Os óleos vegetais são matérias primas de fontes renováveis. São metabolizáveis, biodegradáveis, de fácil disponibilidade e baixo custo. A necessidade de adjuvantes vacinais seguros e que possam modular a resposta imunológica Th1/Th2, favorece a busca por novas substâncias que assim se comportem. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar e identificar óleo vegetal capaz de mimetizar ação adjuvante dos óleos minerais comercialmente usados e modular a resposta imune. Foram realizados testes de toxicidade aguda in vivo, testes de formação de emulsões, de estabilidade, de qualidade e, por fim, de imunogenicidade com formulações com o vírus rábico. Algumas formulações derivadas dos óleos de girassol, canola e buriti se mostraram não tóxicas, estáveis e de boa qualidade. Os grupos de camundongos inoculados com estas formulações obtiveram respostas imunológicas que apoiam sua capacidade adjuvante, não diferenciando significativamente (p<0,05) dos resultados do óleo mineral comercial. Concluiu-se que é possível elaborar emulsões estáveis não tóxicas a partir de óleos vegetais para sua utilização como veículos e adjuvantes vacinais. Formulações vacinais em forma de emulsões de óleos vegetais, compostas na sua maior parte pelos óleos de girassol e de canola possuem potência e atividade adjuvante semelhantes e tão eficientes quanto aos do óleo mineral. Os óleos vegetais devem estar em seu estado bruto ou semirrefinado, sem a adição de antioxidantes e conservantes. Por último, parece haver uma tendência de equilíbrio de resposta Th1/Th2 para as formulações com óleos vegetais. / Vegetable oils are renewable raw materials. These substances are metabolizable, biodegradable, of easy availability and low cost. The need for safe vaccine adjuvants that can modulate the Th1/Th2 immune response drives the search for new substances with similar behavior. This study aims to evaluate and identify a vegetable oil able to mimic the adjuvant action of the mineral oils used commercially, and modulate the immune response. There were performed tests of in vivo acute toxicity, emulsion formation, stability, quality and immunogenicity with formulations with rabies virus. Some formulations derived from the sunflower, canola and buriti oils proved to be non-toxic, stable and of good quality. Groups of mice inoculated with these formulations had immune responses supporting their adjuvant capacity, not differing significantly (p <0.05) from the results of the commercial mineral oil. It was concluded that it is possible to prepare stable non-toxic emulsions from vegetable oils to be used as vaccine adjuvants and vehicles. Vaccine formulations as emulsions from vegetable oil, composed mostly by the oils of sunflower and canola had adjuvant activity and potency similar to and as effective as the mineral oil. The vegetable oils should be in its raw state or semi refined, without the addition of antioxidants and preservatives. Finally, there seems to be a tendency to balance Th1/Th2 response by formulations with vegetable oils.

We analyzed how land-use patterns and changes in urbanization influence positive raccoon rabies cases in an established enzootic area. County resolution was used and the study area included all 159 counties in Georgia. We obtained data on raccoons submitted from 2006 through 2010 for testing at the state public health labs due to exposure incidents with people or domesticated animals. The land-use patterns were extracted from the US Geological Survey’s National Land Cover Database from both 2001 and 2006. Odds ratios were calculated on 16 land-use variables that included natural topography, agricultural development, and urbanization. An additional variable, Submissions/Population density, was used to normalize counties and to account for population bias associated with rabies surveillance. The use of this demographic variable was substantiated by GIS clustering analysis. The outcome variable was heavily right skewed and over dispersed and therefore a negative binomial regression was used in this count statistics technique. The final analysis showed that low intensity residential development is associated with raccoon rabies cases while evergreen forest offers protection. This study supports the hypothesis that the raccoon rabies enzootic is maintained in those edge ecosystems of urbanization. It is advocated here that the public health animal rabies database to include GPS coordinates when reporting wildlife rabies submissions for testing to improve the resolution when studying the disease ecology of enzootic rabies.

11 pp. / This document provides a general overview of bat biology and behavior with emphasis on urban environments, use of integrated pest management (IPM) techniques that are in keeping with bat conservation guidelines, and disease awareness and prevention efforts.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pennsylvania State University, 2007. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pennsylvania State University, 2007. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2004. / Includes bibliography.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2004. / Includes bibliography.

Les virus zoonotiques sont une menace pour les humains à cause de leur capacité à passer des réservoirs animaux à l'homme. La rage est provoquée par un virus zoonotique (Virus de la Rage) qui a de multiples réservoirs animaux. La rage est contractée lors de la morsure par un animal infecté et est incurable et létale après l'apparition des premiers symptômes. Un défi visant à éradiquer la rage chez les chiens à l'horizon 2030 a été proposé. Il imposera de stopper la transmission du virus aux populations de chiens à partir des autres réservoirs animaux. Pour cela, il est essentiel de comprendre les mécanismes de transmission entre hôtes potentiels du virus. Dans notre thèse, nous faisons l'hypothèse que le passage d'un hôte à un autre est lié à la diversité des populations virales chez un hôte donné, appelée "hétérogénéité virale".Pour étudier cette hétérogénéité virale, des méthodes de séquençage des populations virales ont été développées. La transmission du virus de la rage entre chiens a été analysée et un évènement de transmission entre chien et renard a été étudié. Une plus importante hétérogénéité virale a été observée chez le renard après sa contamination par le chien en comparaison avec d'autres renards infectés par des congénères de la même espèce. Ceci suggère que l'hétérogénéité virale est importante dans le phénomène de transmission inter-espèce. Ces résultats sont importants pour améliorer notre compréhension de l'évolution du virus de la rage chez un nouvel hôte et pourront aider les efforts d'éradication de la maladie. / Zoonotic viruses are a threat to humans, jumping from animal reservoirs into humans. Rabies is caused by rabies virus (RABV), a zoonotic virus, with many animal reservoirs. Rabies is contracted from a bite of infected animal and once symptoms appear, death is inevitable. A challenging target date of 2030 to eliminate rabies in dogs has been set. One challenge will be stopping RABV re-entering the dog population from other animal reservoirs. Understanding how RABV switches hosts is important to prevent it happening. In this thesis, I hypothesise that successful host switching is due to the diverse population of viruses within the host termed ‘viral heterogeneity’. To investigate viral heterogeneity, methods to sequence the virus populations within clinical samples were developed. Transmission of RABV within dogs was analysed and a host shift event from dogs to foxes was investigated. High viral heterogeneity was seen in foxes after the host shift than in other foxes, suggesting it is important for a successful host shift. These data will be important to improve our understanding of how viruses evolve in new hosts, helping governments to eradicate disease.

Orientador: Ilda de Godoy / Banca: Carmen Maria Casquel Monti Juliani / Banca: Udelysses Janete Veltrini Fonzar / Resumo: A raiva é uma doença letal e um grande desafio para a saúde pública do Brasil e em muitos países do mundo é passível de eliminação e prevenção no ciclo urbano por meio de medidas eficientes e intervenção junto ao ser humano e à fonte de infecção. A profilaxia é extremamente importante devendo ser adequada a cada caso após a anamnese e o preenchimento de todos os dados da ficha de notificação. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo quantitativo com o objetivo de analisar os acidentes rábicos quanto ao perfil, conduta adotada e preenchimento das fichas de notificação, em um município do Norte do Paraná. Foram analisados 1.057 casos de acidentes rábicos, sendo que em 70% deles a conduta foi adequada de acordo com o protocolo do Ministério da Saúde e 30% foi inadequada, destas 6,9% não apresentavam informações suficientes para avaliação do caso, 16,1% não garantiam proteção e 7% apesar da conduta ser inadequada, garantiam proteção. A incidência de agressões neste estudo foi de 29,6/10.000 habitantes. O maior risco para os acidentes rábicos encontra-se na faixa etária de 0 a < de dez anos e idosos (5,7/1000 habitantes). Predominaram os acidentes em pessoas da raça branca com o Ensino Fundamental, sem diferença entre o gênero. A maioria dos atendimentos foi realizada por Enfermeiros nas Unidades de Pronto Atendimento (Hospital Municipal e Núcleo Integrado de Saúde III Zona Norte). Os meses em que mais ocorreram os acidentes foram janeiro e agosto, e o tipo de exposição mais frequente foi a mordedura com predomínio das lesões em mãos e pés, ferimentos únicos e superficiais. Em 71,8% dos casos não apresentava antecedente de profilaxia para a raiva. A espécie de animal predominante nos acidentes foi o cão, sadio passível de observação. No presente estudo, 66,9% das pessoas envolvidas em acidentes rábicos foram submetidas à profilaxia antirrábica apesar da maior dos animais serem ... / Abstract: Rabies, a highly lethal disease, is still a great challenge to public health in Brazil and in many countries. Rabies may de eliminated and prevented within the urban area through efficient measures and interventions within the context of the community and the infection source. Its prophylaxis is important and should be adequate to each case after clinical examination and the filling of data on the notification card. Current analysis consists of a descriptive quantitative study to investigate rabies accidents with regard to the disease profile, behavior employed and filling of notification cards in a municipality in the northern region of the state of Paraná, Brazil. Within the 1057 rabies cases investigated, 70% revealed a behavior complying with the Health Ministry protocol, while 30% revealed inadequate behavior. Further, 6.9% of the latter failed to give sufficient information for an evaluation of the case; 16.1% did not warrant any protection; 7% warranted protection although behavior was not adequate. In current study aggression incidences reached 29.6/10,000 inhabitants. Highest risk in rabies accidents occurred in people within the 0 - <10 years and in the elderly (5.7/1000 inhabitants). Accidents against white people with primary schooling, without any gender difference, were prevalent. Most attendances were done by nurses in first aid clinics (Municipal Hospital and Health Nucleus). January and August were the months in which accidents most occurred, featuring bites predominantly on the hands and feet as single and peripheral wounds. Most people (71.8%) did not present any previous rabies prophylaxis. Healthy dogs which could be observed were the predominant animals in rabies accidents. Current investigation shows that 66.9% of people involved in rabies accidents underwent rabies prophylaxis even though most animals could be followed up. A high number of information gaps were found in the ... / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-01T17:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-08-10. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-04-01T18:01:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000860449_20171110.pdf: 319678 bytes, checksum: 8f5509642f13bc96edf57ba877b32618 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2017-11-13T12:20:30Z: 000860449_20171110.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2017-11-13T12:21:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000860449.pdf: 1151578 bytes, checksum: 9ca87c75380c555d2ff3d9a89395e272 (MD5) / São muitos os benefícios gerados a partir da interação entre seres humanos e animais. De forma mútua, há vantagens para os seres humanos e animais, e, entre os animais, principalmente o cão. No entanto, a companhia humana pode refletir negativamente no comportamento canino resultando em agressões que, por sua vez, representam um sério problema para a saúde pública. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa propôs estudar as agressões de cães a humanos, envolvendo o comportamento canino. O estudo foi realizado no Município de Descalvado, localizado no Estado de São Paulo, região sudeste brasileira, por meio da análise de dados das fichas de atendimento para profilaxia da raiva humana ocorridos em 2014, obtidos a partir do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), além de entrevistas feitas diretas com pessoas agredidas e com as pessoas tidas como tutoras dos cães agressores, por meio de questionário. Foi realizada análise descritiva com estudo de frequências e análise qualitativa com a Análise de Conteúdo. Das 142 notificações de agressões, a espécie canina predominou entre os agressores (74,4%). Das pessoas agredidas, 46,5% eram adultos entre 20 a 59 anos e tutora dos cães, com 42,2% das pessoas entrevistadas. A mordedura predominou como tipo de lesão (97,2%) de forma única (66,4%), superficial (51,8%), principalmente em mãos e pés (43,6%). O procedimento adotado com maior frequência para o tratamento profilático pós-exposição foi a observação do animal associado à vacinação (68,3%). Dos cães agressores, 70,2% era macho, 67,4% adulto, 50% eram vacinados contra raiva e 9,4% eram esterilizados. Dentre os cães agressores, 41,4% passeavam de forma inadequada (solta e sem supervisão). 41,5% dos cães agressores agiam de forma amigável com as pessoas membros da casa. Uma atitude reservada foi o comportamento mais frequente demonstrado pelos cães agressores tanto para as pessoas que o... / There are many benefits generated from the interaction between humans and animals. Mutual way, there are advantages to humans and animals, and between animals, particularly the dog. However, human company may adversely reflect on canine behavior resulting in aggression which, in turn, represent a serious problem for public health. In this sense, this research proposed to study the attacks of dogs to humans, involving the canine behavior. The study was conducted in the municipality of Descalvado, located in São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, by analyzing data from human attendance records occurred in 2014, obtained from the System for Notifiable Diseases Information (SINAN) as well as direct interviews with people bitten and with the owners of the biter dogs, through a questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was performed with frequencies of study and qualitative analysis with content analysis. In the 142 reports of assaults, the canine species predominated among aggressors (74.4%). Of assault people, 46.5% were adults between 20 and 59 years and owners of the dogs, with 42.2% of the interviewed people. The bite was the predominant type of injury (97.2%) in a unique way (66.4%), superficial (51.8%), mainly in hands and feet (43.6%). The procedure adopted more often for post-exposure prophylactic treatment was the observation of the animal associated with vaccination (68.3%). The biter dogs, 70.2% were male, 67.4% adults, 50% were vaccinated against rabies and 9.4% were sterilized. Among the biter dogs, 41.4% walked inappropriately (loose and unsupervised). 41.5% of the biter dogs acted amicably with those members of the household. A reserved attitude was the most frequent behavior demonstrated by the biter dogs for both people who know the dog (but not residing in the same household), and for people unaware of the dog in 39.1% of the interviews. With children, 34.8% of biter dogs showed like children. Based on the data, the reasons that ...