This lecture-recital paper deals with some of the music of the early 1900's, examining both original xylophone solos and piano rags arranged for the xylophone. An attempt is made to identify the role of the xylophone in ragtime music and its implications for the present day xylophonist. In this investigation a brief history of ragtime music is presented along with the history of the xylophone. The history of ragtime is traced from its beginnings around 1890 to its decline during the 1930's, developing from cakewalks and folk rags into its various styles of Classic rags, Popular rags, Advanced rags, and Novelty rags. The history of the xylophone is traced from the middle ages to its emergence as an orchestral instrument, popularized by a Polish Jew named Michael Josef Gusikov during the early 1800"s. The popularity of the xylophone in the United States increased along with that of ragtime music; from approximately 1890 to 1935 the xylophone experienced what most refer to as its "golden age." Many solos for the instrument, both original and transcribed, were published toward the end of this era. As the popularity of the xylophone declined, these solos went out of print.

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This dissertation focuses on the interdependency between causality, context and history in selected novels by E.L. Doctorow: The Book of Daniel (1971), Ragtime (1974), Loon Lake (1980), World's Fair (1985) and The Waterworks (1995). Doctorow' s fiction is marked by an apparent paradox: while it underscores fictionalization and sometimes distorts late nineteenth and twentieth century American history, it simultaneously purports to be a valid representation of the past. The novelist's implementation of causality which is a significant component of "the power of freedom", constitutes fiction's ability to convey truth without relying on factuality or "the power of the regime". According to Doctorow, the documented fact is already an interpretation which induces the perception that all documentation is subjective. The author composes fictional contexts that disregard the pretence of reliability in non-fictional texts. Doctorow focuses on how contexts are formed: the contexts are usually defined through the experience of characters who have been exposed to an event or events that were generated by motivations, for example, emotions of fear, racism, conviction, desire and greed, i.e., the catalysts that form history. Each of the novels discussed focuses on various aspects of society and the fate of specific individuals. The Book of Daniel proposes that a human being can only survive physically and spiritually by remaining a social entity. Ragtime focuses on the persistent illusion in history that society is fragmented. The various "faces" of society encountered by the main character in Loon Lake, mirror one another and reflect spiritual poverty. Consequently, Loon Lake demonstrates that the search for personal fulfilment does not require a physical journey, but an inner or spiritual exploration. World's Fair postulates that reality is never exclusively defined by either fortune or misfortune alone. The Waterworks offers perhaps one of the most significant evaluations of history as it perceives that the world in which we live is essentially unknown to us. We have neither the practical means to obtain a total perspective of what occurs in society (especially among politicians and the financially powerful) nor do we have sufficient skills to distinguish what the motivations of individuals' actions really entail. / Thesis (M.A.) Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000.

This dissertation focuses on the interdependency between causality, context and history in selected novels by E.L. Doctorow: The Book of Daniel (1971), Ragtime (1974), Loon Lake (1980), World's Fair (1985) and The Waterworks (1995). Doctorow' s fiction is marked by an apparent paradox: while it underscores fictionalization and sometimes distorts late nineteenth and twentieth century American history, it simultaneously purports to be a valid representation of the past. The novelist's implementation of causality which is a significant component of "the power of freedom", constitutes fiction's ability to convey truth without relying on factuality or "the power of the regime". According to Doctorow, the documented fact is already an interpretation which induces the perception that all documentation is subjective. The author composes fictional contexts that disregard the pretence of reliability in non-fictional texts. Doctorow focuses on how contexts are formed: the contexts are usually defined through the experience of characters who have been exposed to an event or events that were generated by motivations, for example, emotions of fear, racism, conviction, desire and greed, i.e., the catalysts that form history. Each of the novels discussed focuses on various aspects of society and the fate of specific individuals. The Book of Daniel proposes that a human being can only survive physically and spiritually by remaining a social entity. Ragtime focuses on the persistent illusion in history that society is fragmented. The various "faces" of society encountered by the main character in Loon Lake, mirror one another and reflect spiritual poverty. Consequently, Loon Lake demonstrates that the search for personal fulfilment does not require a physical journey, but an inner or spiritual exploration. World's Fair postulates that reality is never exclusively defined by either fortune or misfortune alone. The Waterworks offers perhaps one of the most significant evaluations of history as it perceives that the world in which we live is essentially unknown to us. We have neither the practical means to obtain a total perspective of what occurs in society (especially among politicians and the financially powerful) nor do we have sufficient skills to distinguish what the motivations of individuals' actions really entail. / Thesis (M.A.) Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000.

James Wintle (b.1942) is one of America's most successful living composers. Wintle and his compositions have attracted the attention of many prominent performers and scholars over the last three decades. The Key for trumpet and piano was composed in 1988 for Chris Gekker, an outstanding trumpet player. The Key consists of four movements: a fast movement in free form, a slow lyrical movement in song form (ABA'), a dance-like movement influenced by ragtime, and a fourth movement with a slow introduction in rondo form (ABA'CA''). The purpose of the study is to introduce the composer, James Wintle, and to present an analysis of The Key for trumpet and piano, a work which receives frequent performance. Through research and analytical approaches, the study focuses on a theoretical analysis of The Key for trumpet and piano. In addition to using available materials and resources, the author was in direct contact with James Wintle for the study. Chapter 1 presents the purpose of the study, the state of research, and method. Chapter 2 is devoted to James Wintle's biography. Chapter 3 examines Wintle's compositional style, including influences and musical language. Chapter 4 offers a theoretical analysis of all four movements of The Key, as well as a discussion of extra-musical influences from the painting entitled The Key by Jackson Pollock. A summation and conclusion follow in chapter 5.

Doctorow has a curiously complex problem in Ragtime. He wants to say something meaningful, to arrive at some truth about the ragtime era of America; he wants to reveal the essence of the people of that eram who and what affected them, whom and what they affected. But the facts alone cannot solve Doctorow's program. They will provide only locatable, accountable, recorded deeds. Art, by itself, cannot solve the problem either, since the problem is too bound up in history. The problem of Ragtime, then, is to conjoin somehow the accountable facts and the unrecorded effects those facts might have had. Ragtime needs to show how the historical figures of the early twentieth century and their philosophies affected unnamed families and caused much social unrest and change. Doctorow's solutions is what might be called ragtime journalism. The new journalism attempted to create realistic novels that convinced us of their factual veracity by using real people and scenes to present an authentic recreation of reality. But Doctorow uses real people and scenes to create an unauthentic reality, to create a very obvious fiction.3.

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Ce travail porte sur le motif polyrythmique de «trois sur quatre» dans la musique écrite en circulation à la Nouvelle-Orléans d’avant le jazz enregistré, de 1835 à 1917. S’inscrivant à l’intersection de l’histoire et de l’analyse du rythme, il propose une analyse comparée à partir de trois méthodologies d’analyse (celle des polyrythmies percussives d’Afrique centrale conçue par Simha Arom,celle des dissonances métriques développée par Harald Krebset celle des polyrythmies dans le jazz mise au point par Laurent Cugny) adaptées et appliquées à des corpus archivistiques dépouillés notamment à la Hogan Jazz Archive (à la Nouvelle-Orléans), rendant compte de la vie musicale dans les salons de la bourgeoisie néo-orléanaise du XIXe siècle, puis de l’émergence du ragtime et du premier jazz. Si tout au long de la période étudiée, les exemples de trois sur quatre sont constitués de la superposition d’une figure rythmique contramétrique sur une figure rythmique commétrique, à partir du ragtime et du premier jazz, un modèle de trois sur quatre se distinguant clairement, quantitativement et qualitativement, de son utilisation au XIXe siècle s’établit: le «paradigme du secondary rag». Un exemple issu de The Banjo (1855) du compositeur néo-orléanais Louis Moreau Gottschalk annonce toutefois ce modèle, offrant ainsi de nouvelles perspectives sur l’histoire du ragtime et du premier jazz et l’histoire du rythme dans ces musiques, témoignant de leurs liens notamment avec d’une part, les musiques traditionnelles africaines et leur habitus contramétrique, d’autre part, la musique savante européenne de tradition tonale et son habitus commétrique, mais aussi avec la musique populaire de banjo de la mi-XIXe siècle, qui avait peut-être déjà alors fait la synthèse de ces éléments. / This study deals with the “three-over-four” polyrhythmic pattern in written music circulating in New Orleans before jazz was recorded, from 1835 to 1917. Through an interdisciplinary approach using history and analysis of rhythm, it proposes a comparative analysis from three methods –analysis of Central African percussive polyrhythm created by Simha Arom, analysis ofmetrical dissonance as developed by Harald Krebs, and analysis of jazz polyrhythm designed by Laurent Cugny. Those methods are adjusted and used to study archival corpora mostly held at the Hogan Jazz Archive in New Orleans, reporting on musical life in salons of 19th-century New Orleans bourgeoisie, then on the beginnings of ragtime and early jazz. While three-over-four examples are constituted from the superimposition of a contrametric pattern on a cometric pattern throughout the studied period, a new form of three-over-four pattern (clearly distinct in both quantitative and qualitative terms from its 19th-century forms) appears in ragtime and early jazz: the «paradigm of secondaryrag». An example from The Banjo (1855) by New Orleans composer Louis Moreau Gottschalkis quite similar to the new form though, allowing a reinterpretation of ragtime and early jazz history as well as history of rhythm in both musical styles. The discovery reflects on their connections, especially with respect to traditional African music and its contrametric habitus, European art music and its cometric habitus, but also with 19th-century banjo popular music, which had probably already integrated these elements.

In my dissertation I examine the steps in and performance of revolution through the writings of three Postmodern authors, Ralph Ellison, Toni Morrison, and E. L. Doctorow, in light of the model of the biblical Exodus journey and the revolution which precipitated that movement. I suggest that the revolution which began with the Israelites' bondage in Egypt has provided the foundation for American literature. I show that Invisible Man, Beloved, and Ragtime not only employ the motif of the Exodus journey; they also perpetuate the silent revolution begun by the Israelites while held captive in Egypt. This dissertation consists of six chapters. Chapter One provides the introduction to the project. Chapter Two provides the model for this study by defining the characteristics of the Exodus journey, Moses as the leader of the Israelites, and the pattern of revolution established by Michael Walzer in Exodus and Revolution. In Chapters Three, Four, and Five, I apply the model established in Chapter Two to the individual texts. In Chapter Six, I draw three conclusions which arise from my study. My first conclusion is that the master story of the Exodus journey and the Israelites' liberation from Egypt informs all Western literaturewhether the literature reinforces the centrality of the master story to our lives or whether the literature refutes the significance of the master story. Second, the stages of revolution present in the biblical Exodus are also present in twentieth-century American literature. My third conclusion is that authors whose works deal with an exploration of the past in order to effect healing are authors who are revolutionary because their goal is to encourage revolution by motivating readers to refuse to accept the status quo and to, instead, join the revolution which demands change. They do this by asking questions which are characteristic of that which is postmodernnot so much looking for answers as demonstrating that questioning what is, is appropriate and necessary.