La fiabilité du logiciel, c’est-à-dire sa capacité à produire les fonctionnalités attendues, est essentielle au succès des projets de développement logiciel. Afin de garantir cette fiabilité, les développeurs ont pour objectif de réduire le nombre de bogues présents dans le code source du logiciel.Une des techniques ayant pour but d’aider les développeurs dans cette tâche est l’utilisation de métriques logicielles, et notamment de métriques liées au procédé de développement.L’objectif général de cette thèse est de contribuer à la validation de métriques de procédé en étudiant leur relation avec la fiabilité. Ces métriques, une fois validées, pourront être utilisées dans des modèles de prédiction de bogues ayant pour but de mieux orienter les efforts de maintenance des développeurs ou pourront permettre de mettre en place des lignes de conduite relatives au procédé de développement. Devant l’étendue de ce domaine, nous avons centré nos contributions sur un aspect du procédé de développement qui est l’organisation des développeurs et avons observé cette organisation dans des projets open-source.En parallèle de la validation de ces métriques, nous avons contribué à l’amélioration de la méthodologie permettant l’extraction et l’analyse de métriques, grâce aux informations contenues dans les dépôts logiciels. / Reliability of a software, i.e. its capacity to produce the expected behaviour, is essential to the success of software projects. To ensure such reliability, developers need to reduce the amount of bugs in the source code of the software. One of the techniques available to help developers in this task is the use of software metrics, and especially metrics related to the development process.The general objective of this thesis is to contribute to the validation of process metrics, by studying their relationship with software reliability. These metrics, once validated, can be used in bug predictionmodels with the goal to guide maintenance efforts or can be used to create development guidelines. Given the extent of this domain, we chose to focus on one particular aspect of the development process, which is developers organisation, and we studied this organisation in open-source software projects.In parallel to the validation of process metrics, we contributed to the improvement of the methodology used to extract and analyse metrics, thanks to information available in software repositories.

Pea growers have much at stake in getting high yields of peas of prime quality. The income accruing from a pea crop grown for processors is determined by the yield as well as quality. Therefore the farmers' efforts are directed toward growing such a crop. Research workers are interested in knowing the yield of peas with known tenderometer values which will indicate the quality of peas. Present methods of field harvesting are costly and time consuming which tend to limit the number of varieties that can be satisfactorily evaluated for trial. A comparison of sampling techniques with present harvesting methods would determine whether or not a sampling technique could be used to obtain the yield and quality evaluation without harvesting the entire plot. Because of errors in vining peas, large plots are required to make evaluation of yields. If a sampling technique would be satis­factory, the field plots could be much reduced in size which would result in a saving in the cost of the trials. In addition, data were collected on the performance of five commerrcial varieties of peas in Utah. Thus the objectives of the investigation were as follows: 1.To determine how good an estimate can be obtained by taking a sample of the crop in comparison with the complete harvest. 2. To indicate what size of sample is practical and economically plausible. 3. To test the performance of five commercial pea varieties.

Contemporary cities face many challenges, none the least from an urban planning perspective. Global climate change and urbanization is putting pressures on planning for combatting and adapting to, e.g., a warmer climate and an increased need for housing in already dense environments. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of residents’ opinions and preferences regarding various aspects of city livability and sustainability. Two of the papers discuss energy-efficient housing and two the identity/soul of the city and its neighborhoods. The papers are empirically oriented and rest on relatively large quantitative materials of Swedish data. The database used in the first two articles contains around 77,000 observations of single-family homes. The residential survey used in the two final papers was sent to a random sample of 6,600 residents in four cities, resulting in 2,573 respondents. Regression is the primary analytical method and the results indicate a preference for sustainable housing, in terms of a price premium on heat pumps (attributes that both reduce the energy consumption and are easily observed in the house). It is further suggested that the perception of a strong city/neighborhood soul is linked to positive relations to the city and to positive perceptions of its physical characteristics. In particular, feelings of attachment, belonging, and pride as well as perceptions of aesthetics, arts, and symbols, seem to be linked to a strong city/neighborhood soul. The presented research contributes to related literature through providing insight to Swedish residents’ preferences and opinions concerning energy-efficient housing and the city/neighborhood soul. It is shown that a citizen perspective based on carefully designed databases and appropriate analytical tools can be used by planners to gain new insights supporting urban livability and sustainability efforts. / <p>QC 20171004</p>

Bakgrund: Personer med demens är en snabbt växande patientgrupp både i Sverige och runt om i världen där siffran förväntas stiga till 152 miljoner personer världen över till år 2050. Sjukdomen är irreversibel och upp till 90% av alla med demens upplever någon gång under sjukdomsförloppet beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom (BPSD) i olika former som till exempel aggression eller depression. Terapeutisk djurkontakt har visat sig minska stress hos studenter och även minskat ensamheten hos äldre med hjälp av icke-verbala kommunikation. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka vilken evidens som finns för att terapeutisk djurkontakt påverkar beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom hos personer med demenssjukdom. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie med inriktning på terapeutisk djurkontakt inom behandling av demens. Databassökningen genomfördes med blocksökningar i CINAHL, PubMed samt PsycINFO. Litteraturstudien baseras på elva empiriska studier med kvantitativ ansats som fokuserar på terapeutisk djurkontakt och demens. Artiklarna har kvalitetsgranskats av författarna. Resultat: Det fanns bristande evidens för att terapeutisk djurkontakt påverkar BPSD på grund av stora skillnader i artiklarnas resultat. Fyra teman påträffades i studierna som fokuserade på Depression, Aggression och agiterat beteende, Sociala interaktioner och apati samt Påverkan på generellt beteende. Konklusion: Trots att terapeutisk djurkontakt har använts tidigare baserat på beprövad erfarenhet, kan denna litteraturstudie inte hitta ett samstämmigt svar på om terapeutisk djurkontakt verkligen påverkar BPSD. / Background: People with dementia is a fast growing group of patients in Sweden as well as the rest of the world, the number is expected to increase to 152 million people worldwide in 2050. The disease is irreversible and up to 90% of all people with dementia will experience behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPSD) in different forms like aggression or depression during the course of the disease. Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) has shown effect in relieving stress among students, it has also shown a decrease in loneliness among elderly trough animals unique non-verbal communication. Aim: The aim with this literature review was to explore if there is existing evidence that animal-assisted therapy has an impact on behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Method: The study was conducted as a literature review with a quantitative approach with focus on animal-assisted therapy as a treatment for BPSD. The literature review was based on eleven empirical studies who share relevant content from the search that were made in CINAHL, PubMed and PsycINFO. The articles were quality reviewed by the authors. Results: There were lacking evidence that AAT had an effect on BPSD based on the differences in the articles findings. Four themes were developed from the studies and had focus on Depression, Aggression and agitated behaviors, Social interactions and apathy and General impact on behaviors which were not defined as aggression and depression. Conclusion: Despite the previous use of animal-assisted therapy based on previous experiences, this literature review did not find a unanimous answer to whether AAT affects BPSD among people with dementia.

Submitted by Priscilla Araujo (priscilla@ibict.br) on 2016-08-11T15:30:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) tese roberto.pdf: 3651928 bytes, checksum: 2a123aadbb2f595fff0a1e4e75477f85 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-11T15:30:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) tese roberto.pdf: 3651928 bytes, checksum: 2a123aadbb2f595fff0a1e4e75477f85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Pesquisa, de natureza documental-descritiva e exploratória, que buscou identificar as origens, desenvolvimento e principais correntes relacionadas aos estudos métricos, e de disciplinas correlatas ligadas a comunicação científica e políticas de investimentos nos setores em Ciência e Tecnologia, produzidos na antiga União Soviética e na Rússia pós-comunista, entre a década de 1960 aos primeiros anos do século XXI. A pesquisa objetivou discutir a contribuição e consistência do campo russo/soviético para com essas disciplinas. Para isso, o presente estudo focou sua análise na produção bibliográfica dos pesquisadores Vasily Nalimov, Gennady Dobrov, Alexander Mikhailov, na realidade da ex-União Soviética, e Valentina Markusova, relacionada à realidade russa. Inicialmente foi realizado estudo histórico sobre a construção, consolidação e desenvolvimento dos setores em Ciência e Tecnologia na URSS e na Rússia pós-comunista, contextualizando a realidade onde os estudos métricos foram desenvolvidos nesses países. Posteriormente, foi realizado levantamento sobre a evolução dos estudos bibliométricos e cientométricos na URSS e Rússia, traçando paralelo com os estudos relacionados as disciplinas Sociologia da ciência, Filosofia da ciência e História da ciência. Por fim, a tese dedicou-se ao estudo das ideias dos autores identificados como produtivos ou líderes de determinadas correntes, além de importantes para o desenvolvimento dos estudos de metrias na antiga URSS e Rússia, a partir do final dos anos 1950. A presente pesquisa conclui que, baseado na análise das ideias de Nalimov, Dobrov, Mikhailov e Markusova, os cenários soviético e russo ligados aos estudos métricos possuiu consistência e continuidade, apesar de problemas advindos das políticas impostas pelo partido comunista, durante a existência da URSS, e da instabilidade econômica sofrida pela Rússia pós-comunista. Percebeu-se também que outros levantamentos e análises podem ser realizados em pesquisas futuras aprofundando temas apresentados nesse trabalho. / Research, using exploratory and document-descriptive methods, identifying the origins, development and principal fields of research related to the quantitative and bibliometric studies - and related disciplines on communication science and Science and Technology policies - produced in the Soviet Union and post communist Russia, between the 1960s until the first years of the 21th century. This research tries to identify the consistence of Soviet and Russian bibliographic production on these disciplines. The focus on this study will be on the ideas of soviet researchers Alexander Mikhailov, Gennady Dobrov and Vasily Nalimov, in the USSR reality, and Valentina Markusova, related to the bibliographic production in post soviet Russia. Initially, it was made a historical analysis about the construction and development of Science and Technology sectors in the Soviet Union and Russia, showing the backgrounds where the bibliometric studies was produced in these countries. Later, it was made an analysis about the evolution of bibliometric and scientometric studies in the USSR and Russia, with parallel with fields considered important to the development of these disciplines as, for example, History of Science, Philosophy of Science and Sociology of Science. In the end, the research analyzed the bibliographical production of researchers, related to the bibliometric and quantitative studies in the USSR and Russia, considered important to the consolidation of these disciplines in these countries in the 1950s and 1960s, and after the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. This research identifies that, based on Nalimov, Dobrov, Mikhailov and Markusova production, the Soviet and Russian bibliometric and scientometric scenarios have consistence and, despite the problems related to an authoritarian policy imposed by the communist party, and the economic instability on the capitalist transition in Russia, continuity. It was also noted the possibility of other surveys and studies based on this research.

Orientation: The employee engagement approach has been utilised to combat burnout in both private and public sector institutions. With increasing research, selfperceived employability is gaining popularity as an effective tool to reduce burnout in the contemporary world of work. Knowledge of the relationship between these three constructs is therefore important for public sector institutions and researchers in industrial and organisational psychology in South Africa. Research purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between burnout, employee engagement and self-perceived employability amongst employees in the South African public sector. Motivation for study: Numerous studies have highlighted the prevalence of poor service delivery in public sector institutions as linked to employees feeling disconnected from their work as a result of numerous burnout symptoms. A plethora of studies have emphasised the significance of employee engagement in reducing burnout. With increasing research, focus has also been on the employability construct as a tool to manage burnout in the ever-changing working environment and the labour market. Both employee engagement and self-perceived employability have been utilised as approaches to reduce burnout amongst employees. However, the relationship between these three constructs is unknown, and therefore the findings of this study will be crucial for both public sector institutions and researchers in industrial and organisational psychology in South Africa. Research design, approach and method: The researcher conducted a quantitative study. It involved a non-probability sample of 158 South African public sector employees. Correlational and descriptive statistical analyses were utilised to analyse the data. Main findings: Burnout has a significant negative relationship with employee engagement; however, burnout does not significantly correlate with self-perceived employability. There are significant differences between the various biographical groups and burnout, employee engagement and self-perceived employability. Practical/managerial implications: Approaches to reducing burnout amongst employees should consider employee engagement and self-perceived employability as effective tools to enhance employees’ wellness, morale and productivity. Improving the engagement levels of employees and enhancing their employability will greatly improve the well-being of employees in public sector institutions and help alleviate the actual employee burnout. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Therapeutic horseback riding (THR) uses the horse as a therapeutic apparatus in physical and psychological therapy. This dissertation suggests a more appropriate technique for measuring the effect of THR. A research survey of the statistical methods used to determine the effect of THR was undertaken. Although researchers observed clinically meaningful change in several of the studies, this was not supported by statistical tests. A logistic regression approach is proposed as a solution to many of the problems experienced by researchers on THR. Since large THR related data sets are not available, data were simulated. Logistic regression and t-tests were used to analyse the same simulated data sets, and the results were compared. The advantages of the logistic regression approach are discussed. This statistical technique can be applied in any field where the therapeutic value of an intervention has to be proven scientifically. / Mathematical Sciences / M. Sc. (Statistics)

Therapeutic horseback riding (THR) uses the horse as a therapeutic apparatus in physical and psychological therapy. This dissertation suggests a more appropriate technique for measuring the effect of THR. A research survey of the statistical methods used to determine the effect of THR was undertaken. Although researchers observed clinically meaningful change in several of the studies, this was not supported by statistical tests. A logistic regression approach is proposed as a solution to many of the problems experienced by researchers on THR. Since large THR related data sets are not available, data were simulated. Logistic regression and t-tests were used to analyse the same simulated data sets, and the results were compared. The advantages of the logistic regression approach are discussed. This statistical technique can be applied in any field where the therapeutic value of an intervention has to be proven scientifically. / Mathematical Sciences / M. Sc. (Statistics)

Ce travail porte sur le développement de nouvelles méthodes de caractérisation in-situ basées sur les spectroscopies électroniques XPS et MM-EPES associées à des calculs théoriques obtenus grâce à des simulations Monte-Carlo afin de réaliser des études quantitatives fines et précises. La première partie de ce travail, a été consacrée à l’analyse quantitative de signaux XPS et MM-EPES. Pour cela, dans un premier temps, la fonction de correction de l’analyseur hémisphérique (HSA) qui est une combinaison de l’aire d’analyse (A) et de la transmission (T) a été déterminée en utilisant une nouvelle méthode basée sur des images élastiques. Pour la première fois, la dépendance de A en énergie cinétique des électrons a été mise en évidence. Avec l’utilisation de cette nouvelle fonction, une méthode de caractérisation in situ basée sur la modélisation théorique des signaux XPS et MM-EPES a été développée. Cette méthode a permis d’étudier le dépôt d’un film d’or sur un substrat de silicium oxydé et a montré une grande précision dans le cas de très faibles quantités de matière déposée (< 2 nm) alors que les techniques microscopiques classiques se sont révélées inefficaces. La deuxième partie a porté sur le développement d’une nouvelle technique d’imagerie in-situ appelé MM-EPEM qui consiste à scanner la surface par un faisceau d’électrons et de collecter les électrons rétrodiffusés élastiquement afin de construire une image en intensité de la surface. Les étapes d’obtention des images MM-EPEM et les procédures d’exploitation de ces dernières ont été décrites et optimisées. Ensuite, cette technique a été utilisée pour l’étude de l’état de surface de dépôts d’or sur différents substrats. Cette technique s’avère être non destructive et très sensible aux éléments présents à la surface. Et elle permet de déterminer la cartographie chimique et la nano-organisation de la surface. / This thesis focuses on the development of new in-situ methods of characterization based on the electron spectroscopies (XPS and EPES) coupled with theoretical calculations obtained through Monte-Carlo simulations in order to perform very precise quantitative studies. The first part of this thesis was devoted to quantitative studies of XPS and MM-EPES measurements. Firstly, the correction function of a hemispherical analyzer (HSA) which is a combination of the analysis area (A) and the transmission (T) was determined using a new method based on the elastic images. For the first time, the dependence of A on the kinetic energy of electrons was highlighted. Using this function, an in-situ method based on the combination of XPS and MM-EPES modeling was setting up. This method was used to determine the organization of gold film deposed on oxidized silicon substrate. Measurements show that this method is able to determine surface parameters when the microscopy techniques do not give any information in the case of a small quantity of gold deposit (less than 2 nm). The second part of this work was directed towards developing a new generation of microscopy called MM-EPEM which is based on the detection of elastic electrons. The stages required to obtain these images are well described and optimized here. The MM-EPEM images processing was used to study gold growth on different substrates. This technique is a non-destructive method and allows the operator to construct chemical tomography and to determine the nano-organization of the surface.

Cette thèse porte un regard nouveau sur la présence grecque en Égypte avant la conquête d’Alexandre le Grand. Par le biais des amphores grecques retrouvées en Égypte, notre étude apporte quelques éclairages sur la question des mobilités méditerranéennes. Notre approche, résolument archéologique, prend en considération l’ensemble de la documentation amphorique, en grande partie inédite, sur une trentaine de sites égyptiens. Les assemblages céramiques et la nature des contextes alimentent nos réflexions. Des études quantitatives permettent de déterminer la part relative des importations et ainsi de préciser aussi bien les réseaux d’échanges que la pénétration des produits méditerranéens en Égypte. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence un basculement du commerce qui, vers la fin du VIIe, se déplace du Levant vers les cités égéennes. Au cours du VIe siècle nous assistons à une généralisation progressive des importations grecques. Le monde égéen s’impose alors comme le partenaire économique privilégié d’un commerce à grande échelle. Largement distribuées sur l’ensemble du territoire, les amphores grecques ne se cantonnent pas aux seuls établissements côtiers dont la nature est également à l’étude. L’invasion de Cambyse en 525 ne semble pas mettre un frein à ces échanges. Nous notons toutefois quelques changements dans la hiérarchie des principales cités égéennes exportatrices. La présence importante d’amphores grecques et la faible représentation de céramiques fines dans des contextes domestiques égyptiens témoignent de la réception des denrées exportées sans toutefois entraîner un changement dans le mode de consommation local. / This thesis takes a fresh look at Greek presence in Egypt before the conquest of Alexander the Great. By looking at Greek amphorae found in Egypt, our study will shed some light on the question of movement in the Mediterranean.Our approach is strictly archaeological and will take into consideration the ensemble of documentation concerning amphorae, still largely unpublished, from some 30 Egyptian sites. This enquiry places the archaeological context at the heart of the argument. The ceramic assemblages and the nature of contexts are what nourish our reflections. Quantitative studies allow us to determine the relative role of imports and thus to elucidate both exchange networks and the penetration of Mediterranean products into Egypt. We have been able to reveal a swing in trade towards the end of the 7th century away from the Levant and towards the Aegean cities. To date, nothing indicates a significant Greek presence prior to the last third of the 7th century. Throughout the 6th century, we witness a gradual generalisation of Greek imports. Widely distributed across the entire territory, Greek amphorae are not limited to coastal settlements, the nature of which is also under study. The invasion of Cambyses in 525 does not seem to have slowed this exchange. We do, however, note certain changes in the hierarchy of the principal Aegean export cities. The wide distribution of Greek amphorae is evidence of a strong current that can no longer be envisaged simply as destined for Greek communities in situ. By situating our data with a Mediterranean perspective, we are proposing a hypothesis of a more pronounced north-south circulation. / تلقي هذه الرسالة نظرة جديدة على التواجد اليوناني في مصر قبل غزو الأسكندر الاكبر. من خلال الامفورات اليونانية التي عثر عليها في مصر٬ تلقي هذه الدراسة بعض الضوء على مسألة التنقل في حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسطمقاربتنا٬ و هي بلا شك متعلقة بعلم الآثار٬ تأخذ في الأعتبار جميع الوثائق المتعلقة بالأمفورات في حوالي ثلاثون موقع مصري٬ و غالبيتها غير مطبوعة. هذا البحث مبني على أساس أثري.و تتغدى أفكارنا من خلال قطع السيراميك المجمعة و طبيعة السياق التاريخي. تسمح الدراسات الكمية بتحديد الحصة التقريبية للواردات و بالتالي بتحديد كلا من شبكات التبادل و دخول منتجات البحر الابيض المتوسط مصرلقد استطعنا إثبات وجود تحول التجارة، والتي تنتقل من بلاد الشام إلى مدن بحر ايجه في نهاية القرن السابع. و حتى هذه اللحظة، لا يجد أي عنصر قد يشير إلى تواجد يوناني مهم في ما قبل الثلث الاخير للقرن السابع. و نشهد في القرن السادس، انتشار تدريجي للواردات اليونانية. و يصبح العالم الإيجي الشريك الإقتصادي المفضل للتجارة على نطاق واسع. و بعد أن قاموا بتوزيعها في جميع أنحاء البلاد، لم تعد الأمفورات اليونانية محصورة في المنشآت الساحلية و التي تعتبر طبيعتها ايضاً محل دراسة. و يبدو أن غزو قمبيز في عام 525 لم يضع حداً لهذا التبادل. و مع ذلك نلاحظ بعض التغييرات في ترتيب المدن الإيجيية الرئيسية المصدرة. يشهد الأنتشار الواسع للأمفورات اليونانية على تيار قوي لا يمكن النظر إليه، بعد الآن، على أنه خاص بالمجتمعات اليونانية المتواجدة هناكو في إطار الحياة المنزلية المصرية، يدل وجود الأمفورات اليونانية بكثرة وقلة الرسومات بالسيراميك الدقيق على تلقي السلع المصدرة دون أن يتبع ذلك تغيير في طريقة الاستهلاك المحلي. و عند وضع بياناتنا في إطار منظور خاص بالبحر الأبيض المتوسط، نفترض وجود حركة أكبر بين الشمال و الجنوب