Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:59:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franciane Gomig.pdf: 1491620 bytes, checksum: 9e4413251eb0f4e70622124b18ded1a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Urinary tract infections show a high incidence in the population, mainly in women, the elderly and pregnant women. The main etiological agent is E. coli, especially in Community infections. Antimicrobial therapy is performed extensively with the Quinolones and resistance emergence is striking and upward. It is known E. coli resistance mechanisms are related with QRDR (Quinolone Resistance Region Determining) mutations in gyrA and parC genes that are the drug targets. These genes encode respectively DNA Girase and Topoisomerase IV subunits responsible for DNA supercoiling and DNA decatenating. Another resistance mechanism that come from plasmids is qnr genes encoding a protein that can protect DNA girase and Topoisomerase IV. Another plasmidial gene is aac(6´)-Ib-cr encoding an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase that can inactivate ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. This study analyzed 58 E. coli lactose negative samples from urine, in order to draw a profile of resistance in this population from the region of Ponta Grossa and analyze the resistance mechanisms involved. There was a high resistance rate of 48%, among which 79% were resistant to all quinolones tested: nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin. There was also a direct relationship between the biotypes 971 and resistance in contrast to biotype 981 and sensitivity. Therefor Quinolones are not recommended in infection due to E. coli biotype 971. On molecular analysis on the multiresistant samples mutations with aminoacid substitution were found in three positions: the gyrA gene at codons 83 and 87 and in the parC gene at codon 80 in three strains and at codon 84 on a single strain. Mutations only at gyrA gene appeared for a sample resistant just to nalidixic acid. These facts are according to the theory of mutations accumulation causing increased resistance to quinolones. Plasmidial genes qnr and aac(6´)-Ib-cr were not found in these strains. / As infecções do trato urinário mostram uma elevada ocorrência na população, especialmente em mulheres, gestantes e idosos. O principal agente etiológico é a E. coli, principalmente nas infecções de origem comunitária. A terapia com antimicrobianos é realizada extensivamente com Quinolonas e o aparecimento de resistência é marcante e ascendente. Os principais mecanismos de resistência conhecidos em E. coli estão relacionados a mutações nas QRDR (Região Determinante de Resistênbcia a Quinolonas) dos genes gyrA e parC, codificadores de subunidades das enzimas DNA Girase e Topoisomerase IV, respectivamente. Essas enzimas, que são os alvos de ação das Quinolonas, são responsáveis pelo superespiralamento e decatenação do DNA. Os genes plasmidiais que também estão envolvidos nos mecanismos de resistência são os qnr que codificam proteínas protetoras das enzimas alvo e o aac(6´)-Ib-cr, que codifica uma enzima aminoglicosídio acetiltransferase capaz de inativar a ciprofloxacina e norfloxacina. Neste trabalho foram analisadas 58 amostras de E. coli lactose negativas provenientes de urina, a fim de se traçar um perfil de resistência nessa população da região de Ponta Grossa e analisar os mecanismos de resistência envolvidos. Observou-se uma elevada taxa de resistência de 48%, dentre as quais 79% foram resistentes a todas as quinolonas testadas: ácido nalidíxico, ciprofloxacina, norfloxacina e ofloxacina. Pode-se observar também uma relação direta entre os biótipos 971 e uma maior resistência e o biótipo 981 e uma maior sensibilidade, motivo pelo qual não seria recomendável o uso de Quinolonas para o tratamento de infecções causadas por E. coli biótipo 971. Pela análise molecular, para as amostras multirresistentes, foram encontradas mutações com substituição de aminoácido nos genes gyrA nos códons 83 e 87 e no gene parC uma única mutação, sendo essa no códon 80 para três cepas e no códon 84 para uma cepa. Mutações apenas no gene gyrA apareceram para amostras resistentes somente ao ácido nalidíxico. Esses dados estão de acordo com a teoria de que o acúmulo de mutações leva a um aumento da resistência às quinolonas. Os genes plasmidiais qnr e aac(6´)-Ib-cr não foram encontrados.

Palladium-catalysed carbonylative multicomponent reactions have proven useful for the synthesis of structurally diverse compounds. Carbon monoxide serves as an atom-efficient, one-carbon building block, which allows for further structural elaboration of the carbonyl compound. By varying the components of the carbonylative multicomponent reaction, considerable product diversity can readily be attained. However, due to the reluctance to use toxic CO gas, considerable efforts have been directed at exploring non-gaseous approaches. The work described in this thesis has mainly focused on the development of palladium(0)-catalysed, carbonylative multicomponent synthetic methodology, using the non-gaseous CO source molybdenum hexacarbonyl, in the synthesis of heterocycles and other biologically relevant functional groups. The first part of this work describes the development of a non-gaseous carbonylative Sonogashira cross-coupling of bifunctional ortho-iodoanilines and terminal alkynes. Where 4-quinolones were synthesised via a carbonylation/cyclisation sequence. Using a similar synthetic strategy, three different N-cyanobenzamide intermediates were prepared by palladium-catalysed carbonylative couplings of various aryl halides and bromides and cyanamide. The formed intermediates provided a basis for further chemical transformations. First, ortho-iodoanilines were carbonylatively coupled with cyanamide and subsequently cyclised to yield heterocyclic 2-aminoquinazolinones. Next, building on those findings, the same synthetic strategy was applied to ortho-halophenols to provide a highly convenient domino carbonylation/cyclisation method for the preparation of benzoxazinones. The developed method was used to evaluate the efficiency of various non-gaseous CO sources. Third, the palladium-catalysed carbonylative synthesis of N-cyanobenzamides, was used to produce biologically relevant N-acylguanidines with considerable product diversity. Finally, one of the developed carbonylative methodologies was used in the preparation of potential NDH-2 inhibitors based on a quinolinyl pyrimidine scaffold. The prepared compounds were biologically evaluated in terms of inhibition of oxidoreductase NDH-2 and antibacterial activity on Gram-negative bacteria, S. aureus and Mtb. The biological evaluation revealed that some of the quinolinyl pyrimidines exerted inhibitory activity on the NDH-2 enzyme and possessed antibacterial properties. The work described in this thesis has been devoted to the development of non-gaseous one-pot, multicomponent carbonylation/cyclisation and carbonylation/amination reactions. The described methods offer highly attractive synthetic strategies that can be of great value to synthetic and medicinal chemists.

The combination of fluoroquinolones and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients increases the incidence of convulsions. The molecular mechanism underlying this interaction is not fully understood. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacological mechanisms that might underlie convulsions associated with the use of fluoroquinolones and NSAIDs. In this study, the interaction of ciprofloxacin (cipro; a prototype fluoroquinolone) and biphenylacetic acid (BPAA; a NSAID) was investigated using patch-clamp recording techniques. The specific aims of this study were to investigate the actions of cipro and BPAA on: (1) neuronal GABA A receptors, (2) spontaneous synaptic activity in cultured neurons; (3) voltage-gated ion channels; (4) GABA-gated single channels, 5) the association and dissociation rate kinetics of cipro and BPAA at GABA A -receptors, and 6) their effects at different human GABA A receptor isoforms. BPAA acted as an allosteric modulator to enhance the antagonist effect of cipro at GABA A receptors. Cipro + BPAA abolished inhibitory synaptic activity, whereas excitatory synaptic events were enhanced. These data suggest that this combination of drugs inhibits GABA A receptor-mediated inhibition and secondarily increases excitability in neuronal networks. Cipro and BPAA had little or no effects at voltage-gated Na + , K + or Ca 2+ ion channels, which suggests that the main effects of cipro + BPAA are at GABA A receptors. The kinetics study showed that BPAA increased the stability of the cipro-receptor complex to enhance the action of cipro. Cipro + BPAA inhibited the GABA A receptor by decreasing channel opening frequency and increasing the mean channel closed time. Subunit selectivity studies suggest that the β1/2 or γ2 subunits of GABA A receptors may not be a critical for the interaction of cipro + BPAA. Interestingly, the potentiation of cipro by BPAA was significantly less (p < 0.001) in GABA A receptors containing the α6 subunit compared to potentiation in the non-α6 contained receptor. The α subunit, therefore, appear to be a critical site for the synergistic antagonism of GABA A receptors by Cipro + BPAA. These data also suggest that there may be a novel binding site for BPAA at the a subunit of GABA A receptors.

No / BACKGROUND: Activating mutations of FGFR3 are frequently identified in superficial urothelial carcinoma (UC) and increased expression of FGFR1 and FGFR3 are common in both superficial and invasive UC. METHODS: The effects of inhibition of receptor activity by three small molecule inhibitors (PD173074, TKI-258 and SU5402) were investigated in a panel of bladder tumour cell lines with known FGFR expression levels and FGFR3 mutation status. RESULTS: All inhibitors prevented activation of FGFR3, and inhibited downstream MAPK pathway signalling. Response was related to FGFR3 and/or FGFR1 expression levels. Cell lines with the highest levels of FGFR expression showed the greatest response and little or no effect was measured in normal human urothelial cells or in UC cell lines with activating RAS gene mutations. In sensitive cell lines, the drugs induced cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. IC(50) values for PD173074 and TKI-258 were in the nanomolar concentration range compared with micromolar concentrations for SU5402. PD173074 showed the greatest effects in vitro and in vivo significantly delayed the growth of subcutaneous bladder tumour xenografts. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that inhibition of FGFR1 and wild-type or mutant FGFR3 may represent a useful therapeutic approach in patients with both non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive UC.