Esta tese investiga a aemulatio empregada na construção das personagens heroicas da epopeia Punica, de Sílio Itálico. As trajetórias de Aníbal e Cipião Africano, os grandes protagonistas do poema, são construídas frequentemente com alusões ao Eneias virgiliano, num jogo de imitação também próximo daquele utilizado por Virgílio ao fazer do Aquiles homérico um modelo para duas personagens antagonistas, sendo que o verdadeiro imitador evolui ao longo de sua jornada: Cipião Africano que, embora se destaque somente nos últimos livros, reúne qualidades dos generais romanos anteriores, sintetizando virtudes republicanas e a força militar do Império. Destacam-se ainda no jogo alusivo de Sílio os modelos de Hércules e Aquiles, figuras estas também latentes no modelo do Eneias virgiliano. / The present thesis investigates the aemulatio engaged in the construction of the heroic characters of Silius Italicus Punica. The trajectories of Hannibal and Scipio African, the protagonists, are often constructed with allusions to the virgilian Aeneas, in an allusive plot close to that used by Virgil when he did homeric Achilles a model for two antagonistic characters, and did his hero develop throughout his journey: Scipio African is who gathers qualities of the previous Roman generals, synthesizing republican virtues and the military force of the Empire.The paradigms of Hercules and Achilles are also very relevant in the allusive game proposed by Silius, both latent figures of Virgils Aeneas model.

Esta tese investiga a aemulatio empregada na construção das personagens heroicas da epopeia Punica, de Sílio Itálico. As trajetórias de Aníbal e Cipião Africano, os grandes protagonistas do poema, são construídas frequentemente com alusões ao Eneias virgiliano, num jogo de imitação também próximo daquele utilizado por Virgílio ao fazer do Aquiles homérico um modelo para duas personagens antagonistas, sendo que o verdadeiro imitador evolui ao longo de sua jornada: Cipião Africano que, embora se destaque somente nos últimos livros, reúne qualidades dos generais romanos anteriores, sintetizando virtudes republicanas e a força militar do Império. Destacam-se ainda no jogo alusivo de Sílio os modelos de Hércules e Aquiles, figuras estas também latentes no modelo do Eneias virgiliano. / The present thesis investigates the aemulatio engaged in the construction of the heroic characters of Silius Italicus Punica. The trajectories of Hannibal and Scipio African, the protagonists, are often constructed with allusions to the virgilian Aeneas, in an allusive plot close to that used by Virgil when he did homeric Achilles a model for two antagonistic characters, and did his hero develop throughout his journey: Scipio African is who gathers qualities of the previous Roman generals, synthesizing republican virtues and the military force of the Empire.The paradigms of Hercules and Achilles are also very relevant in the allusive game proposed by Silius, both latent figures of Virgils Aeneas model.

La ricerca sul «Dionisismo nelle comunità fenicie e puniche: il caso di Mozia» prende in considerazione le diverse attestazioni del dionisismo quale si evidenziano, con le sue ricadute politiche e cultuali, nelle comunità fenicie e puniche della Sicilia, della Sardegna e della stessa Cartagine. Accanto ad una lettura testuale utile alla storicizzazione contestualizzata del fenomeno, fra cui lo stesso pitagorismo, si propone un corpus che comprende prodotti delle categorie artigianali che restituiscono iconografie di’ambientazione dionisiaca, testimonî dell'adozione sociale e pubblica di una cultualità la cui origine si mostra sempre più vicina a contesti vicino-orientali. Da una rilettura storicizzata del dionisismo, quindi, si mettono in evidenza con un approccio multidisciplinare e comparativistico le caratteristiche del culto, di cui si sottolinea fra l’altro la componente ctonia. In particolare il santuario tofet, con le sue recenti riletture di santuario cittadino e pluricultuale, sembra proporre analogie fra il mlk e la ritualità dionisiaca. Analogie che confermano la vocazione mediterranea ed interculturali delle comunità fenicie e puniche e che in più di un caso daranno luogo a sincretismi che si trasmetteranno sino ed oltre l’età romana. In questo colloquio interetnico Mozia svolge un ruolo non secondario insieme a Selinunte, vero e proprio laboratorio del sincretismo cultuale della Sicilia Occidentale pre-romana, dove i culti di Zeus Melichios e di Demetra si pongono come realtà rituali fra le più utili alla coesione sociale, quell’analoga coesione solciale elitaria perseguita dal dionisismo. / The research on “Dionysism in Phoenician and Punic communities: the Mozia case” takes into consideration the different attestations of Dionysism that emerge, with their political and cultural relapses, in the Phoenician and Punic communities of Sicily, Sardinia and Carthage herself. Beside a textual reading useful to a contextualized historicization of the phenomenon, including Pythagorism itself, it is here set a corpus that includes products of the handicraft classes that return iconographies of Dionysiac scenery, evidences of the social and public adoption of a creed whose origins appear increasingly closer to Near-East contexts. A historicized reading of Dionysism is thus to point out, with a multidisciplinary and comparative approach, the features of the cult, of which is underlined the Chthonic element. In particular, the tofet sanctuary, with its recent reinterpretation as urban shrine, seems to suggest analogies between the mlk and the Dionysiac rituals. Analogies that confirm the mediterranean and intercultural vocation of the Phoenician and Punic communities and that, in more than a case, will give cause for syncretisms that will pass on to the Roman age and beyond. In this interethnical exchange Mozia plays a primary role jointly with Selinunte, true laboratory of the cultural syncretism of pre-Roman West Sicily, where the cults of Zeus Melichios and Demeter stay as some of the most useful ritual realities for social cohesion; that similar elitist social cohesion pursued by Dionysism.

Memoria para optar al título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención: Agroindustria / La granada es uno de los frutos comestibles más antiguos que existe y es ampliamente cultivado en países tropicales y subtropicales, además posee una gran diversidad genética. A pesar de su alta presencia en el mundo, no hay suficiente información respecto a las propiedades de este fruto. Sin embargo, algunas investigaciones recientes han destacado los compuestos bioactivos presentes en la granada y sus efectos benéficos para la salud. Por otra parte, la Universidad de Chile ha efectuado una selección de clones que está evaluando a fin de compararlos con la variedad Wonderful que se encuentra a escala comercial. En este contexto, el objetivo del proyecto fue evaluar el efecto de dos zonas de cultivo sobre las características físicas, químicas y sensoriales de los frutos de la variedad Wonderful y del clon UCH-AZA. Se evaluaron características físicas externas e internas del fruto, químicas y fenólicas del jugo y, además la calidad y aceptabilidad de los arilos. Algunos parámetros medidos corresponden a los siguientes: rendimiento de arilos (%) y jugo (%), sólidos solubles (ºBrix), acidez (% ac. cítrico), relación ss/acidez, fenoles totales (mg Equivalente Ácido Gálico L-1), antocianos totales (mg L-1) y capacidad antioxidante (FRAP). Existieron diferencias significativas entre las localidades en varios de los parámetros medidos, no obstante gran parte de estos se vieron afectados por la interacción presente entre los factores (localidad y variedad). Cuando existieron interacciones, se dejó fijo el factor variedad para evaluar más claramente el efecto localidad. En el análisis estadístico se aplicó ANDEVA y comparación de rangos múltiples de DUNCAN. De este análisis fue posible determinar que los frutos provenientes de la localidad de Vicuña tuvieron un alto rendimiento de arilos, rendimiento de jugo, sólidos solubles, contenido de antocianos, taninos, fenoles y consecuentemente una alta capacidad antioxidante. Esta última no tuvo una gran variación entre el clon UCH-AZA y la variedad Wonderful, si hubo una variación en el contenido de antocianos totales siendo 317,14 y 591,76 mg L-1 para el clon UCH-AZA y la variedad Wonderful, respectivamente. En cambio, en los fenoles totales los valores fueron similares entre el clon UCH-AZA y la variedad Wonderful, siendo superiores a 861,1 mg EAG L-1 . En las condiciones de este estudio la localidad influye positivamente sobre las características físicas, químicas, fenólicas y sensoriales de las granadas, siendo superiores en Vicuña la mayoría de los parámetros medidos. / Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is one of the most ancient edible fruits, being widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries, having a great genetic diversity. However, in despite of its prevalence around the world, there is insufficient knowledge regarding the properties of this fruit. Some research has recently highlighted the presence of bioactive compounds in pomegranates and their positive health effects. Researches done in University of Chile are evaluating a selection of clones, among them UCH-AZA, in order to compare with the commercial CV. Wonderful. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of CV. Wonderful and UCH-AZA clone cultivated in two locations of Chile (Curacaví and Vicuña). The study evaluated the inner and external physical characteristics of the fruit, the chemical and phenolic composition of the juice, as well as the quality and acceptability of the arils. The parameters measured were, aril and juice yields (%), soluble solids content (ºBrix), titratable acidity (% citric acid), soluble solids/acidity ratio, total phenolics (mg EAG L-1), total anthocyanins (mg L-1), and antioxidant capacity (FRAP). Significant differences were observed in several parameters, depending on the variety and the location. Interaction between variety and location was also observed. When such interactions appeared, the factor variety was fixed in the statistical analysis to clearly evaluate the effect of the location. ANDEVA and DUNCAN were used in the statistical analysis. These analyses allowed determining that the fruit from Vicuña had a relatively high aril and juice yield as well as high soluble solids content, anthocyanin, tannin, and phenolic content, and consequently a high antioxidant capacity. The last parameter did not show differences among the UCH-AZA clone and the CV. Wonderful, however there was a difference in total anthocyanins being 317.14 and 591.76 mg L-1 for the UCH-AZA clone and the CV. Wonderful, respectively. The total phenolics content were similar for both varieties, being higher than 861.1 mg EAG L-1 . Based upon the conditions of this study it was determined that the location had the strongest influence on the physical, chemical, phenolic, and sensory characteristics of pomegranates, being higher a great number of the parameters measured in the fruit produced in Vicuña.

Memoria para optar al título profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo / Se evaluaron tres métodos de control del golpe de sol en granado (Punica granatum L.): aplicación de caolín, sombreamiento con malla y envoltura de frutos con cambuchos de papel. El estudio fue realizado en la localidad de Huechún, Provincia de Chacabuco Región Metropolitana, Chile. Se utilizaron 56 árboles a los que se les aplicaron 7 tratamientos (dos de aplicación de caolín en distintas dosis y fechas; sombreamiento con malla hasta la cosecha y hasta dos semanas antes de cosecha; envoltura individual de frutos con cambuchos de papel hasta la cosecha y hasta dos semanas antes de cosecha; y un tratamiento testigo), cada uno con cuatro repeticiones de dos árboles por unidad experimental. Durante la temporada se midió la temperatura superficial de frutos con un termómetro infrarrojo y se registró la temperatura y la radiación solar a través de una estación meteorológica durante los cuatro meses del ensayo. Al momento de la cosecha se evaluó la totalidad de los frutos en cada tratamiento determinando el número de frutos con daño por golpe de sol y agrupándolos en tres categorías de daño: leve (suave pardeamiento de la superficie), medio (fuerte pardeamiento de la superficie) y severo (ennegrecimiento de la superficie), y evaluando la presencia de residuos de caolín en frutos. Se obtuvo una muestra de 16 frutos por tratamiento para la medición de color con un colorímetro y se realizó una medición de profundidad del daño en una muestra de 20 frutos por categoría de daño. Para la determinación de la viabilidad económica de cada tratamiento se efectuó un estudio costo-beneficio.

Il progetto di ricerca si è posto l'obiettivo di analizzare una serie di manufatti egizî e di tradizione egizia della Sicilia preromana e di evidenziare le eventuali sopravvivenze della cultura egittizzante sull’isola fino all'età tardoantica. La realizzazione di un corpus, aggiornato sulla scorta di nuovi rinvenimenti, di recenti riletture e di studi su materiali inediti custoditi nei musei siciliani, ha contribuito a tracciare una mappa distributiva delle aree di rinvenimento e di attestazione, con particolare riferimento alle diverse etnie che recepiscono tali prodotti e alla possibilità di ricostruire l’ambientazione storica della domanda diretta o indiretta. Si è scelto di privilegiare lo studio tipologico, iconografico e iconologico di alcune “categorie” di materiali maggiormente documentati sull’isola, quali amuleti, scarabei e scaraboidi, cretule, ushabti, gioielli, bronzi figurati, gemme, con l’individuazione di riscontri in ambito mediterraneo. La documentazione delle testimonianze antiquarie contenenti notizie su reperti oggi non più reperibili ha permesso, infine, non solo l’acquisizione d’informazioni spesso ritenute perse, ma anche una comprensione storicizzata delle dinamiche del collezionismo siciliano e del suo ruolo nel più vasto ambito europeo dal XVII al XIX secolo. È stato importante, infatti, chiarire anche alcuni aspetti della cultura egittologica del periodo, legata in genere alla circolazione di stereotipi e alla mancanza di una conoscenza diretta della realtà faraonica. / The research project aims to analyze a series of Egyptian and Egyptianizing objects of Pre-Roman Sicily and to point out possible outlivings of the Egyptianizing culture on the island up to the Late Antiquity. The realization of a corpus, updated to the stocks of new discoveries, recent re-readings and studies of unreleased material stored in Sicilian Museums, contributes to outline a distribution map of the discovering areas and attestation, with particular reference to the different ethnic groups which recognize such products and to the possibility of a reconstruction of the historical location by the direct or indirect market request. Preference was given to the typological, iconographic and iconological research of some of the “categories” of material most documented on the island like amulets, scarabs, sealings, ushabtis, jewelry, bronzes and gems with identification of comparison in the Mediterranean area. At least there is documentation of archaeological records containing the information of finds, although today these are less available, this allows not only the acquisition of information believed to be lost but also a historical insight into Sicilian collecting dynamics and to its rule in the more extended European area from the 17th until the 19th century. It was important indeed to illustrate some aspects of the Egyptological Culture of the period generally connected to stereotypical ideas and a lack of direct knowledge of pharaonic reality.

Tesis para optar al título profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo y al grado de Magíster en Ciencias Agropecuarias mención Producción Frutícola / Con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de la carga frutal en el tamaño promedio de los frutos y la productividad en un huerto de granados, se realizó un estudio en granados ‘Wonderful’ en dos localidades de Chile: Huechún (33° 07' 19,55'' S y 70° 48' 04,13'' O), Provincia Chacabuco, Región Metropolitana, y Cerrillos de Tamaya (30° 34' 5,78'' S; 71° 24' 36,74'' O), Provincia Limarí, Región de Coquimbo. En ambos casos se utilizaron 20 plantas, sobre las cuales se raleó manualmente un porcentaje de los frutos, con el objetivo de lograr un amplio espectro de carga frutal. En el primer año se calculó la el área de sección transversal ejes (ASTE); en el segundo año se ASTE y la fracción de radiación fotosintéticamente activa interceptada (PARf) para cada planta del ensayo; la carga frutal y la cosecha se determinó con respecto de los parámetros anteriormente mencionados. La productividad fue función de la carga frutal, en todas sus formas de expresión, con altos coeficientes de determinación para las regresiones lineales. El aumento de la carga frutal fue negativo sobre el tamaño de los frutos, independiente de sus formas de expresión. / In order to analyze the effect of crop load on the average fruit size and on the yield in pomegranate orchards, a study was conducted in 'Wonderful' pomegranates during two season, at two different locations in Chile: Huechún (33 ° 07 '19, 55'' S and 70 ° 48 '04.13'' W), Chacabuco Province, Region Metropolitana and Cerrillos de Tamaya (30 ° 34' 5.78'' S; 71 ° 24 '36.74'' W), Limarí Province, Coquimbo Region. In both cases, 20 plants were selected and submitted to a wide range of crop load, by hand thinning. Branch cross sectional area (BCSA) was calculated for both seasons. Additionally, the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation intercepted (PARf) for each plant were calculated during the second season; crop load, as a function of the above mentioned parameters was determined at harvest. Yield was found to be a direct function of the crop load for all expressions used in this work, having high determination coefficients for the linear between them. The increase of crop load was invertetly related to fruit size, for all expression of crop load.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:13:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2646_1.pdf: 4881014 bytes, checksum: c2c2e45d96e51c21b4c76b3c12792f5d (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Radiomodificadores são substâncias que podem se comportar como radioprotetores ou radiosensibilizadores. E ainda podem alterar o metabolismo e captação dos radiofármacos na biodistribuição, o que pode resultar em erros no diagnóstico em medicina nuclear. Muitos produtos naturais podem se comportar como radiomodificadores, e a Punica granatum L. (Romã) apresenta diversas características, como a capacidade antioxidativa, que a indica como um provável radiomodificador. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade que a polpa da Romã possui em alterar a captação do tecnécio-99m (99mTc) na biodistribuição, e comparar se essa captação modifica frente a animais sadios e com Sarcoma 180, bem como em relação a forma que é administrada. Associado a estes aspectos, avaliar a capacidade antitumoral, antinflamatória e radioprotetora. Em todo os experimentos foram empregados camundongos machos Swiss. Os animais sadios, receberam a implantação do Sarcoma 180 na região subaxilar direita. A biodistribuição foi realizada 24 horas após o tratamento com a Punica granatum L., e os animais foram eutanasiados rapidamente após 30 minutos da administração do 99mTc. Os órgãos foram retirados para pesagem e contagem da radiação em contador gama. A atividade antitumoral foi analisada baseada no indice de inibição tumoral (TWI). A avaliação antinflamatória foi realizada empregando o modelo da carragenina para provocar a ação inflamatória. E para avaliação do aspecto radioprotetor foi utilizada a dosagem da glutationa reduzida (GSH) após irradiação com cobalto-60 (60Co). Os resultados obtidos destacam-se pela possibilidade de demonstrar a ação da polpa de uma fruta tão exótica e de grande emprego pela população nordestina, resaltando que sua atividade pode ser modificada dependentemente da presença do câncer, e da sua forma de administração. Na biodistribuição foi demonstrado que a polpa da romã, nos animais que não tinham tumor, reduziu a captação do 99mTc apenas no intestino grosso e estomago, enquanto aumentou a captação na tireóide. Em animais com sarcoma 180, que foram tratados após a implantação do tumor ocorreu redução significativa da captação na grande maioria dos órgãos. Mas, nos animais que foram tratados antes e após a implantação do Sarcoma 180, ocorreu aumento da captação no pulmão, coração, pâncreas, estômago, tireóide e tumor. Estes resultados demonstram a capacidade que a polpa da romã possui em alterar a biodistribuição nos tecidos. A polpa da romã também apresentou atividade antitumoral, antinflamatória e provável ação radioprotetora decorrente da elevação dos níveis de GSH nos animais irradiados

For several centuries, Punica granatum L. has been utilized in traditional medicine to treat various ailments including diabetes, diarrhea, and parasitic and microbial infections. Current scientific research suggests that the unique phytochemical composition of the botanical is largely responsible for the range of biological activities demonstrated by the different components of P. granatum L. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the fruit extract of P. granatum L. on the following parameters of skin health: facial wrinkle severity, sebum production, transepidermal water loss, melanin index, and erythema index. The hypothesis was that oral pomegranate supplementation improves the facial appearance of wrinkles and the biophysical properties of the skin because of the well-studied antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the phytochemicals in the fruit extract. A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in which subjects were supplemented daily with a punicalagin-enriched oral pomegranate extract for four weeks. The study was performed at Integrative Skin Science and Research (Sacramento, California, USA) and included 18 healthy males and females, aged 25–55 years, who were asked to restrict the intake of other polyphenolic-rich foods. A facial image collection and analysis system was used to assess the facial appearance of wrinkle severity, and standardized, noninvasive tools were used to collect information on facial sebum production, transepidermal water loss, melanin index, and erythema index. In addition, self-reports of quality of life and digestive health were collected from the subjects. These parameters were assessed at pretreatment baseline and after four weeks of oral supplementation. The results showed statistically significant reductions in the melanin index of the cheeks (p < 0.01), transepidermal water loss from the stratum corneum of the cheeks (p < 0.01), and facial appearance of average wrinkle severity (p < 0.01). Furthermore, a significant reduction was found in facial transepidermal water loss among females of the intervention group (p < 0.01). No adverse effects were reported over the four weeks of the study. In conclusion, this study demonstrated an improvement in several biophysical properties of the skin with oral pomegranate extract supplementation. As a result, oral pomegranate extract could be used as an effective agent for the maintenance of skin appearance and skin health.

‘Wonderful’ pomegranate flowering and fruiting habits are not well understood. Characterizing any relationship between flowering habit and fruit size and quality could lead to effective cultural practices for producing high-value fruit. Five mature ‘Wonderful’ pomegranate trees were monitored every 5-14 days throughout the 2015 growing season. Newly emerged flowers were tagged and characterized with respect to sex (determined by ovary shape and style length at anthesis), clustering habit, age of wood on which floral buds were borne, and direction of wood growth. More than 1,100 hermaphroditic flowers were identified and ovary/fruit diameter was recorded throughout the season. In addition to tagging 1,800 staminate flowers at anthesis, approximately 14,000 abscised staminate flowers were collected and used to estimate total flower number and the ratio of hermaphroditic (fruit producing) to staminate flowers. Trees were strip picked at harvest. Fruit weight, maximum hemispheric diameter and exocarp color were recorded. Arils (seeds with a fleshy seed coat) were removed and weighed; aril number was estimated from the weight of 100 arils, and aril titratable acidity and total soluble solids were measured. The age of wood on which flowers were borne was a significant predictor of flower sexual condition. One-year-old wood produced the highest number of flowers (70% of total) with the smallest proportion of hermaphroditic flowers (5%) for any age of wood. Two-year-old wood produced fewer flowers (19% of total) with 10% hermaphroditic flowers. Wood that was greater than two years old produced 10% of total flowers and 20% were hermaphroditic. Overall, 93% of the flowers were staminate. Despite the low proportion of hermaphroditic flowers produced on one-year-old wood, 57% of marketable sized fruit were produced on one-year-old wood. There were three distinct bloom periods, the first lasting approximately 6 weeks. Bloom time was highly predictive of fruit quality. Late-blooming flowers produced low-quality fruit that were smaller in diameter with fewer arils and poor exocarp color. Such fruit accounted for approximately 13% of total fruit weight. Location within the canopy influenced fruit diameter significantly. Flowering rarely occurred in the typically “closed” interior of the canopy and flowers in the northwest tree quadrant were less likely to be early blooming or hermaphroditic than flowers in other quadrants. The results suggest that development of cultural methods that limit excessive production of staminate flowers reduce late-season flowering and/or fruit production and/or increase light exposure to fruiting wood could increase the production of high-value fruit for ‘Wonderful’ pomegranate.