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Esta dissertação pretende contribuir para ordenação de informações acerca das estações ferroviárias paulistas, ressaltando a importância da ferrovia e da arquitetura produzida no contexto sócio-econômico-cultural do fértil período experimentado por São Paulo e pelo Brasil, durante a segunda metade do século 19 até os anos de 1940, quando o declínio dos negócios ferroviários, processo iniciado décadas antes, torna-se de fato evidente. A sistematização de alguns dados auxilia a compreensão do tema no campo da história da arquitetura e do urbanismo, e também do patrimônio cultural, permitindo ensaios de leitura das estações ferroviárias paulistas quanto a aspectos urbanísticos, especificidade e ineditismo de programa, vínculos com a arquitetura erudita, potencial simbólico dos edifícios e o conteúdo revelado pelo patrimônio construído e ainda existente no território do estado. / This dissertation intends to contribute to organize information about Paulistas railway stations, emphasizing the significance of the railway and the architecture produced in the social-economic-cultural context of the progressive period experienced by São Paulo and Brazil, from the second half of the 19th century until the 1940\'s, when the decline of railway system, a process that started decades before, becomes clear. The systematization of some basic facts helps to understand the subject in the architecture and the urbanism\'s scope and also of the cultural heritage, and to allow essays on the Paulistas railway stations related to the urbanistic aspects, and program\'s novelty, ties with the investigations of the formal architecture, symbolic potencial of the buildings and the contents revealed by the built heritage yet existent in the state of São Paulo.

This thesis aims to analyze the role of railways and railway stations in the construction of the capital city of an industrial empire with reference to the concept of &ldquo / territorialization.&rdquo / The main case is Russia, where the geographical factors are prominent in the creation of the economic, political, social and cultural structure of the country / and the focus of analysis is the city of Moscow, which acted as the center of this structure as connected to its territory by a developed system of railways. The continuous processes of &ldquo / territorialization&rdquo / , &ldquo / deterritorialization&rdquo / and &ldquo / reterritorialization&rdquo / of the Eurasian continent by Russians and the associated nations form the basic spatial backstage of this study. The built environment as basically materialized in the capital city, which serves as the control center of territoriality, and the way how human territoriality in the country and within the capital city are interrelated, are the key issues to be investigated. In this context railways emerged as new media for territorialization in the age of industry. In this study the Russian railways and the Moscow railway stations are analyzed in their positions in the territorial configuration of industrial Russia form the mid-nineteenth century onwards. Moscow as a leading industrial as well as historical and cultural center, was not the capital city when the country introduced the rapid construction of railway network and station buildings. In this study it is claimed that the rise of Moscow to become the capital city is, thus, related with its becoming the center of the Russian railway network.

The world is shrinking with the help of different available travel options. But does it shrink our daily routine? What does location of travel nodes such as bus station or train station, giving for consequences in people’s daily life? And where are function of the society in relation to this travel stations? This study aims to analyze and investigate railway stations in a specific part of the northern Sweden. The research questions are to investigate their function and relation to the society and people in the area. And, to investigate if there are any correlation between where people live and where functions in the society are placed. The study has been performed with qualitative analyzes of the railway station in question and a quantitative approach for the correlation of people and function in the society. The presented data in the thesis has been collected from Statistics Sweden and analyzed in computer program. Analyses of the railway stations has showed that they are planed and built to gathering more than one way of traveling. They have been constructed to work for both busses, bicycle, train, cars and pedestrians. Analysis of people and function in the society has showed that there are some geographical relations between them.

Esta dissertação pretende contribuir para ordenação de informações acerca das estações ferroviárias paulistas, ressaltando a importância da ferrovia e da arquitetura produzida no contexto sócio-econômico-cultural do fértil período experimentado por São Paulo e pelo Brasil, durante a segunda metade do século 19 até os anos de 1940, quando o declínio dos negócios ferroviários, processo iniciado décadas antes, torna-se de fato evidente. A sistematização de alguns dados auxilia a compreensão do tema no campo da história da arquitetura e do urbanismo, e também do patrimônio cultural, permitindo ensaios de leitura das estações ferroviárias paulistas quanto a aspectos urbanísticos, especificidade e ineditismo de programa, vínculos com a arquitetura erudita, potencial simbólico dos edifícios e o conteúdo revelado pelo patrimônio construído e ainda existente no território do estado. / This dissertation intends to contribute to organize information about Paulistas railway stations, emphasizing the significance of the railway and the architecture produced in the social-economic-cultural context of the progressive period experienced by São Paulo and Brazil, from the second half of the 19th century until the 1940\'s, when the decline of railway system, a process that started decades before, becomes clear. The systematization of some basic facts helps to understand the subject in the architecture and the urbanism\'s scope and also of the cultural heritage, and to allow essays on the Paulistas railway stations related to the urbanistic aspects, and program\'s novelty, ties with the investigations of the formal architecture, symbolic potencial of the buildings and the contents revealed by the built heritage yet existent in the state of São Paulo.

Frente ao caráter fragmentado do espaço urbano das cidades contemporâneas, as infraestruturas de mobilidade e as redes de comunicação atuam como elementos de articulação. Nesse contexto, o transporte de pessoas tem papel fundamental de estruturação do território urbanizado que não se caracteriza apenas por laços de proximidade, sendo as estações ferroviárias nós articuladores das redes de fluxos e parte fundamental desta equação. Este trabalho aborda a inserção de grandes estações ferroviárias localizadas em áreas centrais nos intensos fluxos de escala regional e metropolitana e, ao mesmo tempo, sua consolidação como protagonistas na dinâmica urbana, atuando como geradores de urbanidade e vitalidade nas cidades. Relacionando o papel de centralidade destes equipamentos, sua inserção no território, sua função na rede de transporte e a relação com os espaços públicos do seu entorno, a pesquisa parte da reflexão teórica que enfrenta questões da contemporaneidade para assim analisar as estações através de estudos de caso. Busca, portanto, avaliar as condicionantes atuais que envolvem os grandes terminais intermodais de passageiros que tem o transporte ferroviário como elemento principal. / Given the fragmented nature of urban space in contemporary cities, mobility infrastructures and communication networks act as articulation elements. In this context, the transportation of people has a fundamental role in the structuring of the urbanized territory, which is not only characterized by proximity ties. The railway stations are among the articulators elements of flow networks and are a key part of this equation. This work addresses the insertion of large railway stations located in central areas in the intense flows of regional and metropolitan scale and, at the same time, their consolidation as protagonists in the urban dynamics, acting as generators of urbanity and vitality in the cities. Relating the central role of these equipments, their insertion in the territory, their function in the transportation network and the relation with the public spaces of their surroundings, the research starts from a theoretical reflection that faces contemporary issues to analyze the stations through studies of case. It seeks, therefore, to appraise the current requirements that involve the large intermodal passenger terminals that have rail transport as the main element.

Frente ao caráter fragmentado do espaço urbano das cidades contemporâneas, as infraestruturas de mobilidade e as redes de comunicação atuam como elementos de articulação. Nesse contexto, o transporte de pessoas tem papel fundamental de estruturação do território urbanizado que não se caracteriza apenas por laços de proximidade, sendo as estações ferroviárias nós articuladores das redes de fluxos e parte fundamental desta equação. Este trabalho aborda a inserção de grandes estações ferroviárias localizadas em áreas centrais nos intensos fluxos de escala regional e metropolitana e, ao mesmo tempo, sua consolidação como protagonistas na dinâmica urbana, atuando como geradores de urbanidade e vitalidade nas cidades. Relacionando o papel de centralidade destes equipamentos, sua inserção no território, sua função na rede de transporte e a relação com os espaços públicos do seu entorno, a pesquisa parte da reflexão teórica que enfrenta questões da contemporaneidade para assim analisar as estações através de estudos de caso. Busca, portanto, avaliar as condicionantes atuais que envolvem os grandes terminais intermodais de passageiros que tem o transporte ferroviário como elemento principal. / Given the fragmented nature of urban space in contemporary cities, mobility infrastructures and communication networks act as articulation elements. In this context, the transportation of people has a fundamental role in the structuring of the urbanized territory, which is not only characterized by proximity ties. The railway stations are among the articulators elements of flow networks and are a key part of this equation. This work addresses the insertion of large railway stations located in central areas in the intense flows of regional and metropolitan scale and, at the same time, their consolidation as protagonists in the urban dynamics, acting as generators of urbanity and vitality in the cities. Relating the central role of these equipments, their insertion in the territory, their function in the transportation network and the relation with the public spaces of their surroundings, the research starts from a theoretical reflection that faces contemporary issues to analyze the stations through studies of case. It seeks, therefore, to appraise the current requirements that involve the large intermodal passenger terminals that have rail transport as the main element.

Major railway stations in England and Wales are highly networked and open locations, frequently crowded, and are vulnerable to criminal and terrorist activities. Successive Government policies and agendas have sought to lessen this susceptibility, by promoting the understanding of and the application of resilience and security measures. Thus, the complex stakeholders are responsibilised (Garland, 1996) and urged to integrate and merge resilience, crime prevention and counter-terrorism measures into their governance, and operational policies and agendas. The aim of this research is to determine and examine the interdependencies and boundaries of the multiple stakeholders within St Pancras International Railway Station (SPIRS), and to analyse how their governance, operational and legislative requirements, and agendas influence current and future resilience of complex Category A railway stations to human malign security threats. Through a unique single case study of SPIRS, qualitative data was collected from thirty-two stakeholder participants, sampled for their expert opinion and experience. Data was also collected via documents and observations. SPIRS interconnected and complex stakeholders were represented using stakeholder analysis and mapping to create an original and innovative map highlighting those who can influence and impact the resilience of the space to human malign security threats. From the thematic analysis of the data, the overarching themes exposed the resilience within SPIRS operates in an uncertain legal space, competing with disparate institutional processes creating a gulf between reality and rhetoric of the responsibilisation of resilience and security strategies. The blurred boundaries of responsibility and understanding of the resilience and security agendas within SPIRS created tension between the national and local level stakeholders. The research adds an original and novel contribution to knowledge, as through contemporary empirical evidence it has established the political rhetoric of responsibilisation (Garland, 1996) for resilience and security policies are inconsistent and contradictory with the reality of how these transpire in an ambiguous operational and legal space such as SPIRS. Regardless of the mapped interdependencies between the multiple stakeholders and their interconnecting operational and legislative obligations, there is a definite absence of a clear and united approach to resilience, with concerns being dealt with by multiple stakeholders and policies. The research has revealed the complications and disparities the complex and multiple stakeholders face implementing policy and subsequently institutional changes in a cohesive manner. The findings of the research necessitate transformations in established organisational procedures, thus ensuring these interdependencies are dealt with now to make certain the effectual incorporation and integration of agendas and strategies are unified, and which maintain the resilience of Category A railway stations and SPIRS for future generations.

The names of railway stations and halts along the earliest railway lines on Lithuanian territory have been studied, i.e. along those railway lines built between 1861 and 1873. Especially, attention has been drawn to names that are not obvious regarding the geographical location of the station or halt. Some 50 percent of the names are showing some kind of irregularity in this respect. Most common (about 30 examples) are stations or halts that are serving a population centre situated at some distance from the station, but still bearing the name of that population centre. Another group of interesting cases is where the names have been changed over history for different reasons. These examples are about 20 in number. Among the examples of changed names are those, mostly minor halts, initially with no name but just a number, but later on provided with proper names. Most striking examples of name giving policy of the stations are railway junctions or border stations like Kaišiadorys, Virbalis/Kybartai, Švenčionėliai, Sniečkus/Visaginas, Maţeikiai/Muravjevo and Turmantas. Another dimension regarding names of railway stations in Lithuania is the fact that several languages (Lithuanian, Russian, Polish and German) have been used officially during the 150 years of the existence of Lithuanian railways.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo principal investigar e avaliar as transformações ocorridas na organização espacial das estações ferroviárias, com o advento da sua integração física com a rede do metrô, na cidade de São Paulo, entre 1979, ano de inauguração da primeira estação integrada, a do Brás, e 2010, ano de inauguração da estação integrada Tamanduateí. São cinco estações delimitadas neste estudo, e que foram divididas em dois grupos: no primeiro, as de estruturas conectadas - Brás, Luz e Santo Amaro -; no segundo, as estações de estrutura compartilhada - Barra Funda e Tamanduateí. Este trabalho estrutura-se em cinco partes. Primeira: Conceitos gerais, objetivos e metodologia da pesquisa. Segunda: Análise das transformações na tipologia das estações ferroviárias, até o advento da integração modal. Terceira: Diretrizes para projetos de arquitetura de estações ferroviárias, de metrô e de integração modal. Quarta: Análise das cinco estações sob três aspectos: organização espacial da estação ferroviária e do metrô, integração física e atendimento ao fluxo de transferência. Quinta: As análises são cruzadas com as informações contidas no embasamento teórico, considerações finais. Cada estação apresenta as marcas das intervenções efetuadas em diferentes períodos na ferrovia. As análises das estações delinearam as diversas fases da integração intra-modal CPTM-Metrô na cidade de São Paulo, expondo pontos positivos, equívocos e seu estado atual / This research aims to investigate and to evaluate the changes occurring in the spatial organization of the railway stations, with the advent of the interchange with the metro network in the city of Sao Paulo, between 1979, opening´s year of the first station of this kind, Bras, and 2010, opening´s year of Tamanduatei. There are five stations defined in this study, and they were divided into two groups: in the first, the connected structures - Bras, Luz and Santo Amaro -; in the second, shared structure - Barra Funda and Tamanduatei. This study is divided into five parts. First: General concepts, objectives and research´s methodology. Second: Analysis of changes in the railway station´s types, until the advent of modal interchange. Third: Guidelines for architectural design of railway stations, subway and modal interchanges. Fourth: Analysis of the five stations under three aspects: spatial organization of the railway station and the subway, the interchange and attendance of the transfer. Fifth: the analyses are crossed with the information contained in the theoretical basis, concluding remarks. Each station has marks of interventions carried out at different periods of time in the railroad. The station´s analyses outlined the various stages of intra-modal interchange CPTMMetro in the city of Sao Paulo, exposing positive points, misconceptions and the current state