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Identificação e caracterização de genes de resistência a Pythium dissotocum em arabidopsis e tomateTrivilin, Ana Paula January 2012 (has links)
As plantas expressam diferentes mecanismos de defesa em resposta a patógenos. Em geral, ocorre o reconhecimento de padrões moleculares associados ao patógeno (PAMPs) por receptores específicos das plantas, desencadeando as respostas de defesa através das vias de sinalização mediadas por jasmonato (JA), etileno (ET) e ácido salicílico (AS). Além disso, a descoberta de sinais endógenos como AtPep1 que regulam a expressão de genes de defesa em Arabidopsis thaliana tem auxiliado na compreensão dos mecanismos de defesa. No entanto, os mecanismos de defesa de plantas a patógenos necrotróficos como Pythium spp. são pouco conhecidos. Desta forma, o desenvolvimento de estratégias para identificar e caracterizar genes de resistência à Pythium spp. pode auxiliar na compreensão dos mecanismos de defesa, possibilitando a obtenção de cultivares resistentes. Uma das estratégias empregadas para a identificação de genes de resistência a patógenos do gênero Pythium consistiu na construção de uma biblioteca de cDNAs diferencialmente expressos em A. thaliana susperexpressando AtPROPEP1, que são mais resistentes à P. irregulare e a P. deliense. Paralelamente, foi realizada a busca de um gene ortólogo ao AtPROPEP1 de A. thaliana em diferentes espécies de solanáceas. Outra estratégia utilizada envolveu a avaliação do efeito da aplicação dos hormônios JA e AS e do regulador de crescimento etefon na resistência de plantas de tomate à P. dissotocum. Posteriormente foi realizado o silenciamento dos genes CTR1, ERF1 e SlPROPEP em plantas de tomate a fim de verificar o papel dos mesmos na resistência das plantas à P. dissotocum. Os resultados obtidos na biblioteca subtrativa indicam que A. thaliana superexpressando AtPROPEP1 pode induzir a expressão não somente da defensina PDF1.2, mas também de GRP3, outro gene envolvido na defesa de plantas contra patógenos. Através da busca de ortólogos de AtPROPEP1 em diferentes solanáceas foi possível identificar um ortólogo em Solanum lycopersicum - SlPROPEP. O tratamento com etefon aumentou a resitência das plantas à P. dissotocum comparado com as plantas não tratadas. Este tratamento também induziu a expressão relativa de SlPROPEP, PR-1, PR-5 e da defensina DEF2. Assim como o tratamento com etefon o silenciamento do gene CTR1, que atua como um regulador negativo da via de sinalização de defesa por ET aumentou a resistência das plantas à P. dissotocum. Enquanto que as plantas silenciadas para os genes ERF1 e SlPROPEP foram mais suscetíveis. O silenciamento de SlPROPEP reprimiu a expressão relativa dos genes PR-1, PR-5, ERF1, LOX-D e DEF2 envolvidos na defesa de plantas à patógenos. Estes resultados, em conjunto com o aumento da resistência nas plantas tratadas com etefon, sugerem que a via de sinalização de ET atua na resistência de tomate à P. dissotocum sendo que esta resistência possivelmente é mediada por SlPROPEP. / Plants express different defense mechanisms in response to pathogens. In general, specific receptors in plants reconize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), triggering the response defenses by signaling pathways mediated by jasmonate (JA), ethylene (ET) and salicylic acid (SA). Furthermore, the discovery of endogenous signals, as AtPep1, which regulate defense genes expression in Arabidopsis thaliana, has aided the understanding of the defense mechanisms. However, the defense mechanisms of plants to necrotrophic pathogens such as Pythium spp. are poorly known. Thus, development of strategies to identify and characterize the resistance genes to Pythium spp. can help the understand of defense mechanisms, allowing the obtainance of resistant cultivars. One of the strategies used for the identification of resistance genes to pathogens within the genus Pythium consisted to construct a cDNA library of differentially expressed genes in plants overexpressing AtPROPEP1, which are more resistant to P. irregulare and P. deliense. Simultaneously, a search for orthologous genes to AtPROPEP1 from A. thaliana in different species of Solanaceae was performed. Another strategy used involved the evaluation of application of JA and AS and of the growth regulator ethephon on the resistance of tomato plants to P. dissotocum. Then, the silencing of the genes CTR1, ERF1 and SlPROPEP was performed in tomato plants in order to check the role of the tomato resistance to P. dissotocum. The results obtained from subtractive cDNA library indicate that A. thaliana plants overexpressing AtPROPEP1 may induce expression not only of the PDF1.2 defensin but also the GRP3 expression, another gene involved in plant defense against pathogens. By the search for orthologous genes to AtPROPEP1 in different species of Solanaceae was possible to identify an ortholog in Solanum lycopersicum - SlPROPEP. The ethephon treatment increased resistance of plants to P. dissotocum compared to untreated plants. This treatment also induced the expression of SlPROPEP, PR-1, PR-5 and DEF2 defensin. As ethephon treatment, the silencing of CTR1 gene, which acts as a negative regulator of defense signaling pathway by ET, increased plant resistance to P. dissotocum. Whereas the plants containing ERF1 and SlPROPEP genes silenced were more susceptible. SlPROPEP silencing repressed the relative expression of the genes PR-1, PR-5, ERF1, LOX-D e DEF2 involved in plant defense to pathogens. These results, together with increased resistance in the plants treated with ethephon, suggest that ET signaling pathway acts in tomato to resistance P. dissotocum and this resistance is likely mediated by SlPROPEP.
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Mechanisms of biological control of the damping-off fungus, Pythium ultimum, by binucleate RhizoctoniaSiwek, K. January 1996 (has links) (PDF)
Bibliography: leaves 162-198. This thesis investigates the mechanism(s) involved in the protection of Capsicum seedlings by two isolates of BNR against the damping-off fungus, P.u. sporangiiferum. Emphasis is placed on ecological attributes of the antagonists in relation to the pathogen, in conditions resembling those of the nursery environment for which biological control is intended. It is proposed that competition for resources, such as the host tissues with exudate-rich infection sites and the organic residue in the potting mix, is the principal factor influencing the interactions between P.u. sporangiiferum and BNR. It is also suggested that BNR isolates employ at least three strategies to exert competitive advantage over P.U. sporangiiferum. It is postulated that the ability of BNR to capture and utilise resources, in the presence of a potential competitor, is the principal attribute of these biocontrol agents that brings about a sucessful control of P.u. sporangiiferum in nursery potting mix.
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Evaluating the effectiveness of two Trichoderma species as biological control agents against damping-off caused by Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. in cucumber seedlings and microgreen table beetsCollins, Christine Meredith. January 2009 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Delaware, 2009. / Principal faculty advisor: Wallace G. Pill, Dept. of Plant & Soil Sciences. Includes bibliographical references.
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Factors influencing disease development and volatile production by Fusarium sambucinum and Pythium ultimum in stored potatoesLui, Leung Hong, 1952- January 2001 (has links)
Tubers of Russet Burbank were surface disinfested and 3 mm diameter by 3 mm deep wounds were made with cork borer. The holes were inoculated with 20muL of 104 macroconidia/ml suspension of (Fusarium sambucinum) or 20muL of 104 sporangia/ml suspension (Pythium ultimum) and incubated under mist. For infection studies, the inoculated tubers were exposed to 0--48 h of mist at 4--20ºC, dried and stored at 16ºC and 95% RH in growth chamber with forced air for 15 d (F. sambucinum), whereas stored at 12ºC and 95% RH for 30 d (P. ultimum). For lesion expansion studies tubers exposed to 24 h wet at 16ºC were stored in growth chambers at 4, 8, 12, and 16ºC for 15--90 d. At the end of storage tubers were cut and the volume of diseased area was measured. Models explained 94.2% of the variation in infection and 99.7% in lesion expansion for F. sambucinum . Whereas, models explained 96.7% of the variation in infection and 99.6% lesion expansion for P. ultimum. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Mechanisms of biological control of the damping-off fungus, Pythium ultimum, by binucleate Rhizoctonia / by K. Siwek.Siwek, K. January 1996 (has links)
Bibliography: leaves 162-198. / x, 198 leaves, [12] leaves of plates : ill. [some col.] ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This thesis investigates the mechanism(s) involved in the protection of Capsicum seedlings by two isolates of BNR against the damping-off fungus, P.u. sporangiiferum. Emphasis is placed on ecological attributes of the antagonists in relation to the pathogen, in conditions resembling those of the nursery environment for which biological control is intended. It is proposed that competition for resources, such as the host tissues with exudate-rich infection sites and the organic residue in the potting mix, is the principal factor influencing the interactions between P.u. sporangiiferum and BNR. It is also suggested that BNR isolates employ at least three strategies to exert competitive advantage over P.U. sporangiiferum. It is postulated that the ability of BNR to capture and utilise resources, in the presence of a potential competitor, is the principal attribute of these biocontrol agents that brings about a sucessful control of P.u. sporangiiferum in nursery potting mix. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, 1997
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Lutte contre Pythium ultimum chez la tomate de serre : une approche microbienne /Gravel, Valérie. January 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2007. / Bibliogr.: f. 120-138. Publié aussi en version électronique dans la Collection Mémoires et thèses électroniques.
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The biology of Pythium ultimum trow in an irrigated pea field.Bainbridge, Alexander. January 1966 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Plant Pathology, 1966. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references.
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Action of fluorescent pseudomonads against seedling diseases in cucumber caused by Pythium ultimum (Trow) and Rhizoctonia solani KühnSalman, Mazen N. A. January 2007 (has links)
Zugl.: Hohenheim, Univ., Diss., 2007
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Pythium insidiosum: avaliação de imunoterápicos para eqüinos, utilizando-se coelhos como modelo experimental.Santúrio, Jânio Morais January 2004 (has links)
A pitiose é uma doença granulomatosa, tendo como agente etiológico Pythium insidiosum De Cock, 1987, que atinge eqüinos, provocando quadro infeccioso na pele e tecido subcutâneo , caninos com apresentação gastrintestinal e cutânea , bovinos com doença cutânea , felinos e humanos, com quadro clinico de arterite, queratite e celulite periorbital. Esta enfermidade é mais prevalente em áreas tropicais, subtropicais ou temperadas. Também animais silvestres podem se infectar pela doença. O gênero Pythium pertence ao Reino Stramenopila, Filo Oomycota, cujos membros caracterizam-se por produção de zoósporos biflagelados durante a reprodução assexuada. O desenvolvimento de pitiose experimental nas espécies naturalmente infectadas não foi ainda relatado, mas os coelhos são sensíveis à inoculação de zoósporos e podem ser usados como modelo experimental para estudo da pitiose. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de 3 processos de produção de imunoterápicos contra pitiose, produzidos a partir do cultivo e posterior maceração ou sonicação, em coelhos infectados experimentalmente com 17.500 zoósporos do oomiceto Pythium insidiosum (cepa CBS 101555). Todos os coelhos foram inoculados com zoósporos 1 mês antes da aplicação dos imunoterápicos. Para avaliação dos imunoterápicos, os coelhos que desenvolveram lesões foram divididos em 4 grupos de 5 animais: Grupo 1 – Tratado com placebo; grupo 2 – tratado com o imunoterápico sonicado; grupo 3 – tratado com o imunoterápico misto e o grupo 4 - Imunoterápico macerado mecanicamente. Todos os animais receberam 8 doses do imonoterápico ou placebo com intervalos de 14 dias. Um mês após a inoculação dos zoósporos móveis, foram iniciadas as medições das áreas inoculadas. Os resultados indicaram que o imunoterápico macerado, utilizado no grupo 4, foi estatisticamente (P<0.001) mais eficiente que os demais, diminuindo em até 71,8% a área dos nódulos provocados pelo Pythium insidiosum, após 26 semanas de avaliação. Neste período 2 coelhos deste grupo foram curados. Os animais do Grupo 2 que receberam o imunoterápico sonicado, não mostraram nenhuma reação, detectando-se aumento de até 221% no tamanho das lesões. Nos coelhos do grupo 3, imunoterápico misto, houve aumento das lesões em 50%. A provável causa deste insucesso com o grupo 2, está na desnaturação dos antígenos protetores através dos processos de sonicação. Os dados gerados nesta tese podem inferir que, futuramente, novas perspectivas se abrem para o estudo da pitiose e seu controle.
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Vliv biologické ochrany rostlin na produkci sekundárních metabolitů Papaver somniferum IV. / Influence of plant biological protection on production of secondary metabolites of Papaver somniferum IV.Veselá, Tereza January 2018 (has links)
Vesela T.: Influence of plant biological control on production of secondary metabolites of Papaver somniferum IV. Diploma thesis, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Department of pharmaceutical botany, Hradec Kralove 2018. In the experimental part of the thesis was studied the influence of plant biological control on the production of the main pharmaceutically usable secondary metabolites of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). The contents of alkaloids morphine, codeine, thebain, papaverine and narcotine were monitored in the capsules and stems. Two poppy varieties, Orbis and Lazur, were selected for the experiment. Half of the plots were treated with the fungicidal biopreparate Polyversum, containing the germinable spores of oomycete Pythium oligandrum. Pythium oligandrum directly attacks the fungal pathogens. It also uses indirect control mechanisms, induces resistance in plants and promotes their growth. The remaining untreated plots served as a reference check. The extract was prepared from the individual samples. Subsequent analysis was performed using high performance liquid chromatography. The results show no positive effect of treatment on the content of all quantified alkaloids in poppy straw. Biosynthesis of alkaloids and Pythium oligandrum activity can be...
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