Pushover analysis involves certain approximations and simplifications that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. In literature, some improved pushover procedures have been proposed to overcome the certain limitations of traditional pushover procedures. The effects and the accuracy of invariant lateral load patterns utilised in pushover analysis to predict the behavior imposed on the structure due to randomly selected individual ground motions causing elastic and various levels of nonlinear response were evaluated in this study. For this purpose, pushover analyses using various invariant lateral load patterns and Modal Pushover Analysis were performed on reinforced concrete and steel moment resisting frames covering a broad range of fundamental periods. Certain response parameters predicted by each pushover procedure were compared with the &#039 / exact&#039 / results obtained from nonlinear dynamic analysis. The primary observations from the study showed that the accuracy of the pushover results depends strongly on the load path, properties of the structure and the characteristics of the ground motion. Pushover analyses were performed by both DRAIN-2DX and SAP2000. Similar pushover results were obtained from the two different softwares employed in the study provided that similar approach is used in modeling the nonlinear properties of members as well as their structural features. The accuracy of approximate procedures utilised to estimate target displacement was also studied on frame structures. The accuracy of the predictions was observed to depend on the approximations involved in the theory of the procedures, structural properties and ground motion characteristics.

Motivado por la entrada en vigencia de la nueva norma chilena de hormigón armado, NCh430.Of2008, que en el presente año incorporó nuevas exigencias sobre el diseño con barras diagonales en dinteles cortos, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo la búsqueda y evaluación de diseños alternativos a esta disposición. Se realizó una revisión del estado del arte sobre trabajos relacionados con el tema desarrollados en los últimos años y se dan a conocer cuatro líneas de investigación a nivel internacional. El tipo de soluciones propuestas comprenden el uso de placas de acero, vigas doble T, uso de fibra de acero en vigas prefabricadas de hormigón armado y otras configuraciones de refuerzo en hormigón armado tradicional. Posteriormente, se hizo una evaluación y discusión acerca de cual de las alternativas es la más apropiada en reemplazo de la armadura diagonal. Se fundamentó y escogió la armadura romboidal como la alternativa más idónea. Se hizo un estudio analítico para estimar y comparar el comportamiento no lineal de esta alternativa respecto de la solución con armadura diagonal. Esto comprendió la modelación de dos muros acoplados por dinteles en toda su altura, donde estos elementos quedaron representados a través de una curva elastoplástica, en el contexto de un análisis “pushover”. Como resultado se obtuvo que la curva de capacidad de la estructura estudiada con la armadura romboidal mostró un buen desempeño de la alternativa tanto para desplazamientos laterales bajos a moderados, siendo deficiente su desempeño solo hacia el final del análisis “pushover”, cuando la estructura está sometida a desplazamientos laterales de gran magnitud. Esto se refleja también en el punto de desempeño de la estructura, donde ambas soluciones se comportan de manera similar para la demanda sísmica esperada.

Ingeniero Civil / Un Marco Arriostrado Excéntricamente (EBF) es un marco arriostrado de acero en el cual las diagonales no se conectan en el mismo punto, sino que se deja un espacio entre ellas llamado enlace. Este enlace concentra la deformación inelástica de la estructura, y el sistema completo está pensado como una combinación de la rigidez de los Marcos Concéntricos Especiales y la disipación de energía y ductilidad de los Marcos a Momento. Este trabajo de título tiene como objetivo evaluar los parámetros de diseño sísmico para EBF que se encuentran en las normas de diseño sísmico chilenas. En específico, evaluar el coeficiente de modificación de la respuesta R = 6 que establece la NCh433. Además, se tiene como objetivo caracterizar la respuesta sísmica de una estructura de EBF a través de la metodología que define FEMAP695. Para esto se realizan diseños de edificios EBF ubicados en Chile. Estos edificios son de 3, 6, 12 y 20 pisos. Se realizan modelos no lineales 2D de estos edificios en la plataforma OpenSees para su posterior análisis. Los análisis corresponden a un análisis no lineal estático incremental (Pushover) y análisis dinámico no lineal con registros de aceleración de terremotos chilenos. Los resultados obtenidos indican que no se puede descartar el valor recomendado por la NCh433 dado algunas limitaciones de los análisis realizados en este trabajo de título. Se obtuvo un coeficiente de modificación de la respuesta igual a 3,9 para el edificio de 3 pisos e igual a 7,0, 10,9 y 15,6 para los edificios de 6, 12 y 20 pisos respectivamente. Estos valores se encuentran en el rango de 0,65 a 1,55 veces el valor correspondiente a la norma. En relación al desempeño sísmico del sistema se puede señalar el buen comportamiento de las columnas ante las fuerzas de corte provenientes de la fluencia de los enlaces. Se encontró evidencia de que no es necesario suponer que todos los enlaces de pisos superiores fluyen y que se puede reducir bastante la fuerza de compresión en las columnas debido al diseño por capacidad.

The main objective of this investigation is to examine how various material properties, governed by code specification, affect the seismic response of a twelve- story reinforced concrete building. This study incorporates the pushover and response history analysis to examine how varying steel yield strength (Fy), 28 day nominal compressive concrete strength (f’c), modes, and ground motions may affect the base shear capacity and displacements of a reinforced concrete structure. Different steel and concrete strengths were found to have minimal impact on the initial stiffness of the structure. However, during the post-yielding phase, higher steel and concrete compressive strengths resulted in larger base shear capacities of up to 22%. The base shear capacity geometric median increased as f’c or Fy increased, and the base shear capacity dispersion measure decreased as f’c or Fy increased. Higher mode results were neglected in this study due to non-convergent pushover analyses results. According to the response history analysis, larger yield and concrete compressive strengths result in lower roof displacement. The difference in roof displacement was less than 12% throughout. This displays the robustness of both analysis methods because material properties have insignificant impact on seismic response. Therefore, acceptable yield and compressive strengths governed by seismic code will result in acceptable building performance.

No description available.

This thesis investigates the torsional performance of steel structures with and without rigid diaphragm constraints through numerical simulations and evaluates the appropriateness of relevant design provisions in current seismic design codes. In the first part of the work, six theme structures with different (1) in-plane stiffness of diaphragm, and (2) horizontal configurations of vertical braced frames were designed and their performance evaluated through both nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. Comparisons of the analytical results between the structures with and without rigid diaphragm constraints indicate that the in-plane rigidity of the diaphragms affects the efficiency of in-plane force transfer mechanisms, resulting in different global ductility and strength demands. Rigid diaphragm structures exhibit higher global strengths as well as higher torsional rotation capacity because of the infinite in-plane stiffness of the diaphragm. Semi-rigid diaphragm structures have higher ductility demands due to the finite in-plane diaphragm stiffness. The inclusion of bi-axial forces in the analyses reduces the structural strength and increases the ductility demands on the peripheral frames. The axial forces in the collectors and chords that make up the diaphragm depend on (1) the sequence of brace buckling and (2) vertical configuration of the braced frames. The results show higher axial forces in collectors in the roof diaphragms, and higher chord axial forces in the third floor diaphragms. The shear connections in the beams that make up both the collectors and chords are susceptible to failure due to the significant increment of axial forces in those members. The conventional beam analogy used in design can severely underestimate the axial forces in chords and collectors when the structures step into the inelastic stage. / Ph. D.

The analysis procedures employed in earthquake engineering can be classified as linear static, linear dynamic, nonlinear static and nonlinear dynamic. Linear procedures are usually referred to as force controlled and require less analysis time and less computational effort. On the other hand, nonlinear procedures are referred to as deformation controlled and they are more reliable in characterizing the seismic performance of buildings. However, there is still a great deal of unknowns for nonlinear procedures, especially in modelling the reinforced concrete structures. Turkey ranks high among all countries that have suffered losses of life and property due to earthquakes over many centuries. These casualties indicate that, most regions of the country are under seismic risk of strong ground motion. In addition to this phenomenon, recent studies have demonstrated that near fault ground motions are more destructive than far-fault ones on structures and these effects can not be captured effectively by recent nonlinear static procedures. The main objective of this study is developing a simple nonlinear dynamic analysis procedure which is named as &ldquo / Dynamic Pull Analysis&rdquo / for estimating the seismic response of multi degree of freedom (MDOF) systems. The method is tested on a six-story reinforced concrete frame and a twelve-story reinforced concrete frame that are designed according to the regulations of TS-500 (2000) and TEC (1997).

Nonlinear response history analysis is accepted as the most accurate analytical tool for seismic response determination. However, accurate estimation of displacement responses using conceptually simple, approximate analysis procedures is preferable, since there are shortcomings in the application of nonlinear response history analysis resulting from its complexity. An equivalent linearization procedure, which utilizes the familiar response spectrum analysis as the analysis tool and benefits from the capacity principles, is developed in this thesis study as an approximate method for predicting the inelastic seismic displacement response of MDOF systems under earthquake excitations. The procedure mainly consists of the construction of an equivalent linear system by reducing the stiffness of structural members which are expected to respond in the inelastic range. Different from similar studies in literature, equivalent damping is not explicitly employed in this study. Instead, predetermined spectral displacement demands are utilized in each mode of the equivalent linear system for the determination of global displacement demands. Response predictions of the equivalent linearization procedure are comparatively evaluated by using the benchmark nonlinear response history analysis results and other approximate methods including conventional pushover analysis and modal pushover analysis (MPA). It is observed that the proposed procedure results in similar accuracy with approximate methods which employ nonlinear analysis. Considering the conceptual simplicity of the procedure and the conventional analysis tools used in its application, presented equivalent linearization procedure can be suggested as a practically applicable method for the prediction of inelastic seismic displacement response parameters with sufficient accuracy.

En la presente investigación se realizará el análisis y diseño estructural de una torre de 40 pisos y 4 sótanos de concreto armado siguiendo normas peruanas y el cálculo de desempeño sísmico en el distrito de Santiago de Surco, Lima. Para esto, la hipótesis plantea sí las normas peruanas cumplen con el desempeño sismorresistente deseado para una torre alta como esta. Para un entendimiento progresivo, primero se hará una descripción de la torre alta a estudiar, su arquitectura, estructura, suelo y otros. En la segunda parte se darán los conceptos necesarios para comprender los tipos de análisis lineal estático, lineal dinámico y no lineal estático. Se definirán los materiales, los diagramas momento – rotación también se explicará la obtención de la curva de capacidad del edificio. Se tocarán conceptos de viento y nivel de desempeño. En la tercera parte, se procederá con en análisis sísmico cumpliendo las exigencias de sismorresistencia, también se hará el análisis por viento para comparar ambos efectos. En el capítulo cuarto se procederá a hacer el diseño estructural usando las normas de concreto armado. En el capítulo cinco se hará el análisis por desempeño usando el método pushover para finalmente conseguir los resultados de este proyecto y a las conclusiones de este desarrollo. / In the present investigation, the analysis and structural design of a 40-storey tower and 4 reinforced concrete basements will be carried out following Peruvian regulations and the calculation of seismic performance in the Santiago de Surco district, Lima. For this, the hypothesis states whether the Peruvian standards meet the desired seismic resistance performance for a tall tower like this one. For a progressive understanding, first a description will be made of the tall tower to study, its architecture, structure, soil and others. In the second part, the concepts necessary to understand the types of static linear analysis, dynamic linear analysis and static non-linear analysis will be given. The materials will be defined, the moment - rotation diagrams will also explain the obtaining of the building capacity curve. Wind and performance level concepts will be discussed. In the third part, we will proceed with seismic analysis complying with the seismic resistance requirements, we will also do the wind analysis to compare both effects. In the fourth chapter, the structural design will be carried out using the reinforced concrete standards. In chapter five the performance analysis will be done using the pushover method to finally get the results of this project and the conclusions of this development. / Tesis

Dans le cadre de l'analyse et de la gestion intégrée des risques sismiques, deux approches sont proposées. La première, une méthode pseudo - adaptative de réponse modale (PSA), qui estime la réponse sismique des bâtiments à portiques, avec une précision acceptable et un temps de calcul et d'analyse réduit. En effet, dans le cadre de l'analyse de pushover multimodale (MPA), la courbe de capacité se construit sur la base d'une approche énergétique et le changement des propriétés modales après plastification est évalué à partir des vecteurs de déplacement pendant l'analyse de pushover. L'estimation des réponses en termes de déplacements absolus et relatifs, forces de cisaillement et rotations est satisfaisante comparativement aux résultats d'analyses non linéaires complètes. La seconde approche porte sur l'évaluation post-sismique des dommages structuraux à partir de dommages locaux observés. Elle est fondée sur une relation postulée entre le dommage et la probabilité résiduelle de ruine, à deux niveaux : l'étage et le bâtiment complet. Quatre portiques sont analysés et les résultats sont comparés à une approche mécanique qui estime l'endommagement du système à partir de la perte de raideur de la courbe de capacité. Les résultats obtenus montrent de bonnes estimations du niveau de dommage global. Ainsi, cette approche pourrait bien faire partie d'un outil d'aide à la décision dans le cadre des programmes d'évaluation urbaine des dommages qui requièrent des estimations simultanément rapides et précises / Within the overall framework of seismic risk analysis and management two approaches are presented. First, the Pseudo-Adaptive Uncoupled Modal Response Analysis (PSA) aims to provide improved estimates of seismic response for framed buildings, with an acceptable accuracy and a reduced calculation time duration. It relies on an energy-based equivalent displacement to develop the capacity curve and a pseudo-adaptive feature that considers changes in modal shapes after yielding, within the framework of the widely used Modal Pushover Analysis. According to the results, PSA is able to provide good estimates of structural responses such as displacements, storey drifts, shear forces and rotations, in comparison to a complete Nonlinear Time History Analysis. Second, a strategy for post-seismic evaluation of structural global damage is proposed on the basis of observed local damages and the postulation of adequate relationships between damage and residual probability of failure at two levels: a storey level prior to a building level. Three factors are proposed to reflect the influence of components damage at each of those levels. The obtained results appear as good predictions of the global damage. Accordingly, this strategy has the potential for being a first step within the implementation framework of a decision-making tool for rapid and accurate estimates of structural damages