financing system should be improved, the quality legal framework must be stronger and a nomenclature should be defined for açaí. Pulp industries should try to avoid intermediaries, to diversify their pulp production to fruits other than açaí, invest in storage capacity, cooperate more with each other and be more market oriented / Esta dissertação teve como objetivo compreender os obstáculos que enfrenta a exportação de açaí do lado da oferta e dar recomendações às autoridades públicas e empresas de polpa sobre como superá-los. Com uma análise qualitativa baseada em entrevistas com as partes da cadeia de suprimentos, o estudo explica esses problemas através de um quadro de cinco variáveis principais: oferta de produto, preço, logística, legislação e qualidade. Açaí, fruto da Euterpe Oleracea, tem estadono centro da dieta tradicional das populações do estuário do Amazonasdurante séculos. Devido as suas propriedades nutritivas, tornou-se famoso no Brasil nos anos 2000 e a demanda cresceu. Exportações começaram a ser significativas um pouco mais tarde e aumentaram rapidamente depois. No entanto, a cadeia produtiva do açaí é complexa e levanta muitas questões que dificultam a exportação. A oferta não conseguiu acompanhar o ritmo da demanda e os preços dispararam. Isto porque a produção é difícil de aumentar, altamente sazonal e a cadeia de fornecimento conta muitos intermediários. Além disso, a disponibilidade de açaí é instável porque as empresas de polpa lutam para enfrentar problemas de sazonalidade, falta de financiamento e tendem a ser mal geridas. Logística é um desafio porque o açaí é altamente perecível e produzido em regiões remotas. Por isso deve ser processado rapidamente e transportado congelado. A qualidade é um problema muito forte: não há controle claro sobre a segurança e a concentração do produto. Finalmente, está faltando uma nomenclatura específica para a exportação do açaí que enfrenta fortes barreiras não-tarifárias nos países importadores. Para superar esses problemas, as autoridades públicas devem melhorar as infraestruturas em áreas de produção, intensificar a investigação pública para desenvolver plantações e aumentar a produtividade. O sistema de financiamento deve ser mais adaptado e acessível, o quadro jurídico de qualidade deve ser mais forte e uma nomenclatura deve ser definida para o açaí. Indústrias de polpa devem tentar evitar intermediários, diversificar a produção de polpa para outras frutas, investir na capacidade de armazenamento, cooperar mais entre elas e ter uma melhor visão de mercado.

A study in economic geography, this thesis attempts to determine the importance of water for process supply and effluent disposal in industrial location decisions. It is postulated that industry faces physical, institutional, and technologic-economic constraints when evaluating the water component in location problems. Each of these three constraints is analyzed and evaluated for British Columbia's pulp and paper industry, with a view to discovering its effect on the range of spatial choice enjoyed by firms. A number of general conclusions emerge from the investigation. Although a theoretic location proof is not offered, the study raises a number of arguments which indicate water has been over-emphasized in industrial location decisions, and that industry exhibits greater spatial mobility regarding water requirements than is contended in the geographical and technical literature. Of the three constraints, it appears that those of a technologic-economic nature impose the severest limitations on spatial choice; physical, the least. Institutional regulations are found to provide industry with incorrect signals for decision making — the suggestion is offered that effluent control programs based upon economic rather than biological criteria would remove this problem. The implications of the above conclusions for future geographic inquiry regarding water management and development is considered in the concluding section of the study. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Andhra Pradesh is one of the seventeen states of India, occupying about 8.5 per cent of the total geographical area of the nation and supporting the same percentage of population and forests. The per capita consumption of paper and paper products in India was 1.5 kg in 1965 and was planned to be raised to 7.0 kg by the end of the sixth five-year plan (1980-81). The expected growth of the pulp and paper industry appears to be much less than the probable future demand will be. This industry has grown slowly because of inadequate profit margins and lack of an assured supply of raw material. Although bamboo is the conventional raw material used for making writing paper in India, it is possible to produce a satisfactory grade of writing paper with a 20:80 mixture of bamboo and hard wood pulp. The provincial government (through its Forest Department) should attract capital and stimulate growth in the pulp and paper industry by offering incentives such as long leases on bamboo forests and tax concessions for improved utilization of land and raw material. The Forest Department also should initiate large scale bamboo plantations to bridge the widening gap between supply and demand. All the budget allotment towards plantations of quick growing species would have to be devoted to bamboo plantations to achieve the provincial targets of the fifth five-year plan in the state of Andhra Pradesh. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

No description available.

Responses of phytoplankton productivity in the Red River to unbleached pulp and paper mill wastewaters were monitored using in situ ^14C incubation. Preoperational studies, conducted prior to the discharge of mill wastewaters varied seasonally, but revealed similar productivity trends when compared with postoperational studies, conducted after mill discharges began entering the Red River. Carbon assimilation rates measured downstream of mill discharge were generally greater than upstream levels in both preoperational and postoperational studies. Selected physical, chemical, and biological parameters varied seasonally, but showed similar upstream-downstream values and preoperational-postoperational values. Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD_5) were positively correlated with postoperational productivity rates. Apparent color was negatively correlated with productivity rates.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:13:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008- Marcia da Silva Pedreira.pdf: 4243420 bytes, checksum: 2e2cd88befc9f0c49f34f0b8d43a0b8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-21 / This thesis aims to examine and interpret the process of competitive insertion and of socioeconomic transformation in the Extreme South of Bahia, Brazil, correlating it to the dynamics of regional development. Such process has taken place due to the expansion of the forest industry, led by great companies of the pulp and paper segment. Theoretical contributions which allow the understanding of the factors that affected regional integration, of the nature of the recent changes and of their relationship with the pattern of regional development have been established. In consonance with the theoretical and analytical references used, the study revealed that the integration of the Extreme South of Bahia, from the competitive exploration of its local resources for wood production (eucalyptus) and cellulose, constitutes an important example of the global production expansion movement - determined by the patterns and strategies of segmental and business competition. Besides the region s advantages, it was also clear that the action of the State based on approaches which associate development to progress, to spatial polarization of economic activities and competitive integration - played a major role in the redefinition of the development pattern and of regional insertion. The empirical analysis was based on data collection and on the systematization of data as well as of quantitative and qualitative information. It showed that the establishment and expansion of forest activities and of cellulose and paper production, on the one hand internalized flows of the global production cycle, and on the other hand, caused a set of transformations in the and social and productive structures in the region. This was expressed by several aspects, such as: i) a higher concentration of land ownership and an increase in business exploration; ii) the de-structuralization of the existing economic and social relationships; iii) the expansion of activities, occupations and lifestyles, predominantly, urban. Nevertheless, economic growth, especially urban, regarded as synonymous to development and modernization, has been of little use to the local society. Such evidences reveal not only the limitations in the spread of the benefits of global economic competitiveness for the local society, but also highlight the need for institutional arrangements and for synergic relationships between the local society and public and private spheres, as fundamental resources for economic and social development. Thus, in accordance with the institutionalist perspective, being competitive is not enough, it is also necessary to create an institutional atmosphere which provides coordination among the actors, enabling the use of local capacities on behalf of the development of such society. / O objetivo da tese ? examinar e interpretar o processo de inser??o competitiva e de transforma??o socioecon?mica da regi?o do Extremo Sul baiano, capitaneado pela expans?o do complexo florestal-celul?sico, correlacionando-os ? din?mica do desenvolvimento regional. Para tanto, foram estabelecidos os aportes te?ricos que permitem a compreens?o dos fatores que condicionaram a integra??o da regi?o, da natureza das mudan?as ocorridas e de sua rela??o com o padr?o de desenvolvimento regional. Em conson?ncia com as refer?ncias te?ricas e anal?ticas trabalhadas, a investiga??o revelou que a integra??o do Extremo Sul baiano, a partir da explora??o competitiva de seus atributos territoriais para produ??o de madeira (eucalipto) e celulose, constitui um exemplo revelador de movimento de expans?o da produ??o global condicionado aos padr?es e ?s estrat?gias da concorr?ncia setorial e empresarial. Evidenciou-se, tamb?m, que, al?m das vantagens competitivas locacionais, a a??o do Estado ancorada em abordagens que associam o desenvolvimento ao progresso, ? polariza??o espacial das atividades econ?micas e ? integra??o competitiva ao mercado exerceu um importante papel na redefini??o do padr?o de desenvolvimento e na inser??o regional. A an?lise emp?rica, com base na coleta e na sistematiza??o de dados e informa??es quantitativas e qualitativas, demonstrou que a implanta??o e a expans?o das atividades florestais e de produ??o de celulose e papel, ao tempo em que internalizaram fixos e fluxos do circuito da produ??o global, provocaram um conjunto de transforma??es na estrutura produtiva e social regional, expressos, entre outros aspectos: i) pela intensifica??o da concentra??o fundi?ria e incremento da explora??o empresarial; ii) pela desestrutura??o das rela??es econ?micos e sociais, tradicionalmente, vigentes; iii) pela expans?o de atividades, ocupa??es e modos de vida, predominantemente, urbanos. Entretanto, a dinamiza??o da economia, em particular a urbana, vista como sin?nimo de desenvolvimento e moderniza??o, tem se mostrado pouco prof?cua para a sociedade local. Tais evid?ncias, al?m de revelar limita??es no transbordamento dos benef?cios da competitividade econ?mica global para a sociedade local, trazem ? luz a necessidade de constru??o de arranjos institucionais e de rela??es de sinergias entre a sociedade local e as esferas p?blicas e privadas, enquanto recursos fundamentais para o desenvolvimento econ?mico e social. Assim, em conformidade com a perspectiva institucionalista, n?o basta ser competitivo: ? preciso criar um ambiente institucional, que proporcione formas de coordena??o entre os atores, capazes de acionar o conjunto das capacidades locais em prol do desenvolvimento da sociedade em foco.