ASTRACT Viet nam labor market is facing with a huge need when the investment from outside and inside the country are rising dramatically. Oversea educated labor was such an important part of the need. However, Vietnamese oversea students will be influenced by a set of factors on their job choice as a long time career. Students in different education background or personality characters may have significant different expectation on job so they will have different attitude to every different job factors. This study researched Vietnamese students in Taiwan as a part of Vietnamese students oversea in term of their attitudes to job factors then explain how job factors influenced their career choice. The research issues were covered from individual factors to job related factors. That may make sense to organizations who want to attract those labor forces. That may be helpful to universities to adjust the education methods and that may help student to understand themselves better which may correct the direction of career orientation studying. The result of this research was satisfied the purpose of study when it found out many factors and conditions of working had influenced on career choice of Vietnamese students in Taiwan.

New Zealand grown Pinus radiata is limited in its application for structural purposes by its stiffness deficiencies. This dissertation aims to estimate potential improvements in stem value through selection for improved stiffness. A new method to model and value volumes of structural wood grades within a stem was used to calculate these value improvements. Data for each stem from a stand in Kaingaroa Forest bred for improved wood quality was used to perform this analysis. This data was from a stand bred for improved wood quality and included information on the stiffness, density and width of each growth ring for each stem. The data was in the form of cores. Height and volume data was not recorded and therefore needed to be modelled. The volumes of MSG8, MSG11 and MSG13 wood were estimated by modelling the stem volume at the age when wood is produced that is stiff enough to qualify for each grade. The majority of stems had merchantable volumes between 1-2.5m3 with the largest stems containing 3.6m3. Average stiffness ranged between 5.2GPa and 11.3GPa with the stand average being 8.4GPa. There was no relationship between average stiffness and merchantable volume. Stem values were found to range between $60-$131/m3 with the stand average being $91/m3. The 10 most valuable stems had a total stem value ($318) twice that of the stand average ($157). The most valuable stem ($411) showed a 160% increase in stem value from the average. The increases in value/m3 were caused by large increases in the proportion of MSG11 and MSG13 wood held within the merchantable volume. These potential gains in stem value could help tree breeders assign an accurate economic weighting to stiffness improvements. Forest managers wanting to justify using a more expensive, improved stiffness seedlot may also find these results valuable.

The English language is taught for a variety of professional purposes, including business and medicine, yet to date there is no scholarly research investigating the potential necessity of teaching English for environmental purposes. Given that tourism constitutes one of the largest global industries, that ecotourism is the fasting growing segment of the field, that English is the lingua franca of tourism worldwide, that the majority of ecotourism operations are located in the developing world, and that significant levels of unemployment persist within many of these areas, the relationship between knowledge of the English language and employment opportunities within the field of ecotourism warrants consideration. Consequently, the present exploratory study of the relationship between English and ecotourism in Latin America is a first attempt to determine whether or not English language training programs for ecotourism guides in Latin America are a relevant endeavor worthy of further investigation and whether or not the field of teaching English for Professional Purposes (EPP) should consider this area a new sub-discipline. / text

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Abstract In the Assessed Taxes Act 1798, and the Duties upon Income Act 1799, William Pitt the Younger provided exemptions from those taxes for charitable institutions. However, the legislation failed to provide a definition of charitable purposes with respect to either Assessed Taxes or Duties upon Income. The problems for charitable institutions began when Addington introduced deduction at source in 1803, thus catching charitable institutions in the tax net by requiring them to claim refunds of Income Tax that had been deducted from their non-voluntary income. To deal with the issues arising from such claims, Pitt created the Special Commissioners in 1805. The Duties upon Income Act 1799 and its successors were only intended as temporary war-time taxes, and Income Tax was eventually repealed in 1816 once peace with France had been achieved. However, Peel reintroduced Income Tax in 1842, based on the earlier Income Tax Acts. Once again, Income Tax was intended only as a short-term fiscal measure, but that was not to be and, during the course of the Nineteenth Century, the Income Tax became a permanent fixture of the legislative calendar. However, the issue of what was understood by the term “charitable purposes” with respect to Income Tax became an issue which, it was suggested in 1863, Parliament should resolve. That was not to be, and it was not until 1891 that Lord Macnaghten, in Commissioners for the Special Purposes of the Income Tax v Pemsel [1891] AC 531 laid down the four principal divisions of charity that continue to dominate charity case law in the Twenty-First Century. Until then, the exemption of charitable institutions from Income Tax had been a contentious issue. Anthony Highmore, a London lawyer who was also very active in a number of London’s charities in the late Eighteenth and early Nineteenth Centuries until his death in 1829, proposed in 1786, that charities should be exempt from all forms of taxation. In 1863 Gladstone unsuccessfully challenged the exemption of charitable institutions from Income Tax, arguing that income other than voluntary donations should be taxed, and that governments should decide which charitable institutions were worthy of direct government funding. However, charity case law continued to influence the decisions of the Special Commissioners until ultimately in 1891 Pemsel resolved the issue in a case which continues to resonate in the Twenty-first Century. The question that this Thesis seeks to answer is, what was the rationale for the charitable purposes exemption from Income Tax that Pitt had provided in his Income Tax Acts? I propose that the rationale was not founded in fiscal policy, or charity case law, but in social policy as influenced by the Evangelicals of late Eighteenth Century London, predominantly William Wilberforce and Hannah More, who were close friends of William Pitt the Younger.

Software architecture design as an engineering field has evolved greatly during the last 15 years, which is evident by the number of methods, styles, patterns, and guidelines available for its practitioners in industry. This paper takes a closer look at the purposes behind this field to reveal the level of discrepancy in pursued purposes between industrial practitioners and published methods for software architecture design. In our research surveys of architecture design methods and of purposes at a number of industrial practitioners resulted in two sets of purposes which were eventually compared and the level of discrepancy identified. / Mjukvarudesign är ett område inom mjukvaruindustrin som utvecklats omfattande under de senaste 15 åren, vilket synliggjorts av de nya metoder, designstilar, designmönster och paradigmer som gjorts tillgängliga för mjukvaruutvecklare idag. Den här uppsatsen gör en djupgranskning av syftena bakom detta arbetsområde för att upptäcka eventuella skillnader mellan de syften som framhålls av befintliga arkitekturmetoder och de syften som åtsträvas av utövare inom mjukvaruindustrin.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / There is general recognition regarding the importance of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses in assisting students acquire academic discourses appropriate to specific disciplines of study. However, undergraduate students in multilingual contexts, where English is a second or foreign language face challenges in managing the transition from secondary school into the university, where they are expected to appropriate as well as acclimate to new discourses of communication deemed to be essential for their survival in the academic world. Although studies show the importance of agency in language learning success, institutional demands have sometimes led to the adoption of teaching and assessment practices that ignore the learners’ English language learning history, background, experiences and needs, which impact on their sense of agency and voice in the EAP classroom and eventually their learning success.

Researchers explore various aspects related to art and urban life using terms such as cultural economy, the 'creative class', cultural clustering; and there are many more. Public art is one strategy, employed for any number of broader agendas spanning from economic aims to community identity. This study examines public art at the intersection of cultural planning strategy and community participation. A midsize New England city Pittsfield, Massachusetts, with a significant industrial mill heritage, provides a location from which to study public art within a specific context over a period of time spanning from 1970 to the present. Qualitative methods such as interviews, document review and survey of specific public art initiatives, both temporary and permanent, will help to uncover motivations and expectations that drive the development of public art projects. More knowledge about these purposes can lead to informative lines of questioning that may help planners and designers better understand the best application of public art in the landscape within a given community

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In the past, the focus in language testing, teaching and research has largely been on careful reading while expeditious (quick, efficient and selective) reading has been largely ignored. However, some research suggests that careful reading ability alone is inadequate for students to meet the demands of undergraduate academic reading. In the main English for Academic Purposes (EAP), test instruments have been previously based on careful reading models which assume reading to be unicomponential. If this is not the case, the issue for language testing is whether the construct of academic reading can be validly measured by a focus on careful reading alone. The aims of this study were to investigate the types of academic reading required of firstyear undergraduates based on Urquhart and Weir's (1998) four-cell matrix of reading types which also forms an important part of Khalifa and Weir's (2009) reading model. Based on this, a valid academic reading test battery for undergraduate students was developed and used to examine the divisibility of the academic reading construct. The literature review on reading models suggested that current models were nearly all premised on careful reading and expeditious reading had in the main been ignored. The findings of a pilot and main questionnaire survey with undergraduates suggested that both careful and expeditious reading were important in accomplishing academic reading tasks at the undergraduate level. Accordingly, the empirical data generated by these surveys validated Urquhart and Weir's (2009) reading matrix and aspects of the reading model by Khalifa and Weir (2009). Based on this matrix and aspects of the model, a valid reading test was developed and administered to first-year undergraduate students. The performance of undergraduates across the different parts of the reading test confirmed that academic reading was a divisible construct. The findings of this study add to the literature on EAL academic reading by lending empirical support to a componential approach to the teaching and testing of reading. The componential model and the test design methodology employed should help test designers develop valid academic reading tests embracing both careful and expeditious reading types. The results from such tests might usefully inform pedagogical practice leading to more efficient reading practice at undergraduate level.