<p>The goal with our research has been to describe how often and in what way female athletes are represented in the sport section in Sweden’s biggest evening newspaper Aftonbladet. The material we’ve used are the newspapers that we collected during two weeks in 2008, the 3^rd of November to the 9^th of November and the 11^th of November to the 17^th of November. We’ve conduced two qualitative researches – a text analysis and an image analysis – and one quantitative analysis on our material. We’ve based our analysis on, among others, theories on the sportmediacomplex, critique feministic analysis and normative theory.</p><p>       In these articles women are designed into four different stereotypes. We’ve chosen to call them the star, the victim, the sensation and the absent. On the basis on our theories we believe that these four stereotypes are creating more sexism and in that way they are contributing to the suppressing of women as a whole.</p><p>       Our quantitative analysis shows that men occur more frequent on the sport pages than women. Almost nine of ten of the articles in Sportbladet are about men and male athletes. We believe that in this way Sportbladet contributes to the invisibilisation of female athletes and further more to the discrimination of women.</p>

The goal of this work has been to evaluate the different experimental techniques used for quantitative analysis of multi-phase materials systems. Powder based specimens containing two-phases, austenite and ferrite , were fabricated and quantified. The volume fraction of ferrite varied from 2 Vol% to 50 Vol%. X ray powder diffraction (XRD) measurements were based on two peak analysis. Computer based software Topas was used for quantitative analysis, which is believed to be the most advanced in this field. XRD results were found within the absolute limit of +/- 4% of given ferrite volume fraction. Volume fraction as low as 2 Vol% was successfully detected and quantified using XRD. However, high statistical error was observed in case of low volume fraction, such as 2 Vol% and 5 Vol% ferrite volume fraction. Magnetic balance (MB) measurements were performed to determine the volume fraction of magnetic phase, ferrite. MB results were found in good agreement with given volume fractions. As low as 2 Vol% volume fraction was detected and quantified with MB. MB results were within the absolute limit of +/- 4% of given ferrite volume fraction. Image analysis (IA) was performed after proper sample preparation as required by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mode of Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). IM results were found within the absolute limit of +/- 2 % of given ferrite volume fraction. However, high statistical error was observed in case of 2 Vol% volume fraction.

Tellurium is one of the rarest metals in the earth’s crust. Increased demand for cadmium telluride photovoltaic cells along with an opaque pricing and quantity-reporting system, have recently caused high price volatility and a speculative bubble in the tellurium market, resulting in overstocking and depressed prices. In a longer perspective this may be a threat to cadmium telluride photovoltaics as a power-generating technology. This master thesis compares how actors may perceive news innovation in the opaque tellurium market compared to the more transparent molybdenum market. A quantitative analysis of industry news reporting on the two metals, combined with a SVAR impulse response analysis, helps me determine which actors and factors exert most influence on spot market prices. In the opaque tellurium market, relatively unreliable proxies of supply and demand are most frequent in the news reporting while having a big impact on prices, whereas the transparent molybdenum market uses more reliable variables – such as futures prices – and transparent supply information, whilst also relying on a frequent stream of dependable proxies to scope market sentiments. My findings lead me to recommend policy makers to implement measures to increase market transparency, which may be accomplished by extending the data-sharing regime of the REACH database to minor metal markets. Attempting to limit speculation in minor metal markets is perhaps too blunt a tool to fix an inherent problem of a free exchange-pricing mechanism. / Tellur är en av de mest sällsynta metallerna på Jorden. Ökad efterfrågan av kadmiumtelluridsolpaneler har nyligen orsakat stor volatilitet på tellurmarknaden. Ett opakt prissättnings-och kvantitetsrapporteringssystem har bidragit till att en prisbubbla bildats och spruckit, vilket resulterat i att marknadsaktörer köpt på sig stora lager till höga priser som de sedan inte kunnat sälja vidare. I ett längre perspektiv kan detta innebära begränsningar vid tillverkning av solcellsteknologi baserad på kadmiumtellurid, då ett volatilt pris kan göra nya tellurgruvprojekt alltför riskabla. Denna masteruppsats jämför hur en typisk marknadsaktör kan reagera på prisinnovationer i den opaka tellurmarkanden och den mer transparenta molybdenmarknaden. Metoden består av en kvantitativ analys av facknyheter rörande de två metallerna, varifrån variabler väljs till en SVAR modell med impuls-responsanalys. Urvalet av variabler är få och volatila på den opaka tellurmarknaden, medan den mer transparenta molybdenmarknaden har ett större utbud av variabler som kännetecknas av god transparens och relativ förutsägbarhet. Mina slutsatser leder mig till att rekommendera beslutsfattare att vidta åtgärder för att öka tellurmarknadens transparens genom EU-samarbetet, förslagsvis genom att göra anonymiserad data från REACH databasen tillgänglig för allmänheten. Samtidigt avråder jag från åtgärder som syftar till att minska spekulation, då implementering av en sådan policy kan bli både dyr och komplicerad.

<p>Cellular dynamics arise from intricate interactions among diverse components, such as metabolites, RNAs, and proteins. An in-depth understanding of these interactions requires an integrated approach to the investigation of biological systems. This task can benefit from a combination of mathematical modeling and experimental validations, which is becoming increasingly indispensable for basic and applied biological research. </p> <p>Utilizing a combination of modeling and experimentation, we investigate mammalian cell cycle entry. We begin our investigation by making predictions with a mathematical model, which is constructed based on the current knowledge of biology. To test these predictions, we develop experimental platforms for validations, which in turn can be used to further refine the model. Such iteration of model predictions and experimental validations has allowed us to gain an in-depth understanding of the cell cycle entry dynamics. </p> <p>In this dissertation, we have focused on the Myc-Rb-E2F signaling pathway and its associated pathways, dysregulation of which is associated with virtually all cancers. Our analyses of these signaling pathways provide insights into three questions in biology: 1) regulation of the restriction point (R-point) in cell cycle entry, 2) regulation of the temporal dynamics in cell cycle entry, and 3) post-translational regulation of Myc by its upstream signaling pathways. The well-studied pathways can serve as a foundation for perturbations and tight control of cell cycle entry dynamics, which may be useful in developing cancer therapeutics. </p> <p>We conclude by demonstrating how a combination of mathematical modeling and experimental validations provide mechanistic insights into the regulatory networks in cell cycle entry.</p> / Dissertation

novel ozone-assisted aerobic sludge digestion process to stabilize and decrease the amount of excess sludge produced during biological treatment is presented in this study. Excess sludge production is a well known burden for the treatment plants both legally and financially. Moreover, with the arise in the knowledge in recalcitrant compounds it is understood that it can act as a significant secondary pollutant. With the developed pulse ozonation method, waste activated sludge samples from Ankara Tatlar and other Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) were ozonated for different periods in Erlenmeyer flasks once a day on each of four consecutive days. Flasks were continuously aerated between ozone applications on an orbital shaker. The MLVSS, MLSS, COD and OUR parameters were measured routinely during the course of four days of digestion in order to optimize the process. Also pH, CST(capillary suction time) and SVI (sludge volume index) were followed. As a result MLVSS reductions of up to 95% were achieved with an ozone dose of only 0.0056 kg O3/kg-initial MLSS, at the end of the fourth day. In another experimental set, ozone dose was increased on the last day in order to destroy the selected endocrine disrupting compounds, namely diltiazem, carbamazepine, butyl benzyl phthalate and acetaminophen and two natural hormones estrone and progesterone, which accumulated onto the sludge. Over 99% removal of these contaminants were achieved on the fourth day. The analyses were conducted by using LC(ESI) MS/MS after solid phase extraction (SPE). By this process it became possible to save on contact time, as well as achieving a bio-solids digestion far exceeding the standard aerobic process at the expense of a minimum of ozone dose with the additional micropollutants removal. The developed process is deemed superior over side-stream ozonation of activated sludge in that it does not cause any reduction in active biomass amount that should be maintained in the aeration tank.

Ο βασικός στόχος της συγκεκριμένης διατριβής ήταν να εξεταστεί η δυνατότητα της τεχνικής LIBS όσον σφορά την ταχεία ποιοτική και ποσοτική ανάλυση της μεταλλουργικής σκωρίας (σε στερεή και υγρή μορφή) σε εργαστηριακή και βιομηχανική κλίμακα. Η τεχνική εφαρμόστηκε αρχικά σε καθαρά μέταλλα και έπειτα σε πρότυπα δείγματα τα οποία περιείχαν τα αντίστοιχα στοιχεία σε μήτρα CaO. Μελετήθηκαν τα χαρακτηριστικά του πλάσματος που παράγεται από παλμούς διάρκειας των τάξεων nsec και psec. Η θερμοκρασία πλάσματος και η ηλεκτρονική πυκνότητα μειώνονται παρόμοια ενώ υπολογίστηκαν ελαφρώς υψηλότερες τιμές στην περίπτωση του ns λέιζερ. Οι καμπύλες βαθμονόμησης έδειξαν πως η ευαισθησία της μεθόδου παραμένει σχεδόν η ίδια ανεξαρτήτως της διάρκειας παλμού. Τα όρια ανίχνευσης κυμάνθηκαν στην τάξη μερικών μερών του εκατομμυρίου (ppm). Στη συνέχεια μελετήθηκαν οι δυνατότητες της τεχνικής για on-line ανάλυση της σκωρίας. Ο δυνατότητες της τεχνικής εξαρτώνται κυρίως από τον λόγο (κρατήρας λέιζερ, ΚΛ)/(μέγεθος σχηματιζόμενης φάσης, ΜΣΦ), οι επιφανειακές ανωμαλίες στην στερεοποιημένη σκωρία καθώς και από την κατανομή του κάθε στοιχείου στην μήτρα. Διαπιστώθηκε πως ο βαθμός ανομοιογένειας της σκωρίας δεν επιδρά σημαντικά στην ακρίβεια της μεθόδου όταν ο λόγος ΚΛ/ΜΣΦ είναι μεγάλος. Σημαντική παράμετρος αποτελεί το γεγονός εάν τα στοιχεία βρίσκονται κατανεμημένα στην μήτρα της σκωρίας ή σε κάποια κρυσταλλική φάση. Η επίδραση των επιφανειακών ανωμαλιών στην ακρίβεια της μεθόδου μειώθηκε με την θραύση και πελλετοποίηση της σκωρίας αλλά, κυρίως για τα στοιχεία τα οποία βρίσκονται κατανεμημένα στην μήτρα της σκωρίας, προτείνεται η αποφυγή της πελλετοποίησης για ανάλυση με χρήση της μεθόδου LIBS. Η ακρίβεια της τεχνικής εξαρτάται σε μεγάλο βαθμό από τα πρότυπα δείγματα που θα χρησιμοποιηθούν για την κατασκευή των καμπύλων βαθμονόμησης. Οι καμπύλες βαθμονόμησης της υγρής σκωρίας εμφάνισαν ικανοποιητική γραμμική εξάρτηση μεταξύ της έντασης των γραμμών εκπομπής των στοιχείων με τις αντίστοιχες συγκεντρώσεις ενώ παρατηρήθηκε μικρή αύξηση όσον αφορά τις τιμές των εντάσεων της υγρής σκωρίας σε σχέση με αυτές της στερεάς σκωρίας κάτω από τις ίδιες πειραματικές συνθήκες. Επίσης παρατηρήθηκε μεγαλύτερη διαπλάτυνση στις γραμμές κάποιων στοιχείων στην υγρή σκωρία. Για συγκεντρώσεις >4-5% παρατηρήθηκε επίσης αύξηση στην κλίση των καμπύλων για την περίπτωση της υγρής σκωρίας. Τέλος, κάθε στοιχείο συμπεριφέρεται διαφορετικά σε σχέση με τα υπόλοιπα, από δείγμα σε δείγμα αλλά και από φάση σε φάση. / To investigate the ability of LIBS technique considering the rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of metallurgic slag was the main objective of the particular thesis. Firstly, the LIBS technique applied on pure metals and then on samples containing the same metals in CaO matrix and the time-resolved characteristics of the plasmas produced by nsec and psec pulses were studied. Both the plasma temperature and electron density are decaying similarly and the space-averaged values determined in the nanosecond case are slightly higher than for the picosecond one. Moreover, the calibration curves obtained, show that the inherent sensitivity of the technique remains almost unaltered independently of the pulse duration. The detection limits were found to be few ppm. Then, the potentiality of LIBS method for quantitative on-line, multi-element slag analysis on plant scale was examined. Further, in order to examine more closely the produced slag, slag samples were analysed in the laboratory. The measurements were performed on solidified slag samples in a pelletized form and on as delivered solidified slag samples. The limits of the accuracy of this technique depend mainly on the laser spot/phase size ratio, the level of surface abnormalities and the distribution of each element in the matrix. The non-homogeneity level of the slag product seems to be not important in LIBS analysis, when the above ratio is quite large. It is of great importance whether the element is embedded in the matrix or in a specific crystallized phase. The influence of surface abnormalities is reduced in the case of pressed slag, but primarily for the elements distributed in the matrix, fragmentation of the slag should be avoided. The accuracy of LIBS quantitative slag analysis is strongly dependent on the standard samples that are used Regarding the liquid slag analysis, the calibration curves presented satisfactory linear dependence between the intensity of analytic lines with the corresponding concentrations while the intensity values of liquid slag appeared to be relatively increased with regard to the intensity values of solid slag under the same experimental conditions. Widening phenomena were characterized the lines of certain elements in liquid slag. For concentrations >4-5% an increased slope in calibration curves of liquid slag was observed. Finally, it was observed that each element behaves in a different way from sample in sample but also from phase in phase.

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Title of work: Comparison of Czech and Spanish team performance indicators in the Women's European Championship in 2017. Objectives of Thesis: The aim of the thesis is to compare indicators of the team game performance of Team Czech republic and Spanish. On the basis of this comparison will be a confrontation of both teams after the match and find differences in their game performance. Methods of work: The main method of the thesis is quantitative analysis of 8 selected video game between Team Czech republic, Spanish and their rivals. The video will be recorded by observing the characteristics of the game and then had to compare the participating teams. Results of work: The results should show probable causes of wins and losses in selected games. Key words: basketball, team game performance, quantitative analysis of the video, charakteristics, diferences, result.

This diploma thesis analyses the divorce rate in the Czech Republic after the year 1989. The first chapter is devoted to the definition of basic terms. Divorce is the legal dissolution of marriage during the life of spouses. Divorce is the dissolving of the bonds of matrimony between a married couple under the rule of law. Divorce is a social phenomenon reflecting the family stability, there is a transformation of traditional behavioural patterns, moral criteria and economic incentives. Since 1989 till present the divorce rate in the Czech Republic is at a high level. The second chapter of the theoretical part evaluates the development and current situation of divorce rate in our country. It is divided into three subsections: Influencing factors of divorce, causes of divorce and divorce rates in Europe. The aim of this diploma thesis is the evaluation of the development of causes of the divorce in the Czech population, capturing the specifics of the development of divorce in the new socio - economic conditions after 1989. With regard to the objective of the diploma thesis I set three hypotheses. Hypothesis 1: Compared with other EU countries in the Czech Republic the divorce rate persists at a high level after 1989. Hypothesis 2: The divorce rate varies by region in the Czech Republic. It is the highest in regions undergoing restructuring of the economy, with high unemployment rate and social problems. Hypothesis 3: The divorce rate is high in big cities and on the contrary low in traditional, predominantly, rural regions with a stable population. I conducted a quantitative research in the form of data analysis. The main source of the data was the Czech Statistical Office and Eurostat. I have analysed and compared the data which reveal the divorce rate in the Czech Republic and the EU in 2011 and the development of divorce from the year 1989. The data were analysed by correlation and spatial analysis and to compare the data I used the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results show that the divorce rate in the Czech Republic in comparison with other EU countries after 1989 remains at a high level. Crude divorce rate since 1989 is around 3.0 divorces per 1000 inhabitants, which represents one of the highest divorce rates among EU countries. The divorce rate in the Czech Republic was one of the few demographic processes that were the least affected by the economic and social transformations after 1989. According to the results of the data analysis for the year 2011 I have verified, that the divorce rate in the Czech Republic is territorially differentiated, varies in different regions, cities and rural areas. High crude divorce rate is in districts undergoing restructuring of the economy and as a result there is a high rate of unemployment and social problems are emerging. The highest divorce rate in 2011 was in Česká Lípa. Conversely, the lowest crude divorce rate is the less populated districts, with a stable population and a high proportion of religious people. In 2011, the lowest crude divorce rate was in the district of Jihlava. Religion had the most statistically significant effect on the divorce rate. In districts with a higher proportion of religious people the crude divorce rate is lower than in districts with a lower proportion of religious people.

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