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Lignin is one of the main components in wood and during the chemical pulping processes it is degraded and dissolved into the cooking liquor. The current challenge is to meet the need for energy and raw materials, and reform to a more environmentally sustainable society, so there is a great interest in using kraft lignin as a raw material for energy, materials and as source of chemicals. ) To meet this goal, it is essential to obtain kraft lignin with desirable properties. The overall goal of this master thesis project was to understand the relationship between kraft process conditions and the structure and properties of the dissolved lignin. Wood chips of pine, spruce and eucalyptus were pulped with the kraft process at constant temperature and similar alkali charge and sulphidity to different cooking times. From the collected black liquor, the dissolved kraft lignin was precipitated by acidification with sulphuric acid. It was observed that longer cooking time yields more precipitated material, where pine gave the highest yield. There was a significant difference in colour of the precipitated between eucalyptus and the softwood samples. Some the characteristic properties of the collected samples were investigated. Results from the Klason lignin and ionic chromatography showed variation in lignin and carbohydrate composition depending on raw material and cooking time. This was also indicated by results lignin carbohydrate ratio from analytical pyrolysis. However, the analytical pyrolysis data showed that the relative composition of lignin and carbohydrates was similar independent on pulping time and raw material. The sulphur content was higher for eucalyptus lignin compared to the softwood lignin. Pine lignin with the longest pulping time had the highest total phenolic content. Spruce lignin with the longest cooking time had the highest glass transition temperature. / Lignin är en av de största byggstenarna i träd och andra växtmaterial, både till storlek och mängd. Under kemiska massaframställningsprocesser, som sulfatprocessen, bryts strukturen ned och lignin löses ut i kokvätskan. Ligninets värmevärde tas till vara, genom att det förbränns i sodapannan. Med den utmaning som dagens samhälle står inför, där fossila råvaror ska ersättas med förnyelsebara, finns ett allt större intresse att se vilka andra användningsområden som kan finnas för lignin, som grön råvara för energi, material och kemikalier. Det krävs därför kunskap om hur lignin med lämpliga egenskaper ska kunna utvinnas. Målet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka hur vedråvara och koktid under sulftakoket påverkar egenskaper hos det utlösta ligninet. I denna studie kokades vedflis av tall, gran och eukalyptus enligt sulfatprocessen och det utlösta ligninet analyserades efter tre olika koktider. Längre koktid ledde till mer utfällt material. Det var en tydlig skillnad i färg mellan lignin från eukalyptus och de från barrveden, gran och tall Eukalyptusligninet var mörkare med en tydlig grönaktig färgskiftning. Längre koktid medförde även ett mer lättfiltrerbart lignin. Mängden lignin, bestämt som mängd Klason lignin efter sur hydrolys, var högre i utfällningen efter kok av eukalyptus jämfört med efter kok av barrved. Resultaten från den analytiska pyrolysen visar däremot på rakt motsatt förhållande. Enligt den analytiska pyrolysen är det något mindre mängd lignin i utfällningen efter eukalyptuskok. Orsaken kan vara att vid kvantitativ bestämning av lignin som Klason lignin, kommer det oorganiska materialet att fällas ut tillsammans med ligninet, varvid mängden Klason lignin även inbegriper askmängden. Mängden lignin som lösts ut under koket ökar med ökad koktid, men andelen lignin i det utfällda materialet ändras inte med koktiden. Svavelhalten var högre för (utlöst) eukalyptuslignin än för granlignin och talllignin. Talllignin med den längsta koktiden hade den högsta totala halten fenol. Gran lignin med den längsta koktiden hade det högsta värdet på glastransitionstemperaturen.

This study-investigated the use of cationic polymers, and a surfactant, EHDABr, in the color removal treatment of Kraft pulp and paper wastewater. Four polymers were evaluated for their color removal performance by jar test procedures. The polymers removed between 77 and 87% of the wastewater color. The affect of pH upon polymer performance varied with the polymer tested. Powdered activated carbon addition improved the performance of the polymers. The color removal ability of EHDABr was evaluated by jar test, and by continuous-flow foam flotation.. EHDABr removed 77% of the wastewater color by jar test and was relatively unaffected by pH variation. The addition of powdered activated carbon improved EHDABr performance in jar tests. EHDABr removed 90% of the wastewater color by continuous-flow, foam flotation. Color bodies were precipitated in the foaming system before being removed by flotation. Total suspended solids removal improved with increasing column detention time. / Master of Science

Hallsta Paper Mill, which is a part of Holmen Paper, uses the Thermo Mechanical Pulping process to produce paper pulp. One of their process steps is a plug screw feeder that transport and compresses chips. Jams often occur in the plug screw and there is currently a lack of knowledge of how it should be operated for the highest possible production quantity. The purpose of the thesis is to identify the causes that lead to failures of the plug screw and to find an optimal way of operating it.  In order to gain a deeper understanding of the different areas covered by the study, the theory of the Thermo Mechanical Pulping process used at Holmen for production of paper pulp has been presented. Also, theory about how the chips is being processed, the plug screw and its dimensions, the improvement strategy used in the study and about maintenance.  Collecting documents was done using business systems such as IFS and WinMops and interviews were conducted. The data analysis method used were a regression analysis and a fishbone diagram. From this, optimal parameters for operating the plug screw have been developed.  From the results, an improvement proposal has been designed to create clear guidelines for operating and maintaining the screw as well as other production steps that have an impact on the screw, in order to avoid unnecessary wear and failures of the plug screw.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o desempenho das madeiras de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Acacia mearnsii para a produção de celulose kraft pelos processos convencional e Lo-Solids® e avaliar a influência de dois níveis de deslignificação no desempenho dos processos de polpação e branqueamento e nas propriedades das polpas branqueadas. Amostras de cavacos de ambas as espécies, com 6 anos de idade, foram analisadas quanto a densidade básica, composição química e morfologia das fibras. Após isso, os materiais foram submetidos a polpação kraft pelos processos convencional e Lo-Solids®, objetivando a obtenção de polpa celulósica com dois níveis de deslignificação para cada amostra em cada processo: números kappa de 18 e 15. As polpas celulósicas foram branqueadas na sequência Pré-O2 A/D Eop D P, visando alvura final de 89,5 ± 0,5% ISO, e tiveram suas características físico-mecânicas e morfológicas avaliadas. Os resultados mostram que a madeira de A. mearnsii é mais densa, possui menor proporção de lignina e maior teor de extrativos totais que a madeira de E. grandis x E. urophylla. As fibras da madeira de eucalipto possuem maior comprimento, largura e diâmetro do lúmen, além de menor espessura de parede. No processo de polpação, a madeira de A. mearnsii é aquela que demanda maior carga alcalina e fator H para atingir determinado grau de deslignificação, apresentando maior consumo alcalino. Apesar disso, essa espécie é a que resulta em maiores rendimentos. A comparação entre os processos de polpação mostra que o Lo-Solids® demanda menor carga alcalina e fator H que o processo convencional, resultando em menor consumo alcalino, maiores rendimentos e polpas com maior viscosidade e menor teor de ácidos hexenurônicos. Porém, a pré-deslignificação com oxigênio é mais eficiente para polpas do processo convencional. Já o consumo de reagentes no processo de branqueamento é maior em polpas de acácia e naquelas com menor grau de deslignificação. As polpas branqueadas de A. mearnsii e do processo Lo-Solids® demandam menor energia de refino, apresentam características físico-mecânicas superiores, maior população fibrosa e menor área ocupada por vasos se comparadas às polpas de E. grandis x E. urophylla e do processo convencional, respectivamente. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of the woods of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Acacia mearnsii for the kraft pulp production on conventional and Lo-Solids® processes and to verify the impact of two delignification levels on the bleaching process and on the characteristics of bleached pulps. Samples of wood chips of both species, with 6 years-old, had their basic density, chemical composition and fibers morphology evaluated. After that, the materials were submitted to kraft pulping on conventional and Lo-Solids® processes, with the objective of achieve two delignification levels for each sample on each process: kappa numbers 18 and 15. The pulps were bleached on Pre-O2 A/D Eop D P sequence to 89,5 ± 0,5% ISO final brightness and had their physical-mechanical and morphological characteristics evaluated. The results shows that the wood of Acacia mearnsii is denser, presents lower proportion of lignin and higher content of extractives than the wood of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla. The fibers of eucalyptus wood have higher length, width, thickness and lumen diameter, and lower wall thickness than acacias fibers. On the pulping process the wood of Acacia mearnsii demands higher alkali charge and H Factor to achieve some delignification degree, presenting higher alkali consumption. Nevertheless, this species presents the highest yields. The comparison between the pulping processes shows that the Lo-Solids® demands lower alkaline charge and H Factor than the conventional process, which results in lower alkaline consumption, higher yields and pulps with better viscosity and lower hexenuronic acids content. However, the oxygen delignification is more efficient for pulps from conventional process. The reagents consumption through the bleaching is higher on Acacias pulps and pulps with lower initial delignification degree. The bleached pulps of Acacia mearnsii and pulps from Lo-Solids® process demand lower refining energy to achieve the same drainability, presents better physical-mechanical characteristics, higher fiber population and lower area occupied for vessels than Eucalyptus pulps and pulps from conventional process, respectively.

Orientador: Gustavo Ventorim / Resumo: O conceito de biorrefinaria surgiu do intuito de diminuir a dependência dos produtos oriundos do petróleo e seus consequentes problemas ambientais. Pesquisas buscam técnicas e materiais que substituam a matéria prima de origem fóssil por biomassa, agregando valor a produtos de origem renovável ou que anteriormente seriam descartados. A produção de combustíveis de 2ª geração (como bioetanol) possibilita o repasse de um custo razoável ao setor de transporte devido ao uso de matéria prima de baixo custo. A composição de forte associação entre celulose, hemicelulose e lignina exige uso de um método de pré-tratamento que atenue a interação entre os componentes da biomassa e facilite a conversão em bioprodutos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a combinação de pré-tratamentos, auto-hidrólise e polpação soda na obtenção de pasta celulósica a partir de cavacos de eucalipto. Esta polpa passa por processo de hidrólise ácida liberando açúcares que, na presença de microrganismos específicos (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) são fermentados a etanol. Cavacos de eucalipto pré-tratados por auto-hidrólise passaram por cozimentos soda em concentração de álcali ativo de 20%, 23% e 26%, estudando-se a influência da concentração de álcali no rendimento de produção de bioetanol. A polpação utilizando 20% de álcali ativo produziu rendimento de 130,30 L de etanol a partir de uma tonelada de cavacos, tendo maior impacto no rendimento que as polpações de 23% de álcali ativo, que foi responsável por um... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The concept of biorefinery appear from the idea of reducing dependence on petroleum products and their consequent environmental problems. Researches seek techniques and materials that substitute the feedstock of fossil origin for biomass, adding value to products of renewable origin or that would previously be discarded. The production of second-generation fuels (such as bioethanol) makes it possible to pass along a reasonable cost to the transportation sector due to low cost raw materials use. The strong association between cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin requires a pretreatment method that attenuates the interaction between biomass components and facilitates the conversion into bioproducts. It was studied the combination of, auto-hydrolysis and soda pulping (alkaline) pre-treatments to efficiently obtain cellulose must go through acid hydrolysis process. This pulp after being hydrolized liberates sugars that, in the presence of specific microorganisms (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), could be fermented to ethanol. Eucalyptus pretreated by auto-hydrolysis method were treated by soda pulping in active alkali concentration of 20%, 23%b and 26%, studying the influence of the alkali concentration on the yield of bioethanol. Pulping using 20% active alkali yielded 130,30L of ethanol from one ton of chips, which has better impact than the 23% active alkali pulping, which was responsible for a production of 118,8 L of ethanol and 26% active alkali pulping that produced 101,9L. All y... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o desempenho das madeiras de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Acacia mearnsii para a produção de celulose kraft pelos processos convencional e Lo-Solids® e avaliar a influência de dois níveis de deslignificação no desempenho dos processos de polpação e branqueamento e nas propriedades das polpas branqueadas. Amostras de cavacos de ambas as espécies, com 6 anos de idade, foram analisadas quanto a densidade básica, composição química e morfologia das fibras. Após isso, os materiais foram submetidos a polpação kraft pelos processos convencional e Lo-Solids®, objetivando a obtenção de polpa celulósica com dois níveis de deslignificação para cada amostra em cada processo: números kappa de 18 e 15. As polpas celulósicas foram branqueadas na sequência Pré-O2 A/D Eop D P, visando alvura final de 89,5 ± 0,5% ISO, e tiveram suas características físico-mecânicas e morfológicas avaliadas. Os resultados mostram que a madeira de A. mearnsii é mais densa, possui menor proporção de lignina e maior teor de extrativos totais que a madeira de E. grandis x E. urophylla. As fibras da madeira de eucalipto possuem maior comprimento, largura e diâmetro do lúmen, além de menor espessura de parede. No processo de polpação, a madeira de A. mearnsii é aquela que demanda maior carga alcalina e fator H para atingir determinado grau de deslignificação, apresentando maior consumo alcalino. Apesar disso, essa espécie é a que resulta em maiores rendimentos. A comparação entre os processos de polpação mostra que o Lo-Solids® demanda menor carga alcalina e fator H que o processo convencional, resultando em menor consumo alcalino, maiores rendimentos e polpas com maior viscosidade e menor teor de ácidos hexenurônicos. Porém, a pré-deslignificação com oxigênio é mais eficiente para polpas do processo convencional. Já o consumo de reagentes no processo de branqueamento é maior em polpas de acácia e naquelas com menor grau de deslignificação. As polpas branqueadas de A. mearnsii e do processo Lo-Solids® demandam menor energia de refino, apresentam características físico-mecânicas superiores, maior população fibrosa e menor área ocupada por vasos se comparadas às polpas de E. grandis x E. urophylla e do processo convencional, respectivamente. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of the woods of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e Acacia mearnsii for the kraft pulp production on conventional and Lo-Solids® processes and to verify the impact of two delignification levels on the bleaching process and on the characteristics of bleached pulps. Samples of wood chips of both species, with 6 years-old, had their basic density, chemical composition and fibers morphology evaluated. After that, the materials were submitted to kraft pulping on conventional and Lo-Solids® processes, with the objective of achieve two delignification levels for each sample on each process: kappa numbers 18 and 15. The pulps were bleached on Pre-O2 A/D Eop D P sequence to 89,5 ± 0,5% ISO final brightness and had their physical-mechanical and morphological characteristics evaluated. The results shows that the wood of Acacia mearnsii is denser, presents lower proportion of lignin and higher content of extractives than the wood of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla. The fibers of eucalyptus wood have higher length, width, thickness and lumen diameter, and lower wall thickness than acacias fibers. On the pulping process the wood of Acacia mearnsii demands higher alkali charge and H Factor to achieve some delignification degree, presenting higher alkali consumption. Nevertheless, this species presents the highest yields. The comparison between the pulping processes shows that the Lo-Solids® demands lower alkaline charge and H Factor than the conventional process, which results in lower alkaline consumption, higher yields and pulps with better viscosity and lower hexenuronic acids content. However, the oxygen delignification is more efficient for pulps from conventional process. The reagents consumption through the bleaching is higher on Acacias pulps and pulps with lower initial delignification degree. The bleached pulps of Acacia mearnsii and pulps from Lo-Solids® process demand lower refining energy to achieve the same drainability, presents better physical-mechanical characteristics, higher fiber population and lower area occupied for vessels than Eucalyptus pulps and pulps from conventional process, respectively.