In this thesis work, the locations where we are unable to reach via fiber are considered for wireless transmission links. In the practical part of this thesis different modulation techniques and antenna sizes were analyzed  in order to provide the most efficient way of data transmission. The data between this wireless links was transfered using MPLS L2 VPN solution.   According to improving technology and increasing internet usage, the communication speed, which is between users and providers, becomes more inevitable for transmitting data without any delays. More than one users might use same connection line for transmitting their packets and it is able to be caused an online traffic and some delays and data loss could occur. In this circumstance, high rate internet demands would lead extra costs for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and users.   In the introduction part, a brief description for the history of communications and basic equipments for Radio Link and Fiber Optic cable are done.   In the theory part, detailed information was provided about modulation techniques and multiplexing techniques followed by general information about computer networks  and comprehensive information about OSI layers.   In the process and result parts, program outputs for Path Loss design which was used for R/L was mentioned in a detailed way. After that, Ethernet Over MPLS L2 VPN was highlighted and a simulation from point-to-point "Ethernet Over MPLS L2 VPN” was conducted in GNS3 software. Furthermore, the simulation for point-to-multipoint case was then applied  in a laboratory environment in order to achieve the desired result.   In the result part, different R/L simulation results are compared to determine the optimized modulation technique and antenna sizes which could then be merged with simulation results from the previous part.

ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper presents the issues related to the modeling and performance of the Radio Channel used in Telemetry. Because of the physical environment one expects stressed channel conditions due to multipath, shadowing, and high doppler shift caused by high speeds of up to mach 3. Prior work has created useful data and models for analysis of these radio channels. This paper will develop features of a channel simulator that will allow for evaluation of radio protocols for iNET. Substantial work has also been done to develop requirements for the iNET networked radio environment. This paper will map these requirements into technical features required for the radio link and consider how these will relate to the effects of the channels.

O GPS é um sistema de radio navegação baseado em satélites operando 24 horas por dia no fornecimento de sinais de rádio para determinação de coordenadas em todo o globo terrestre. Estas coordenadas apresentam uma precisão de 10 metros, que em muitas aplicações é inadequada. O DGPS ou GPS diferencial é uma técnica que permite passar a precisão para o nível do metro por meio da recepção de informações adicionais. Estas informações são recebidas pelo receptor de GPS por meio de rádio a partir de satélites geo-estacionários ou enlaces locais. Este trabalho apresenta um sistema DGPS com enlace local para aplicações urbanas com a utilização de um receptor de mensagens de texto, e de baixo custo, pager Motoro-la Creatalink operando na faixa de 931 MHz. Foi montado um projeto piloto na Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (EESC) com a Base de Referência no Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica. Os resultados mostram que o método apresenta uma sensível melhora na qualidade das coordenadas e que apresenta um grande potencial para aplicação em cidades de médio porte. / GPS is a radio navigation system base on a satellite network providing 24 hours radio data to determine point coordinates and world wide coverage. The precision is in the decametric range which is not adequate to many applications. DGPS or Differential GPS is a technique used to improve this precision down to metric level adding informa-tion to the receiver. The GPS receiver can receive the information from geostationary satellites or radio links. This work presents a DGPS system with local radio link to support urban applications based on the low price pager Motorola Creatalink, operating in 931 MHz band. A pilot project was developed at the Engineering School of Sao Carlos (EESC) with the Refer-ence Station at the roof of Electrical Engineering Department. The results show a good improvement in the precision of the coordinates, presenting a high potential usage in medium size cities.

O GPS é um sistema de radio navegação baseado em satélites operando 24 horas por dia no fornecimento de sinais de rádio para determinação de coordenadas em todo o globo terrestre. Estas coordenadas apresentam uma precisão de 10 metros, que em muitas aplicações é inadequada. O DGPS ou GPS diferencial é uma técnica que permite passar a precisão para o nível do metro por meio da recepção de informações adicionais. Estas informações são recebidas pelo receptor de GPS por meio de rádio a partir de satélites geo-estacionários ou enlaces locais. Este trabalho apresenta um sistema DGPS com enlace local para aplicações urbanas com a utilização de um receptor de mensagens de texto, e de baixo custo, pager Motoro-la Creatalink operando na faixa de 931 MHz. Foi montado um projeto piloto na Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (EESC) com a Base de Referência no Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica. Os resultados mostram que o método apresenta uma sensível melhora na qualidade das coordenadas e que apresenta um grande potencial para aplicação em cidades de médio porte. / GPS is a radio navigation system base on a satellite network providing 24 hours radio data to determine point coordinates and world wide coverage. The precision is in the decametric range which is not adequate to many applications. DGPS or Differential GPS is a technique used to improve this precision down to metric level adding informa-tion to the receiver. The GPS receiver can receive the information from geostationary satellites or radio links. This work presents a DGPS system with local radio link to support urban applications based on the low price pager Motorola Creatalink, operating in 931 MHz band. A pilot project was developed at the Engineering School of Sao Carlos (EESC) with the Refer-ence Station at the roof of Electrical Engineering Department. The results show a good improvement in the precision of the coordinates, presenting a high potential usage in medium size cities.

Abstract Advanced multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transceiver structures which utilize the knowledge of channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter side to optimize certain link parameters (e.g., throughput, fairness, spectral efficiency, etc.) under different constraints (e.g., maximum transmitted power, minimum quality of services (QoS), etc.) are considered in this thesis. Adaptive transmission schemes for point-to-point MIMO systems are considered first. A robust link adaptation method for time-division duplex systems employing MIMO-OFDM channel eigenmode based transmission is developed. A low complexity bit and power loading algorithm which requires low signaling overhead is proposed. Two algorithms for computing the sum-capacity of MIMO downlink channels with full CSI knowledge are derived. The first one is based on the iterative waterfilling method. The convergence of the algorithm is proved analytically and the computer simulations show that the algorithm converges faster than the earlier variants of sum power constrained iterative waterfilling algorithms. The second algorithm is based on the dual decomposition method. By tracking the instantaneous error in the inner loop, a faster version is developed. The problem of linear transceiver design in MIMO downlink channels is considered for a case when the full CSI of scheduled users only is available at the transmitter. General methods for joint power control and linear transmit and receive beamformers design are provided. The proposed algorithms can handle multiple antennas at the base station and at the mobile terminals with an arbitrary number of data streams per scheduled user. The optimization criteria are fairly general and include sum power minimization under the minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) constraint per data stream, the balancing of SINR values among data streams, minimum SINR maximization, weighted sum-rate maximization, and weighted sum mean square error minimization. Besides the traditional sum power constraint on the transmit beamformers, multiple sum power constraints can be imposed on arbitrary subsets of the transmit antennas.This extends the applicability of the results to novel system architectures, such as cooperative base station transmission using distributed MIMO antennas. By imposing per antenna power constraints, issues related to the linearity of the power amplifiers can be handled as well. The original linear transceiver design problems are decomposed as a series of remarkably simpler optimization problems which can be efficiently solved by using standard convex optimization techniques. The advantage of this approach is that it can be easily extended to accommodate various supplementary constraints such as upper and/or lower bounds for the SINR values and guaranteed QoS for different subsets of users. The ability to handle transceiver optimization problems where a network-centric objective (e.g., aggregate throughput or transmitted power) is optimized subject to user-centric constraints (e.g., minimum QoS requirements) is an important feature which must be supported by future broadband communication systems.

A drastic increase in traffic of mobile broadband is seen in the past few years, which is further accelerated by the increase in usage of smart phones and its applications. The availability of good smart phones and better data connectivity are encouraging mobile users to use video services. This huge increase in usage will pose a lot of challenges to the wireless networks. The wireless network has to become content aware in order to offer enhanced quality of video service through efficient utilization of the wireless spectrum. This thesis focuses on improving the Quality of Experience (QoE) for video transmission over Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks by imparting the content awareness to the system and providing unequal error protection for critical video packets. Two different schemes for the improvement of video quality delivery over LTE networks are presented in this thesis. Using content awareness, the retransmission count of Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) are changed dynamically such that the most important video frame gets more number of retransmission attempts, which increases its success for delivery in-turn increasing the received video quality. Since Radio Link Control (RLC) is the link layer for radio interface, the second approach focuses on optimizing this layer for efficient video transmission. As part of this scheme, a new operation mode called Hybrid Mode (HM) for RLC is defined. This mode performs retransmission only for the critical video frames, leaving other frames to unacknowledged transmission. The simulation results of both proposed schemes provide significant improvement in achieving good video quality without affecting the system performance.

In this thesis, research is described which leads to the proposal of a link-directionality-based dual channel MAC (Medium Access Control) protocol (DCP) for carrier sense wireless ad hoc networks. It attempts to double the capacities of such networks using an industrial standard (the single-channel IEEE 802.11 protocol) as a benchmark. Simulations show that the proposed scheme can increase the capacities to more than 1.7 times of the single-channel IEEE 802.11 protocol in large-scale random network topologies. The algorithm, however, requires extra radio spectrum resource which could be costly. In addition to DCP, a signal-to-interference ratio comparison algorithm (SCA) is proposed to further release the protocol constraints imposed by the virtual carrier-sensing mechanism. Interestingly, while the capacity of the pure DCP decreases when link lengths are short, the capacity of the pure SCA increases when link lengths are short. The two algorithms compensate for the downside of each other to bring about a more uniform capacity improvement. Simulations show that the integrated scheme can further increase the network throughputs to more than 2.13 times in random topologies. This thesis also clarifies inter-link interference in wireless ad-hoc networks by using link-directional interference graphs (l-graph). By colouring the l-graphs, independent data streams obtained by Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) are assigned for transmitting up-link and down-link traffic separately in order to eliminate the hidden-node and exposed-node problems in wireless local area networks (WLAN). Finally, a generic approach for capacity analysis is proposed to show that the concept of link-directionality can also be adopted with other network models, protocols and parameter settings. However, in certain scenarios where links are densely packed together, the advantage of using link-directionality could be diminished. Therefore, the proposed generic approach for capacity analysis allows one to determine whether channel allocations according to link-directionalities should be applied to a given network.

Les systèmes de 3G offrent de nouveaux services support (bearer services) à plus hauts débits pour les modes de transmission "paquet". Ces services vont coexister avec la voix (ou d'autres services temps réels), des scénarios de trafic mixte, voix et données, doivent être envisagés. La norme UMTS permet effectivement aux utilisateurs d'avoir plus d'un service activé simultanément. Les différentes classes de trafic augmentent la complexité de la gestion des ressources radios. Dans ce contexte, deux types de fonctions sont étudiés: l'allocation de TFCI et l'ordonnancement de paquets. Leur impact sur la qualité de service (QoS) ainsi que sur la capacité du système est évalué. On propose des améliorations de ces mécanismes dans le but d'augmenter la capacité du système et par conséquent d'améliorer la QoS des utilisateurs. Les études se restreignent au sens montant, c'est à dire aux transmissions du mobile (User Equipment ou UE) vers le réseau. Un premier mécanisme pour lequel un effort d'amélioration est fait, est l'adaptation du lien radio par variation du débit instantané transmis. On simule le cas d'une transmission multiservice (voix et données). L'UE doit partager un débit global qui lui est alloué entre les différents services activés. Ces derniers sont véhiculés dans des radio bearers (tuyaux supports). À chaque intervalle élémentaire de transmission (Transmission Time Interval, TTI), l'UE sélectionne un sous-débit pour chaque bearer; ceci se fait par la sélection d'un "format de transport" à appliquer pendant la durée TTI. Cette procédure s'effectue dans la couche MAC (Medium Access Control); le résultat de la sélection est une combinaison de formats de transport (Transport Format Combination, TFC) que la couche physique doit utiliser. La procédure, nommée sélection de TFC, permet d'adapter la transmission des différents services aux conditions variables de la propagation radio: elle détermine notablement la performance de transmission. L'algorithme de sélection de TFC est tracé dans ses grandes lignes dans la norme. Un de ses principes est de favoriser le trafic temps réel au détriment des services de données par paquet. Cependant, le trafic temps réel peut être perturbé par le trafic de données sous certaines conditions, en particulier pour les mobiles éloignés de la station de base (Node B). On propose un algorithme de sélection de TFC qui limite ces perturbations et qui offre une plus large zone de couverture aux services temps réels. En plus, il améliore la QoS du service de données et le débit effectif de l'UE sans augmenter sa puissance de transmission. Un autre type d'études concerne l'ordonnancement de paquets entre les différents utilisateurs ou UEs. C'est une procédure qui est contrôlée par la partie fixe du réseau. Nous l'étudions principalement par simulation en considérant divers mécanismes ou variations. Un premier mécanisme est nommé fast Variable Spreading Factor (fast VSF): les UEs distants changent rapidement leur facteur d'étalement (SF) afin de conserver une puissance de transmission constante, ce qui vise à stabiliser l'interférence inter-cellulaire. Un deuxième mécanisme étudié est un accès paquet décentralisé (decentralized mode) utilisant une information en retour sur le niveau global d'interférence dans la cellule. Un troisième mécanisme nommé "fast scheduling" (ordonnancement rapide) raccourcit le cycle d'ordonnancement. Les résultats ont montré que dans le cas de faible ou moyenne charge dans la cellule, le mode décentralisé réduit le délai par paquet jusqu'à 25 %. L'ordonnancement rapide augmente la capacité du système jusqu' à 10%. En plus, il améliore la QoS perçue par les utilisateurs en terme de débit par utilisateur et délai par paquet transmis.

A drastic increase in traffic of mobile broadband is seen in the past few years, which is further accelerated by the increase in usage of smart phones and its applications. The availability of good smart phones and better data connectivity are encouraging mobile users to use video services. This huge increase in usage will pose a lot of challenges to the wireless networks. The wireless network has to become content aware in order to offer enhanced quality of video service through efficient utilization of the wireless spectrum. This thesis focuses on improving the Quality of Experience (QoE) for video transmission over Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks by imparting the content awareness to the system and providing unequal error protection for critical video packets. Two different schemes for the improvement of video quality delivery over LTE networks are presented in this thesis. Using content awareness, the retransmission count of Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) are changed dynamically such that the most important video frame gets more number of retransmission attempts, which increases its success for delivery in-turn increasing the received video quality. Since Radio Link Control (RLC) is the link layer for radio interface, the second approach focuses on optimizing this layer for efficient video transmission. As part of this scheme, a new operation mode called Hybrid Mode (HM) for RLC is defined. This mode performs retransmission only for the critical video frames, leaving other frames to unacknowledged transmission. The simulation results of both proposed schemes provide significant improvement in achieving good video quality without affecting the system performance.

Les réseaux de capteurs sans fils enfouis (RCSFE) sont des réseaux comportant des capteurs et leurs antennes enfouis dans la matière, en particulier enfouis dans le sol. Ils présentent un grand intérêt dans de nombreux domaines d’activités, comme le contrôle de l’environnement, l’agriculture de précision, la navigation et la sécurité. Les systèmes existants sont à bandes étroites et fonctionnent à des fréquences inférieures à 1 GHz. Ces systèmes impliquent l’utilisation d’antennes encombrantes, ce qui complique leur déploiement et peut conduire à des coûts élevés. De plus l’utilisation de largeurs de bandes étroites limite les débits de communications possibles et la résolution envisageables dans les applications de localisation. Enfin, les systèmes actuels sont gourmands en énergie, ce qui limite la durée de vie des éléments enfouis.Pour remédier à ces inconvénients pour certaines applications des RCSFE, on propose dans cette thèse d’utiliser la technique ultralarge bande (ULB) en bande normalisée 3,1 – 10,6 GHz dans les RCSFE. Cette technique permet l’utilisation d’antennes compactes, la simplification du déploiement, l’amélioration de la précision de localisation et l’augmentation du débit de communication et de la durée de vie des capteurs.Pour étudier la faisabilité des RCSFE ULB, nous avons conçu et réalisé trois antennes ULB compactes et en analyser l’effet du sol sur les performances de ces antennes ULB enfouies et sur les liens de communication ULB enfoui. En comparaison à un fonctionnement dans l’air, l’enfouissement dans le sol décale la bande passante de l’antenne vers les basses fréquences. Ce décalage augmente avec la teneur en eau du sol. L’atténuation apportée par le canal ULB enfoui augmente avec la fréquence de fonctionnement, la profondeur d’enfouissement et la teneur en eau du sol. Cependant, nous avons montré que des liaisons fiables sont possibles pour des distances de propagation dans le sol inférieures à 30 cm et des teneurs en eau inférieures à 20% / Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSN) consist of sensors which are buried in a medium with their antennas, in particular in soil. They attract a huge interest in different fields, like environment monitoring, precise agriculture, navigation and security. The existing narrowband systems operate at frequencies below 1 GHz. These systems imply the use of cumbersome antennas, which complicates the deployment and increases its cost. Furthermore, the use of narrow bandwidths limits the possible communication data rates and the potential resolution in localization applications. Finally, current systems are very energy consuming, which limits the lifetime of the underground elements.To overcome these drawbacks for certain applications of WUSN, we propose in this thesis the use of ultra wideband technology (UWB), in the normalized band 3.1 - 10.6 GHz, in WUSN. This technique allows the use of compact antennas, simplifying deployment, improving the localization accuracy and increasing communication data rates and the lifetime of the underground sensors.In order to assess the feasibility study of UWB WUSN, we have designed and realized three compact UWB antennas and analyzed the effect of soil on the performances of these underground UWB antennas and on the underground UWB communication links. Compared with operating in free space, burying the antenna shifts the antenna bandwidth towards low frequencies. This shift increases with soil water content. The attenuation introduced by the buried UWB channel, increases with the operating frequency, the burial depth and the soil moisture. However, we have shown that reliable communications are possible for distances of propagation in soil smaller than 30 cm and soil water contents below 20%