Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T13:55:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoRodrigo de Souza Ferreira.pdf: 642792 bytes, checksum: 86337c538eafa655910285127f8e67d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-26 / Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nïvel Superior / Rabies is an infectious and contagious disease that affects mammals including humans and is present in all the continents except Oceania It is caused by the genus Lyssavirus and is characterized by acute and fatal encephalitis In Brazil rabies is considered endemic but in herbivorous animals it predominates in the states of Minas Gerais and Goiás respectively and in decreasing order The main transmitters of rabies to humans are dogs followed by bats As regards herbiborous animals the main transmitters are hematophagous bats The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the diagnosis of human and animal rabies in the State of Minas Gerais observing by means of statistical analyses of time series the tendency and seasonability of bovine rabies Eight thousand and nine hundred and seven samples were analyzed by means of DIF (direct immmunofluorescence) of several animal species including humans in the 2002-2006 period The samples composed by fragments of nervous tissue came from animals and humans with nervous symptoms and clinical signs of rabies Among the samples 1.533 (17.21%) were DIF positive The DIF negative samples (7.373, or 82.79%) were submitted to the MI (mouse inoculation) examination and gave rabies-positive results in 71 samples (0.96%) Of all the species submitted to DIF and MI examinations the highest number of positive cases occurred in bovines (1.344 cases) followed by equines (140) bats (71) dogs (30) humans (5) swines (4)goats (3)sheeps (3) cats (2) asinines (1) and buffaloes (1)Bovine rabies was statistically analyzed by means of the sign test (Cox-Stuart) adapted to a regression model to determine tendency and the Fisher test to determine seasonability With regard to tendency in bovines a decreasing number of rabies-positive cases was detected at a proportion of 0.1427 cases a month A cyclical seasonability characterized by the existence of 3 annual cycles (January to April May to August and September to December) was also determined where bovine rabies occurred mainly in February (first cycle) July (second cycle) and October (third cycle) with a similar characteristic of each cycle in all the years of the study Bovine rabies was diagnosed in all the 10 macro-regions of Minas Gerais but it was predominant in the South the Center and in the Minas Gerais Triangle (Triângulo Mineiro) The regions with the least number of focuses was the North the Northwest and the Jequitinhonha/Mucuri Valley For controlling bats Desmodus rotundus 5.294 shelters were registered where 39.137 bats of such a species were captured and treated with a bat killing paste Rabies is a disease that needs for its control continuous activities of epidemiological vigilance sanitary education animal immunization and populational control of its transmitters / A raiva é uma enfermidade infecto-contagiosa que acomete os mamíferos inclusive o homem presente em todos os continentes com exceção da Oceania é causada pelo gênero Lyssavirus caracterizando-se por uma encefalomielite aguda e fatal no Brasil a raiva é considerada endêmica apesar de que a raiva dos herbívoros é mais predominante nos estados de Minas Gerais e Goiás respectivamente em ordem decrescente o principal transmissor da raiva ao ser humano é o cão seguido pelos morcegos Os morcegos hematófagos são os principais responsáveis pela transmissão da raiva aos herbívoros Objetivou-se avaliar o diagnóstico da raiva humana e animal no estado de Minas Gerais observando-se por meio de análises estatísticas de séries temporais a tendência e a sazonalidade da raiva bovina Foram analisadas 8.906 amostras por meio da IFD (imunofluorescência direta) de diversas espécies animais inclusive humana no período de 2002 a 2006 As amostras compostas por fragmentos de tecido nervoso eram provenientes de animais e humanos com sintomatologia nervosa e suspeita clínica de raiva Das amostras analisadas 1.533 (17,21%) tiveram resultado positivo pelo exame de IFD As amostras negativas (7.373 que equivalem a 82,79% do total) foram submetidas ao exame de IC (inoculação em camundongos) obtendo resultados positivos para raiva em 71 amostras (0,96% das amostras submetidas à IC) Dentre as espécies submetidas aos exames (IFD e IC) para diagnóstico da raiva a espécie com maior número de casos positivos foi a bovina (1.344 casos) seguida pela eqüina (140) morcegos (71) canina (30) humana (05) suína (04)caprina (03) ovina (03) felina (gatos domésticos com 02 casos) asinina (01) e bubalina (01) A raiva bovina foi submetida a análises estatísticas utilizando-se do teste do sinal (Cox-Stuart) ajustado a um modelo de regressão para determinar a tendência e teste de Fisher para determinar a sazonalidade Quanto à tendência desta enfermidade em bovinos detectou-se a sua existência em caráter decrescente do número de casos positivos de raiva numa proporção de 0,1427 casos por mês Determinou-se também uma sazonalidade cíclica caracterizada pela existência de 3 ciclos anuais (janeiro a abril maio a agosto e setembro a dezembro) sendo os meses de maior ocorrência de raiva bovina os meses de fevereiro (1º ciclo) julho (2º ciclo) e outubro (3º ciclo) e uma característica semelhante de cada ciclo em todos os anos pesquisados A raiva bovina foi diagnostica em todas as 10 macrorregiões de Minas Gerais mas a predominância foi nas regiões Sul Central e Triângulo Mineiro e as regiões com menor número de focos foram a Norte Noroeste e Jequitinhonha/Mucuri Quanto ao controle de morcegos Desmodus rotundus foram cadastrados 5.294 abrigos onde 39.137 morcegos desta espécie foram capturados e tratados com pasta vampiricida A raiva é uma doença que necessita para seu controle de atividades contínuas de vigilância epidemiológica educação sanitária imunização dos animais e controle populacional de seus transmissores

In South Africa, two biotypes of type species 1 of the Lyssavirus genus are maintained independently among the members of the Herpestidae and Canidae families, respectively. Canid rabies is a relatively new addition to the African subcontinent, having been introduced from infectious cycles, which had existed among dogs in Angola, in the early 1940s. Two epidemics, believed to have originated from dog endemic regions which had existed in the southern Maputo district of Mozambique since 1952, have occurred among domestic dogs in the KwaZulu Natal province in recent years. The first of these epidemics started in 1964, and ended by 1968, while the second epidemic which started in 1976, has proven to be intractable, despite the concerted efforts which have been implemented to bring it under control. In order to contribute to the understanding of the molecular epidemiology of rabies in the KwaZulu Natal province, and to thereby assist in future surveillance and control efforts, we conducted a molecular sequence analysis of representative panel of viral isolates which were obtained from the province during the year 2003. A 591 nt. sequence encompassing the G-L intergenic region and glycoprotein cytoplasmic domain was sequenced for 128 viral isolates, which were obtained from the different magisterial districts and affected host species of the province, and was subsequently used to characterize these viruses phylogenetically. Characterization of the KwaZulu Natal variants, and comparison of the obtained sequence data, to sequences data which was obtained from rabies endemic regions from elsewhere in South Africa and Zimbabwe, in general supported the pattern of spread which led to the introduction of rabies into the province, as was previously suggested from the literature. The phylogeny which was established from the analyses, indicated that the viral isolates from the province were highly related to each other, and could be divided into two groups, which although belonging to the canid biotype, were in general distinguishable from canid rabies virus isolates which were obtained from elsewhere in South Africa and Zimbabwe. The observation that these subfamilies showed a low genetic divergence, as well as that they shared a unique recent common ancestor, suggested that they were introduced recently into the northern reaches of the province, probably from the same geographical region (i.e. southern Mozambique). logenetic characterization of the KwaZulu Natal isolates further suggested that at least three enzootic fronts are currently responsible for the introduction of rabies into the northern and southern regions of the province. The first of these fronts was hypothesized to have spread directly across the southern Mozambique border (possibly via southeastern Swaziland), into the northeastern coastal regions of KwaZulu Natal, while the second front represented the south-eastwards spread of synergistic dog-jackal cycles from southeastern Mpumalanga, into the northern and northeastern regions of the province. The third front on the other hand, represented the possible spread of a remnant infectious cycle, left over from the 1964-1968 epidemic, from the northern region of the Eastern Cape, into southern KwaZulu Natal. logenetic characterization further proved useful for identifying the distribution of viral variants, and allowed us to propose a pathway by which the disease might have spread throughout the province. The proposed pathway of spread suggested that viral variants may have been translocated over long distances, and highlighted the role that major routes of human transportation may play in the dissemination of the disease. The regional characterization of viral variants from KwaZulu Natal, further demarked the location where the identified viral variants circulated in individual host populations, allowing us to place the current epidemic into an epidemiological framework which attempts to explain the long term persistence of the disease. This provided clues as to the intractability of the second epidemic, and allowed us to develop a proposal as to how current control strategies may be altered, in order to contain the current outbreak in the province. initial phylogeny which was established from the study provides an epidemiological framework, which will play an important role in determining the origin of future human spillover cases, and for tracking the spread of viral variants throughout the affected regions of the province. It is further envisaged that the data which was generated during the course of the project will be utilized in future surveillance efforts, targeted to the evaluation of the efficacy of potentially implemented control campaigns. / Dissertation (MSc (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

Rabies has been reported in Tanzania, mainly in the southern highland regions, since 1954. To date, rabies is endemic in all districts in Tanzania and efforts are being made to contain the disease. It was determined that mass vaccination of at least 70% of an animal population is most effective, in terms of profitability and cost, in reducing transmission of rabies. The current approach for vaccination in Tanzanian villages takes some features from the EPI method but is rather basic and unreliable. This mini-dissertation proposes using a sampling technique which incorporates the spatial component of the village data and minimises the walking distance between the sampled houses while ensuring the 70% coverage of the animal population. / Mini Dissertation(MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / STATOMET The Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR) National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF CSUR grant number 90315) / Statistics / MSc / Unrestricted

Orientador: Helio Langoni / Resumo: No Brasil a infecção pelo vírus rábico é um sério problema de saúde pública e levou a óbito dez pessoas em 2018, todas transmitidas por morcego hematófago (Desmodus rotundus), também responsável pela morte de mais de 40.000 animais de interesse econômico, gerando prejuízo de 15 milhões de dólares anuais. Mudanças causadas pelo homem no ambiente são responsáveis pelo aumento do número dessa espécie de quiróptero, elevando o número de focos da doença em bovinos. Algumas regiões do país, como o estado de São Paulo, apresentam surtos anuais. De 2016 a 2018 foram enviadas 269 amostras de sistema nervoso central de bovinos ao Serviço de Diagnóstico de Zoonoses (SDZ) – UNESP/Botucatu para diagnóstico de Raiva pelas técnicas de imunofluorescência direta e isolamento viral em camundongos. Destas, 104 foram positivas e incluídas no estudo abrangendo 25 municípios da região Centro-Oeste do estado de São Paulo para georreferenciamento e análise estatística e destas, em 45 foram feitas RT-PCR e análise filogenética. O Ministério da Agricultura faz o registro e monitoramento das colônias de D. rotundus como parte da vigilância epidemiológica da Raiva. A análise espacial evidencia que há relação entre localização das propriedades, onde ocorre a doença, com as colônias cadastradas na região e que os surtos anuais estão relacionados principalmente com colônias de maternidade (42,63%) e de machos (44,88%). Os abrigos artificiais correspondem a 85,19% o que sugere a predileção da escolha de abr... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In Brazil, infection by the rabies virus is a serious public health problem and caused the death of ten people in 2018, all transmitted by hematophagus bats (Desmodus rotundus), also responsible for the death of more than 40,000 livestock, and economic losses were estimated at 15 million dollars annually. anthropic changes in the environment are responsible for the increase in the number of this species of chiroptera, increasing the number of disease outbreaks becasuse livestock intensification, and other human activities have reduced the abundance of its wild prey but have also provided new and abundant shelter and foraging. Some regions of the country, such as the state of São Paulo, have had recent outbreaks. From 2016 to 2018 were sent to the Zoonosis Diagnosis Service (SDZ) - UNESP / Botucatu, 269 samples from central nervous system of bovines for the diagnosis of rabies by direct fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation test. Of these, 104 were positive and were included in the study, reaching 25 municipalities in the Midwest region of the state of São Paulo for georeferencing and statistical analysis, and of these, 45 sample of isolates of bovines rabies ware performed RT-PCR and phylogenetic analysis. The Ministry of Agriculture records and monitors D. rotundus roosts as part of the rabies epidemiology. A spatial analysis shows that there is a relationship between location, where disease occurs, with roosts registered in the region and that outbreaks are mainly rela... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Adolorata Aparecida Bianco Carvalho / Coorientador: Karina Paes Bürger / Banca: Luciano Melo de Souza / Banca: Ana Paula Rodomilli Grisolio / Resumo: A raiva ainda é considerada uma doença negligenciada e um grave problema de Saúde Pública, responsável por milhares de mortes anualmente, tanto de animais como de seres humanos. No Brasil, o Ministério da Saúde considera os estudantes de Cursos de Medicina Veterinária como grupo com risco de exposição permanente ao vírus da raiva devido às atividades ocupacionais exercidas durante a graduação, incluindo aulas práticas, estágios curriculares e extracurriculares. Atualmente, no Estado de São Paulo, há 43 cursos de Veterinária computados pelo CFMV, os quais estão distribuídos por 32 municípios. Por esse motivo, o presente estudo teve como propósito realizar diagnóstico de situação sobre a PArPrE para estudantes dos cursos de graduação em Medicina Veterinária do Estado de São Paulo, avaliando-se os riscos e elaborando um modelo de programa de imunização pré-exposição que poderá ser utilizado em todos os cursos de Veterinária do Brasil. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidos e aplicados questionários individuais aos responsáveis pela profilaxia dos alunos em 23 instituições de ensino que demonstraram interesse em participar da pesquisa; foram analisadas as matrizes curriculares dos cursos de graduação priorizando as disciplinas práticas relacionadas aos períodos de risco de exposição ao vírus da raiva; foi delineado o perfil epidemiológico da doença no Brasil e no Estado de São Paulo; e foi feita a associação geográfica dos casos positivos com a localização das instituições de ensino. Ob... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Rabies has still considered a neglected disease and a serious Public Health problem, which is responsible for thousands of animals and humans deaths' every year. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health considers students of Veterinary course as a group at risk of permanent exposure to rabies virus, due to occupational activities during graduation, including practical classes, curricular and extracurricular internships. In 2018, the Federal Council of Veterinary Medicine considered, in the State of São Paulo, 43 Veterinary Medicine courses distributed in 32 municipalities. For this reason, the present study aimed to realize a situational diagnosis on pre-exposure prophylaxis of rabies to Veterinary... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The aim of the study was to assess the risk rabies constitutes to the public in Plateau State. Despite the existence of regulations on antirabies vaccination, dog movement and population control (WHO, 1997; WHO, 2004), rabies remains a public health problem in Nigeria. Most reported cases of rabies deaths in humans and canines are associated with unvaccinated dogs, and the infection could be prevented through appropriate vaccination as recommended by the law of the state. This research established the canine rabies vaccination coverage of Plateau State. The status of human rabies, canine rabies and mitigation strategies for control of rabies were also determined. A total of 760 cases were recorded; n=5 (0.66%) cases of human rabies, n=751 (98.8%) in dogs and n=4 (0.5%) in cats in the study period (1998-2007). Research indicated a low prevalence of human rabies in Plateau State which may be attributed to under-reporting, although showing 100% cases of recorded human rabies were due to dog exposure, a high status of canine rabies in the state with a prevalence rate of >59% with a sharp increase in the rate of occurrence of canine rabies in the years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004. The high level of occurrence persisted in 2005, 2006 and 2007 indicating its endemicity in the state. All the purposively selected ten local government areas visited indicated occurrence and passive canine rabies control surveillance in the state, with a canine rabies vaccine coverage of 10.57%. Informal interviews with medical doctors in the state and members of the public showed that citizens at risk of contracting rabies do not go for the pre-exposure prophylactic treatments. It appears that many of the citizens of Plateau State still see rabies as ‘insignificant’ and do not take serious measures to prevent or control the occurrence of the disease in the state. During the study n=72 purposively selected citizens of the state were interviewed. Of these, n=9 persons indicated they were ignorant of the disease, n=25, said that they would not vaccinate their dogs because it changed the taste of dog meat and affected the canine teeth of hunting and protection dogs. Only n-23 always vaccinated their dogs for preventive purposes, because they had heard about the disease and wanted their dogs and themselves to be safe, this group appeared to be pet dog owners. Also, n=15 persons could not remember vaccinating their dogs. An aggressive enlightenment campaign should be carried out to create awareness of the endemicity of rabies in the state and of the importance of post-exposure prophylaxis in people bitten by dogs, as this does not seem to be happening. There appears to be a lack of record keeping and this deficiency must be made a priority in order to do effective surveillance and control of canine rabies in Plateau State. It was also recommended that there is a need for active and effective collaboration between veterinarians, medical doctors and environmental specialists to help control and prevent the occurrence of rabies in Plateau State. Veterinary extension and communication strategies were used to develop risk communication and risk mitigation and were demonstrated by the preparation of posters and pamphlets appropriate for use in Plateau State Nigeria. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Paraclinical Sciences / unrestricted

Rabies is a global epidemic that affects the developing world disproportionally. This deadly disease is largely transmitted to humans via dog bites and is caused and perpetuated by human behaviors, including people not sterilizing and vaccinating dogs. Through the lens of participatory communication and culture theories, this thesis explores the extent to which communication tactics of a dog population and rabies control program in Bangkok, Thailand are participatory and whether this influences community efforts to vaccinate and sterilize free-roaming dogs in the city’s Bang Bon district. At a high level this study examines how empowering people at all levels of society in the planning and implementation of solutions to development challenges affords more sustainable outcomes. In doing so, it attends to issues of communication purpose, access, dialogue, culture, voice, feedback, cultural reflexivity, agency, participation and ownership. This study is an inductive qualitative inquiry that employs case study and interview research methods—specifically semi-structured, in-depth interviews with key informants and a small-scale survey. It uses the comparative analysis approach alongside its theoretical framework to draw conclusions from the research.

Objectives: The description of the raccoon rabies epizootic in Virginia over fifteen years (1989-2003). Methods: Using simple statistical methods and a geographic information system (GIS)-based approach, and fifteen years worth of animal surveillance data, the progress of this epizootic has been charted in terms of the geographic spread of the disease, the major animal species affected by the disease and its spread, and the exposure and risk to humans and livestock animals presented by the expansion of the geographic range. Results: The resulting descriptive study illustrates the eastward expansion of the epizootic, the mushrooming of the disease in the northern region of the state, and the rates of rabid animal submissions for every health district and selected important animal species. Human exposures to rabid animals are mapped and compared to human population densities. Strong seasonal trends in human and livestock exposures to rabid animals are illustrated, with animal exposures predominating in the spring and autumn, while human exposures peak in the summer; also shown is the possible emergence of new strains of rabies virus and the possible extinction of the previously dominant strain. Conclusions: Some potentially positive developments have been found, such as substantially increasing levels of bat submissions across time, which may signify greater public awareness of the disease. Serious deficiencies in the monitoring system are discussed, centering on the accuracy and comparability of the data collected, and suggestions for improvement are offered. While several potentially interesting new areas of study are put forward, the standard approach to rabies control (pet vaccination and control, education of at-risk populations, orally vaccinating wild animals) is not found to be in need of significant modification, aside from the specifics of the approach being tailored to better meet local conditions.

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-21T12:43:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMCD.pdf: 3338735 bytes, checksum: a38bd4887b4213867a0c295a634f94c1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-24T11:24:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMCD.pdf: 3338735 bytes, checksum: a38bd4887b4213867a0c295a634f94c1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-04-24T11:24:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMCD.pdf: 3338735 bytes, checksum: a38bd4887b4213867a0c295a634f94c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-24T11:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMCD.pdf: 3338735 bytes, checksum: a38bd4887b4213867a0c295a634f94c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-08 / Não recebi financiamento / Although effective, current vaccinations against rabies, one of the most lethal infectious diseases in the world, present security issues of administration and production costs. In this scenario, modern biotechnology has become a source of new alternatives of great interest for vaccine production. The main antigen capable of conferring neutralizing immune response against infection by rabies virus is the glycoprotein of rabies virus (RVGP), which the production by recombinant DNA technology has been developed by researchers at the Viral Immunology Laboratory (LIV) of the Butantan Institute of São Paulo using various expression systems in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. One of the latest developments is S2MtRVGP-H-His cell line, obtained by stable transfection with plasmids containing cDNA from other components of RVGP and histidine tag to facilitate purification, both under control of the inducicle metallothionein promoter. This work aims to study the kinetic characteristics of cell growth and production of recombinant glycoprotein rRVGP rabies virus strain of Drosophila melanogaster S2MtRVGP-H-His, in order to evaluate the potential of a bioreactor with agitation induced by waves (Wave) for the scale-up production of rRVGP. The first stage of the study, involving batch cultures in 20 mL Schott bottle with commercial culture medium Sf900-III, allowed us to determine the optimal temperature of cultivation (28ºC), time of induction of expression (72 h), the specific growth rate ranging from 0.022 to 0,034 h-1; maximum cell density 1.82×107 cel.mL-¹ and rRVGP produced from 0.07 to 0.99 μg.mL-1. Based on these results, was started the second part of the study performed in the Single-use Wave bioreactor, involving batch cultures with 650 mL of Sf900-III, with 60% of dissolved oxygen and pH ranging without control from 6.2 to 7.0. The culture in the bioreactor showed maximum specific growth rate of 0,035 h-1, maximum cell density was 1.1×107cel.mL-¹ and RVGP produced 0.85 μg.mL-1. The production of large scale rRVGP with S2MtRVGP-H-His cells using the Wave bioreactor has shown to be viable, reproducible and with high potential to scale-up. / Embora eficazes, as vacinas atuais contra a raiva, uma das doenças infecciosas mais letais do mundo, apresentam problemas relacionados com a segurança de administração e o custo de produção. Nesse contexto, a biotecnologia moderna se torna uma fonte de alternativas inovadoras de grande interesse para produção de vacinas. O principal antígeno capaz de conferir uma resposta imunológica neutralizante contra o vírus rábico é a glicoproteína do vírus da raiva (RVGP), cuja produção por tecnologia de DNA recombinante vem sendo desenvolvida por pesquisadores do Laboratório de Imunologia Viral (LIV) do Instituto Butantan de São Paulo, utilizando vários sistemas de expressão em células de Drosophila melanogaster S2. Um dos mais recentes desenvolvimentos é a linhagem S2MtRVGP-H-His, obtida mediante transfecção estável com plasmídeos contendo entre outros componentes o cDNA da RVGP e a cauda de histidina para facilitar a purificação, ambos sob controle do promotor indutível da metalotioneína. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo de características cinéticas de crescimento celular e de produção de glicoproteína recombinante do vírus da raiva rRVGP da linhagem de Drosophila melanogaster S2MtRVGP-H-His com vistas a avaliação do potencial de um biorreator com agitação induzida por ondas (waves) para escalonamento da produção de rRVGP. A primeira etapa dos trabalhos, envolvendo cultivos em batelada em frasco Schott com 20 mL de meio de cultura comercial Sf900-III, permitiu a determinação da temperatura ideal (28ºC), o tempo apropriado de indução da expressão (72 h) e das velocidades específicas de crescimento de 0,022-0,034 h-1, densidade celular máxima de 1,82×107 cel.mL-¹ e rRVGP produzida de 0,07-0,99 μg.mL-1. Com base nesses resultados, iniciou-se a segunda parte dos trabalhos com cultivos em biorreator Wave utilizando 650 mL de meio Sf900-III, com concentração média de oxigênio dissolvido de 60% da saturação com ar e pH variando sem controle de 6,2-7,0. O cultivo no biorreator apresentou velocidade específica máxima de crescimento de 0,035 h-1, densidade celular máxima de 1,1×107 cel.mL-¹ e rRVGP produzida de 0,85 μg.mL-1. A produção da rRVGP em larga escala com células S2MtRVGP-H-His utilizando o biorreator Wave mostrou ser uma alternativa viável, reprodutível e com grande potencial de escalonamento.

This study explored the attitudes of community members toward the Human Rabies in the Vhembe district of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. This study was underpinned by interpretative phenomenological analysis design. Data were collected using individual interviews of 20 participants and 6 focus groups consisting of six community members each. Both sets of interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis framework for data analysis. Three super-ordinate themes emerged from data analysis: attitudes toward the Human Rabies, factors influencing attitudes toward the Human Rabies and tackling the Human Rabies. Results indicate that attitudes toward the Human Rabies has a direct influence on adherence to prevention and care approaches. Attitudes can be influenced by addressing training and educational needs and perceptions of prevention and care approaches. Recommendations are made to enhance adherence to prevention and care approaches for management of the Human Rabies. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)