L’expansion volémique est le traitement de première intention de l’insuffisance circulatoire aiguë dans presque tous les cas. Cependant, son efficacité très inconstante et ses effets secondaires incitent à en prédire les effets avant de l’entreprendre. Plusieurs tests ont été développés pour détecter cet état de précharge dépendance, et nous nous sommes intéressés au perfectionnement de certains d’entre eux et à la description de leurs limites.Le test de passive leg raising (PLR) repose sur le transfert de sang veineux depuis le territoire veineux splanchnique et les membres inférieurs vers le thorax. Nous avons démontré qu’en cas d’hypertension intra-abdominale, la valeur diagnostique du test était plus faible, avec l’apparition de nombreux cas de faux négatifs. Cette limite du PLR test est importante en raison de la prévalence de l’hypertension intra-abdominale chez les patients de soins intensifs.Les effets de ce test doivent être appréciés sur le débit cardiaque, et plusieurs méthodes ont déjà été décrites pour cela. Nous avons d’abord pu montrer que celle qui consiste à mesurer les effets du test sur les débits artériels carotidien et fémoral n’était pas fiable, avec une très mauvaise corrélation entre les changements de débit cardiaque et ceux de ces deux débits artériels. En revanche, nous avons décrit une méthode originale et fiable pour mesurer les effets du test, qui consiste en la mesure de l’indice de perfusion (IP), rapport entre la portion pulsatile et non pulsatile du signal de saturation pulsée en oxygène. Même si le signal ne pouvait pas être recueilli de façon stable chez tous les patients, les changements de cet indice lors du PLR permettaient de mesurer ses effets et de détecter la précharge dépendance. Ces résultats ouvrent la possibilité de mesurer les effets du test grâce à un outil non-invasif et pouvant être utilisé chez tous les patients en réanimation et au bloc opératoire.Enfin, nous avons appliqué la mesure de l’IP à un autre test détectant la précharge dépendance, le test d’occlusion télé-expiratoire. Il consiste à interrompre la ventilation mécanique pendant quelques secondes et à observer les changements simultanés du débit cardiaque. Même s’ils sont de plus faible amplitude que ceux induits par le PLR, ces changements étaient correctement suivis par les modifications de l’IP et ils détectaient de façon fiable la précharge dépendance. / Volume expansion is the first-line treatment of acute circulatory failure in almost all cases. However, its inconsistent effectiveness and side effects encourage to predict its effects before undertaking it. Several tests have been developed to detect preload responsiveness and we have sought to improve some of them and describe their limits.The passive leg raising (PLR) test is based on the transfer of some venous blood from the venous compartment of the splanchnic compartment and the lower limbs toward the thorax. We have shown that, in case of intra-abdominal hypertension, the diagnostic value of the test was lower, with many cases false negatives cases. This limitation of the PLR test is of importance because of the prevalence of intra-abdominal hypertension in critically ill patients.The effects of this test should be evaluated on cardiac output, and several methods have already been described for this evaluation. First, we have shown that measuring the effects of the test on carotid and femoral arterial flows was unreliable, with a very poor correlation between changes in cardiac output and those in these two arterial flows. Second, we have described an original and reliable method for measuring the effects of the test, which consists in measuring the perfusion index (PI), the ratio between the pulsatile and non-pulsatile portions of the pulse oximetry signal. Although a stable signal could not be obtained in all patients, changes in this index during PLR allowed the measurement of its effects and the detection of preload responsiveness. These results open up the possibility of measuring the effects of the test with a non-invasive tool that can be used in all patients in the intensive care unit and the operating room.Finally, we applied the PI measurement to another test of preload responsiveness, the end-expiratory occlusion test. It consists in interrupting mechanical ventilation for a few seconds and observing simultaneous changes in cardiac output. Although the changes are smaller than those induced by PLR, these changes were well tracked by PI changes and reliably detected preload dependence.

PhD (Tshivenda) / Senthara ya M.E.R. Mathivha ya Nyambo dza Afrika kha Vhutsila na Mvelele / Tshivenḓa is one of African languages spoken in the Northern parts of South Africa and some parts of Zimbabwe. This proposal focuses on a study of selected phonological processes involving Tshivenḓa vowels. The Tshivenḓa phonological processes involving vowels under this study include vowel elision/deletion, vowel epenthesis, vowel coalescence, vowel nasalisation, vowel harmony, vowel raising and glide formation. In this regard, consonants are not part and parcel of this study. Furthermore, the study enriches the phonology of Tshivenḓa with more phonological processes thereby adding on the existing literature. The study also attempts to motivate and encourage Tshivenḓa speaking people and those who are interested in the language to have a clear understanding of phonological processes which occur in Tshivenḓa. The theoretical framework underpinning this study is the Optimality Theory (OT). The study will be carried out through phonological analysis, that is, field work and word list. Secondary sources will also be used for data collection.

The aim of this paper is to describe the process of raising funds on the example of selected non-profit organizations, which can be described as "good practice". Is a case study of one case, which case is the process of raising funds to non-profit organizations with their own fundraising department and integrated social enterprise. There were examined the activities within the processes, the organization structure of the actors involved and the external influences on the processes. Data were obtained by semi-structured interviews, participant observation and document analysis. The data analysis was open coding. Results of the research of the process of raising funds in this work provides a description of these processes that are "good practice". The most important characteristics of the processes were the organization and targeting of the activities, good promotion, reducing dependence on sources with their diversity and active struggle against external influences. Key words raising funds, fundraising, social enterprise, "good practice", NGO

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The thesis made a comparative study of two university foundations, namely Indiana University Foundation, the United States, and Peking University Education Foundation, China, from a historical approach. Many theories influenced the author’s thinking about the issues, such as nonprofit organizations, elite philanthropy, and civil society. The paper seeks to: (1) make an overview of the development of the two foundations; (2) analyze and compare their differences in nature, structure, and fundraising practices, etc.; (3) examine the underlying reasons which may involve social, political, economic and legal factors; and (4) explore the future development of university foundations in China. In an era of accelerated globalization, the boom of diaspora giving and growth of nonprofits set the stage for the development of philanthropy in China. While continuing to draw from the extensive experiences of its American counterparts, the Peking University Education Foundation needs to reflect on its own actual situation and explore a road tailored to Chinese-style university foundations.

In the chapters of my thesis, I explore how "soft" consciousness-raising novels of the first, second and third-waves of feminism practice underground feminism by covertly exposing women's socio-political issues outside of the confines of feminist rhetoric. In moving away from the negative connotations of political language, the authors enable the education of female audiences otherwise out of reach. Working from and extending on various theorists, I construct a theoretical model for what I term underground feminism. Running on the principal of conducting feminist activism without using feminist rhetoric, underground feminism challenges the notion that "subtle" feminism means weak feminism. In illustrating how underground feminism works in novels and in physical activism, I hope to encourage the recognition of the political utility of women's writings that do not fit the strict archetypes of feminist authorship. Analyzing the effectiveness of covert feminist conversion narratives, I discuss one soft consciousness-raising novel for each wave. The novels - Sarah Grand's The Heavenly Twins (1893), Dorothy Bryant's Ella Price's Journal (1972), and Helen Fielding's Bridget Jones's Diary (1996) - accused by scholars of employing weak feminist politics, are investigated as feminist literature that disidentifies with the feminist label with the possibility of facilitating a wide spread conversion process in "would be" feminists. After analyzing how the novels place women's issues at the center of discourse by discussing female education, women's voice, and narrative control, I consider how the underground feminism implicit in the texts extends to activism outside of literature. I also end by arguing that these novels enable a more intricate conversation about women's issues in which the voices of both self-identified and non-identified feminists are recognized.

No description available.

The comprehensive computerized decision support system developed in this research employs two techniques, computer modeling and goal programming, to assist top university financial officers in assessing the current status of funds sources and uses. The purpose of the DSS is to aid in reaching decisions concerning proposed projects, and to allocate funds from sources to uses on an aggregate basis according to a rational set of prescribed procedures. The computer model provides fast and easy access to the database and it permits the administrator to update the database as new information is received. Goal programming is used for modeling the allocation process since it provides a framework for the inclusion of multiple goals that may be conflicting and incommensurable. The goal programming model allocates funds from sources to uses based on a priority structure associated with the goals. The DSS, which runs interactively, performs a number of tasks that include: selection of model parameters, formulating goals and priority structure, and solving the GP model. It also provides on-line access to the database so that it may be updated as necessary. In addition, the DSS generates reports regarding funds allocation and goal achievements to allow analysis of the model results. The decision support system also provides a framework for experimentation with various goal and priority structures, thus facilitating what-if analyses. The user can also perform a sensitivity analysis by observing the effect of assigning different relative importance to a goal or set of goals. / Ph. D.

Doctor of Education / Department of Educational Leadership / Trudy Salsberry / Institutional advancement is a constant challenge for leaders at institutions of higher education. The continued threat to historically black college and universities (HBCU) survival, due to the lack of resources they need to operate and compete, is at the forefront of concerns for many HBCU presidents and supporters. Research suggests that to have success in acquiring more resources, universities will need to work with their alumni associations and foundations. The purpose of this qualitative, multi-case study was to contribute to the limited research on the relationships among HBCU leaders responsible for growing resources. Numerous aspects contribute to increasing alumni giving and this study will contribute to that knowledge. The discussion of inter-organizational relationships and how the processes of cooperation, coordination, and collaboration transpire should be a part of the dialogue. Exploration of these relationships and processes can highlight possible solutions and deficiencies in the success of institutional advancement. Sites for this study were purposefully selected to examine these inter-organizational relationships. Data included in-depth interviews and related documents and artifacts. Thirty patterns and three themes emerged from the data analysis. The three themes include an understanding that (a) “working together” enacts cooperation, coordination, and collaboration; (b) human capital and organizational structures affect coordination and the ability to reach goals; and (c) the goal for increased resource capacity focuses the efforts of cooperation, coordination, and collaboration. This study extends the discussion to looking at inter-organizational relationships as another perspective to enhance resources. This investigation also introduces dialogue about alumni association and foundation volunteerism as an important component in developing effective solutions. The understandings portrayed in the identified themes will help university officials, practitioners, advancement volunteers, and supporters of higher education enhance their institutional advancement strategies and help set forth norms for productive behaviors.

Résumé : Ce projet de recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une requête de l’entreprise partenaire, Golder Associés Ltée. Cette dernière s’interrogeait sur la consolidation d’un résidu minier épaissi, une approche de plus en plus utilisée dans le domaine de la gestion des aires de déposition des résidus miniers. Ce type de matériau est épaissi jusqu’à un point où une fois déposé, il ne connaît pas ou peu de ségrégation, rejette moins d’eau et possède généralement un angle de repos plus grand que les résidus conventionnels. L’intérêt de cette approche dans le cadre de cette étude consiste en la réduction des empreintes des aires de déposition par la combinaison des résidus épaissis et des rehaussements par l’amont. La consolidation de ce type de résidus a été peu étudiée depuis leur développement. En rassemblant les observations rapportées dans les écrits scientifiques, il est possible de ressortir que le mécanisme physique générant la dissipation des pressions interstitielles en excès et le tassement au moment de la déposition est essentiellement la consolidation sous le poids propre. Un essai en colonne de tassement instrumentée de transmetteurs de pression a permis l’étude de la consolidation sous le poids propre en termes de dissipation des pressions d’eau avec une grande précision. Un essai en consolidomètre a permis de définir la compressibilité du matériau durant cette étape de consolidation sous le poids propre avec une précision acceptable. Les résultats expérimentaux ont été reproduits à l’aide du modèle CS2 suite à quelques ajustements des relations constitutives. CS2 considère la consolidation sous le poids propre et les grandes déformations d’une déposition instantanée. Le rapprochement entre le modèle CS2 et les résultats expérimentaux est sans équivoque et permet de prendre connaissance de certains aspects de la consolidation sous le poids propre qui étaient peu détaillés jusqu'à maintenant dans les écrits scientifiques. L’importance de la consolidation sous le poids propre et son intégration dans le plan de déposition proposé par l’entreprise partenaire a été évaluée à l’aide du logiciel SIGMA/W. Les capacités de ce logiciel ont tout d’abord été étudiées en 1D. Ces vérifications visaient la considération de la consolidation sous le poids propre tout en examinant la formulation de SIGMA/W pour un remplissage progressif. Ces simulations 1D ont pu être comparées aux résultats du modèle CS4, un modèle calqué sur CS2 qui permet un remplissage progressif. Finalement, une campagne de simulation à grande échelle en 2D visant la simulation d’une aire de déposition de résidus épaissis a permis d’examiner les éléments importants dans la considération de ce mécanisme à l’aide du logiciel commercial SIGMA/W. Il en ressort que le logiciel SIGMA/W n’est pas le logiciel idéal pour simuler la déposition progressive de résidus épaissis en considérant la consolidation sous le poids propre et ce pour maintes raisons. Les résultats de cette étude viennent situer l’importance de la consolidation sous le poids propre dans les résidus épaissis et fournissent une base solide pour la compréhension et la modélisation numérique de ce mécanisme en 1D ou en 2D. // Abstract : This research project was done through an academic partnership between the Université de Sherbrooke and Golder Associés Ltée., a mining consultant from Montréal. The latter had interrogations at regarding consolidation mechanisms controlling thickened tailings deposition, a relatively new approach in tailings management. This type of material are thickened to a point from which they don’t show any segregation, they expulse less water and can be stacked with a greater beach angle than conventional tailings. The combination of this method with the upstream raising method results in the possible reduction of the footprint of the tailings disposal facility. Thickened tailings have not been studied extensively. However, by gathering available information from the existing technical literature, it is apparent that the sole mechanism creating both a dissipation of excess pore water pressure and a settlement following deposition is self-weight consolidation. A settling column monitored with pressure transmitters was used to define accurately the self-weight consolidation process in terms of dissipation of excess pore water pressure. A consolidometer setup was used to define the compressibility of this material during the self-weight consolidation. Experimental results were reproduced with the numerical model CS2 which considers the self-weight consolidation and large strains. Following a few adjustments of the constitutive relationships, the numerical reproduction is clear; it represents closely the experimental results. This made it possible to document certain elements that were not well defined in the technical literature about the self-weight consolidation. The use of the finite element model SIGMA/W and its capability to consider self-weight consolidation within a tailings deposition scheme were evaluated. Firstly, the model capabilities were verified through 1D simulations that helped to document the method to adopt to model the self-weight consolidation. The formulation of SIGMA/W related to the sequential tailings placement was also studied during this phase. A comparison with the model CS4 was also performed. Secondly, the tailings disposal facility was modeled at large scale by including the sequential tailings placement and the consideration of the self-weight consolidation for each deposition. This process allowed evaluating the capabilities of SIGMA/W in large scale analysis. It appears that this numerical tool presents some numerical weaknesses especially with regards to the sequential tailings placement. Moreover, the results of this study place the self-weight consolidation of hard rock thickened mine tailings as an important mechanism that needs to be considered in a deposition scheme as it controls the short term displacements of the impoundment. Finally, they document the self-weight consolidation mechanism and provide reliable information for modelling this process in one or two-dimensional numerical analysis.