[pt] O objetivo do presente trabalho é investigar o processo de construção da identidade profissional de um aluno tornando-se professor de inglês como língua estrangeira, no contexto de um curso livre em Nilópolis, Rio de Janeiro. Acompanho o desenvolvimento deste aluno desde que ele revelou o desejo de tornar-se professor até sua inserção no grupo de professores do curso, passando pela sua escolha em fazer o Curso de Treinamento de Professores (TTC) da instituição e, mais tarde, seu ingresso no Curso de Letras. À luz dos princípios da Prática Exploratória (Allwright, 2000; Moraes Bezerra, 2003), caracterizo esta pesquisa como um estudo de caso longitudinal (Lüdke e André, 2001). Analiso informações obtidas na aula de inglês avançado do curso, na qual o aluno de 24 anos manifestou o desejo de ser professor, e na série de 8 entrevistas conduzidas ao longo de um ano e meio, visando refletir sobre sua decisões e seu processo de formação profissional. Alinho-me teoricamente com o conceito de identidade como construto social (Moita Lopes, 2002; Dutra, 2003; Kleiman, 2003). Ainda, utilizo o conceito de aprendizado dentro da perspectiva sócio-construcionista (Vygotsky, 1994; Bakhtin,1981 e 1992; Mercer, 1994; Edwards e Mercer, 1994), considerando o discurso em sua dimensão social (Cook, 2000). Problematizo questões pertinentes ao processo de construção identitária do professor, ressaltando sua crença inicial nos conceitos de modelo e inspiração e sua reflexão crítica sobre a importância do Curso de Letras na formação profissional do professor de inglês. / [en] The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the professional identity construction of a student becoming a teacher in the context of a private language school in Nilópolis, Rio de Janeiro. I study the development of this student from the moment he showed an interest in becoming a teacher until he joined the teaching staff of the same school, passing through his choice of studying at the institution`s Teachers Training Course and, later on, his entrance in a university Letters course. I characterize this research as a longitudinal case study (Lüdke e André, 2001), inspired by the principles of Exploratory Practice (Allwright, 2000; Moraes Bezerra, 2003). I analyze data from an advanced English class, in which the 24-year-old student expressed his interest in becoming a teacher; and data from 8 interviews, conducted during one year and a half, with the purpose of reflecting about his professional decisions and growth. In theoretical terms, I view identity as socially constructed (Moita Lopes, 2002; Dutra, 2003; Kleiman, 2003). I align myself with the socio-construcionist perspective on learning (Vygotsky, 1994; Bakhtin, 1981 e 1992; Mercer, 1994; Edwards e Mercer, 1994) and also consider discourse in its social dimension (Cook, 2000). I problematize identity construction issues in the process of the specific learner becoming a teacher. I highlight his initial belief in the concept of model and inspiration and his critical reflection about the importance of the university Letters course in teacher professional development.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:45:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VERA LUCIA LANDO CONTART TELES.pdf: 372796 bytes, checksum: 9a84f6add0d8ea59c941c01b82cb3ae7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-19 / This work aimed to evaluate socioeconomic and historical variables of the Association for the Development of the Organic Agriculture (ADAO) as example of that exploration model in Goiás, through a case study, to punctuate the most outstanding differences between the organic agriculture and conventional agriculture and to publish the reuslts obtained through the field research accomplished with ADAO S producers members. Interviews were accomplished with ADAO S producers members, in the municipal districts of Brazabrantes, Caturaí, Caldazinha, Bela Vista, Silvânia where were applied questionnaires with multiple choices and also open subjects done to the producers, in the period of March and April of 2007. As results of the field researches, it was observed that the lack of qualified labor, the technical support absence and public politics returned for the largest impediments for the development of the organic agriculture in Goiás. The research also showed that the organic production has been trying to provide a new vitality for the producers, once a time in that agriculture to get a form of healthier life. / Este trabalho objetivou avaliar variáveis socioeconômicas e históricas da Associação para o Desenvolvimento da Agricultura Orgânica (ADAO), como exemplo desse modelo de exploração em Goiás, através de um estudo de caso, pontuar as diferenças mais marcantes entre a agricultura orgânica e agricultura convencional e divulgar os resultados obtidos através da pesquisa de campo realizada com os produtores membros da ADAO. Foram realizadas entrevistas com os produtores membros da ADAO, nos municípios de Brazabrantes, Caturaí, Caldazinha, Bela Vista, Silvânia onde aplicaram-se questionários com questões de múltiplas escolhas e questões abertas feitas aos produtores, no período de março e abril de 2007. Como resultados das pesquisas de campo, observou-se que a mão-de-obra qualificada, a ausência de assistência técnica e políticas públicas são, segundo os produtores, os maiores entraves para o desenvolvimento da agricultura orgânica em Goiás. A pesquisa mostrou também que a produção orgânica tem proporcionado um novo ânimo para os agricultores, uma vez que este tipo de agricultura leva a uma forma de vida mais saudável.

A utilidade da contabilidade para o processo de decisão está relacionada à mensuração e divulgação apropriada de informações que, realmente, reflitam a situação econômicofinanceira dos negócios. O valor justo (fair value) tem sido apresentado como medida de avaliação de certos ativos específicos, entre eles, os biológicos, que são dotados de vida e por isso estão sujeitos a transformações biológicas (nascimento, crescimento, degeneração e morte) as quais afetam significativamente o seu valor, não sendo o custo histórico capaz de refletir fielmente todos os ganhos ou perdas de valor. Diante deste cenário, esta pesquisa terá por finalidade responder à questão: Quais restrições podem ser encontradas na aplicação do valor justo na atividade de pecuária no Brasil, considerando a subjetividade implícita nas escolhas dos métodos de avaliação?; e, consequentemente, seu objetivo é estudar a subjetividade encontrada na aplicação do valor justo na mensuração dos ativos biológicos na atividade pecuária bovina no Brasil, considerando os aspectos conceituais e as regras determinadas pelo Pronunciamento CPC 29. O foco do estudo foi a pecuária bovina de corte em função de sua importância econômica nacional e por existir mercado ativo para os animais em várias fases da vida. A pesquisa revisou os principais conceitos pertinentes ao tema, além dos estudos que permeiam o valor justo, buscando examinar a aplicabilidade, restrições, críticas, vantagens e graus de subjetividade. O estudo de caso foi o método utilizado para conhecer os sistemas em uso na avaliação de ativos biológicos, os quais foram comparados a uma lista de requisitos exigidos pelo valor justo. Os resultados obtidos apontam que é possível ser aplicado o valor justo na atividade agropecuária no Brasil, para o caso estudado, entretanto em algumas fases da vida do animal, principalmente quando não existem valores de mercado disponíveis, tal aplicação encontra maiores restrições além de proporcionar maior subjetividade. / The usefulness of Accounting for decision making is related to measurement and appropriate disclosure of information that really reflect the economic and financial situation of the business. The fair value has been presented as a way of assessment of certain specific assets, including the biological, which are endowed with life and, therefore, are liable to biological transformations (birth, growth, degeneration and death) which affect significantly their value and the historical cost is not able to faithfully reflect every values gains or losts. Under this scenario, this research aims to answer the question: What restrictions can be found in the application of fair value in the activity of cattle raising in Brazil, considering the implicit subjectivity in the choice of assessment methods? And, consequently, the present work aim to study the subjectivity found in the application of fair value in biological assets measurement in cattle raising in Brazil, considering the conceptual aspects and rules determined by the Standard CPC 29. The focus of this study was the beef cattle farming because of its importance for national economic and the existence of active market for these animals at various stages of life. The study reviewed the main concepts that are relevant to the subject, besides the studies that underlie the fair value, seeking to consider the applicability, limitations, criticisms, advantages and degrees of subjectivity. The case study was the method used to know the systems in use in the assessment of biological assets, which were compared to a list of requirements required by the fair value. The results indicates that it is possible to apply the fair value in agriculture and cattle raising activity in Brazil, for the case studied, however in some phases of this animals life, especially when there are no market values available, such application finds further restrictions besides providing greater subjectivity.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-13T14:05:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco Borges Morais.pdf: 2828419 bytes, checksum: 5edb0a68e806047bc0cad35f9c7ba28b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-13T14:05:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco Borges Morais.pdf: 2828419 bytes, checksum: 5edb0a68e806047bc0cad35f9c7ba28b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-07-07 / The stages of incubation during the phases of egg and larva are taken as the of most difficult phases in the production of several aquatic organisms. The production of the disco fish, Symphysodon spp, by natural method, with eggs and larvae together with their parents, present zootechnical difficulties that influence the productivity negatively. The intensive raising, in the parent isolated system, under broad control process including water quality, feeding and sanitary prophylaxis was assessed in accordance with the larval survival up to the fifteenth day after larvae were born. Seven pairs laid eggs forty one times during the period of 1.182 days, adding up a total of 12.906 eggs, 10.379 of them were born (80,42%). 8.543 of the born larvae (82,31%) survived until the fifteenth day of life. The average fecundity per spawning was 314,8 eggs with Variation coefficient (CV) = 48%, the average number of births per spawning was 253,1 larvae with CV=58% and the average number of living larvae fifteen days after birth was 208,4 with CV=65%. The average interval between spawnings in the same reproduction station was 12,14 days with CV=76% and medium deviation (DM) = 6,6 days. The average interval between spawnings in the sequence reproduction station was 193 days with CV=31% and DM = 45 days. The results concerning the reproductive biology can be applied in the planning and operational. The efficiency, in accordance larval survival, of incubation system was considerate satisfactory. The economical and larval growth rate analysis of the system utilized, with traditional method comparison, should rout one large evaluation of the efficacy of incubation system. / Etapas de incubação durante as fases de ovo e larva são tidas como gargalo à produção de diversos organismos aquáticos. A produção de acará disco, Symphysodon spp, pelo método natural, com ovos e larvas junto ao casal reprodutor, apresenta dificuldades zootécnicas que influenciam negativamente a produtividade. O cultivo intensivo, em sistema isolado dos reprodutores, sob processos de controle abrangente de qualidade de água, alimentação e profilaxia sanitária, foi avaliado em termos de sobrevivência larval até quinze dias pós-eclosão. Sete casais produziram quarenta e uma desovas em um período de 1182 dias, totalizando 12906 ovos, dos quais 10379 eclodiram (80,42%). Das larvas eclodidas, 8543 (82,31%) foram a termo até os quinze dias de vida. A fecundidade média por desova foi 314,8 ovos com coeficiente de variação (CV) de 48%; a eclosão média por desova de 253,1 larvas com CV de 58%, e a média de larvas vivas 15 dias póseclosão foi de 208,4 com CV de 65%. O intervalo médio entre desovas da mesma estação reprodutiva foi de 12,14 dias com CV de 76% e desvio médio (DM) de 6,66 dias, apresentando de 1 a 6 desovas em cada estação reprodutiva. O intervalo médio entre desovas de estações reprodutivas seqüentes foi de 193 dias, com CV de 31% e DM de 45 dias. Os resultados relativos à biologia reprodutiva têm aplicação prática no planejamento e operação de pisciculturas de Symphysodon spp. A eficiência, em termos de sobrevivência larval, do sistema de incubação foi considerada satisfatória. A análise econômica e da taxa de crescimento larval do sistema de larvicultura, em relação ao método natural de cria, balizariam uma avaliação ampla da eficiência do sistema de incubação.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:16:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008- Paulo Henrique Duarte.pdf: 2250009 bytes, checksum: dd3eac04ae943ebe159aceec0bddbead (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This research is a study about the tick fauna of Pantanal wetlands, MS, Brazil. Evaluation of cattle-raising on ticks populations, a detailed study on tick feeding on feral pigs and a list of ticks witch are reported in the study area are included. The cattle-raising impact was evaluated by trapping free-living ticks using a CO2 tick-trap. The traps were distributed in two areas: protected area, and the Nhumirim Ranch. Both areas are contiguous and locate at sub-region of Nhecol?ndia (18?59 S and 56?39 W), Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. In each area, four habitat types were selected: cerrado (tropical savanna), forest patches, lakes and soda lakes. The last two are temporary lagoons of fresh and salted water, respectively. A total of 980 nymphs, 613 adults and 13 larvae of ticks of the genus Amblyomma were collected in 256 hours of collection. In a pen of calves infested by Ornithodoros rostratus 114 specimens were collected in just two hours including larvae, nymphs and adults. Adults of A. cajennense and A. parvum were more abundant in the savanna at Nhumirim Ranch, but did not differ among habitat types at protected area. There was a tendency of having more nymphs in Nhumirim Ranch than in protected area. The second conduced experiment was the comparison of the tick fauna of feral pigs at dry and wet seasons. A total of 44 feral pigs were examined and the species found were A. cajennense, A. parvum e O. rostratus. More adult ticks were collected in the dry season. Ecological and epidemiological aspects were discussed. Feral pigs are introduced specie and the role of this mammal on amplifying Amblyomma cajennense is clear. O. rostratus seems to be accidental parasite of feral pigs. The last part is a commented list of species including collected data and scientific literature. Up to day 18 tick s specie are reported on Pantanal wetlands including Argasidae (two) and Ixodidae (16) tick s species. The main genus was Amblyomma and the same species founded on wildlife are present on domestic animals and humans. / A presente tese ? um estudo sobre o impacto da bovinocultura extensiva sobre a popula??o de carrapatos, e um levantamento da fauna de carrapatos da regi?o com um estudo detalhado sobre a ixodofauna do porco monteiro. Para o estudo de impacto da bovinocultura, foram utilizadas armadilhas de CO2, distribu?das em duas ?reas: Reserva Biol?gica e Fazenda Nhumirim. Ambas as ?reas s?o contiguas e est?o localizadas na sub-regi?o da Nhecol?ndia (18?59 S e 56?39 W). Em cada ?rea quatro tipos de habitat foram selecionados: cerrado, mata, baia e salina. Os dois ?ltimos s?o lagoas tempor?rias de ?gua doce e salobra, respectivamente. Na totalidade foram coletadas 980 ninfas, 613 adultos e 13 larvas de carrapatos do g?nero Amblyomma em 256 horas de coletas. Em um bezerreiro infestado por Ornithodoros rostratus, 114 exemplares, dentre larvas ninfas e adultos foram coletados em apenas duas horas de atividade. Adultos de A. cajennense e A. parvum foram mais abundantes no cerrado da Fazenda, mas n?o diferiram entre os tipos de habitat na Reserva Biol?gica. Existe uma tend?ncia para uma maior abund?ncia de ninfas de Amblyomma na Fazenda do que na Reserva Biol?gica. O outro estudo realizado comparou a fauna de carrapatos adultos dos porcos monteiros entre as esta??es, cheia e seca. Os carrapatos encontrados foram A. cajennense, A. parvum e O. rostratus. E foram encontrados mais carrapatos adultos na seca que na cheia, foi discutida a import?ncia eco-epidemiol?gica destas rela??es parasit?rias, principalmente em fun??o do Porco monteiro ser uma esp?cie introduzida na regi?o. O ?ltimo cap?tulo apresenta uma lista comentada que reuniu os dados coletados pelo autor bem como resultados publicados na literatura cient?fica. Nos dias de hoje, existe registro de 18 esp?cies de carrapatos inclu?do as fam?lias Argasidae (2) e Ixodidae (16). O g?nero mais comum foi Amblyomma e as mesmas esp?cies de carrapatos foram comuns para animais selvagens, dom?sticos e para o homem, o que constitui uma rede complexa e din?mica de hospedeiros e parasitas.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-22T12:52:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Walter da Costa Mendes.pdf: 1106183 bytes, checksum: ab9cc845c11d847e0f282a8723b9fd65 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-22T12:52:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Walter da Costa Mendes.pdf: 1106183 bytes, checksum: ab9cc845c11d847e0f282a8723b9fd65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-20 / The objective of this study was to investigate the social representations of students from the Tecnologia em Gest?o Ambiental do Instituto Federal Goiano ? Campus Uruta?, on concepts related to the Cerrado and what is its importance to the environment in general and contrast the speech of these representations with scientific knowledge, considering that this biome has become the main alternative for expanding agriculture and cattle raising frontier in Brasil, because it has a mainly flat with ease to the possibility of mechanization and irrigation water availability in the region. The research is a qualitative approach, where we designed a semistructured questionnaire with questions related to the Cerrado and their forms of preservation. The methodology is based on analysis of the collective subject discourse (DSC) according to Moscovici's theory of social representations. The target audience were nineteen students from the sixth grade of the second half of 2010 and twenty-two students from the first grade of the first half of 2011, of the Course Tecnologia em Gest?o Ambiental of the Instituto Federal Goiano ? Campus Uruta?, to make a comparison of students when they start the course and when they finish, watching if the students in the DSC of the sixth period, there have been advances in scientific knowledge regarding the Cerrado, when compared with the DSC students of the first period. Participation in the survey was voluntary, and participants had to submit a term of informed consent, because it is a study in humans, according to the National Council of Ethics. The results found that the DSCs was both the first and sixth periods are very similar, and the cerrado objectification appears with the presentation of the State of Goi?s, suggest agriculture and cattle raising as the best option for investment in productive arrangements for the cerrado, and still, emphasize the richness of biodiversity in the Cerrado. But the responses of students in the sixth period had more coherent texts in relation to scientific knowledge, proving that there was increase in knowledge, some even suggesting alternatives to mitigate the conflict between agriculture and cattle raising production and environmental conservation / O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as representa??es sociais dos alunos do Curso de Tecnologia em Gest?o Ambiental do Instituto Federal Goiano ? Campus Uruta?, sobre conceitos relacionados ao bioma Cerrado e qual sua import?ncia para o meio ambiente em geral, e contrastar o discurso dessas representa??es sociais com o conhecimento cient?fico, tendo em vista que esse bioma passou a ser a principal alternativa para a expans?o da fronteira agropecu?ria no Brasil, pois apresenta um relevo predominantemente plano com facilidade para mecaniza??o e possibilidade de irriga??o pela disponibilidade h?drica da regi?o. A pesquisa ? de abordagem qualitativa, onde foi elaborado um question?rio semi-estruturado com quest?es relacionadas com o bioma Cerrado e suas formas de preserva??o. A metodologia adotada se baseia em an?lise de discurso do sujeito coletivo (DSC) de acordo com a teoria moscoviciana de representa??es sociais. O p?blico alvo foram dezenove alunos do sexto per?odo do segundo semestre do ano de 2010 e vinte e dois alunos do primeiro per?odo do primeiro semestre do ano de 2011, do Curso de Tecnologia em Gest?o Ambiental do Instituto Federal Goiano ? Campus Uruta?, para se fazer uma compara??o dos alunos quando iniciam o curso e quando terminam, observando se no DSC dos alunos do sexto per?odo, houve avan?o no conhecimento cient?fico em rela??o ao bioma Cerrado, quando comparado com o DSC dos alunos do primeiro per?odo. A participa??o na pesquisa foi volunt?ria, sendo que os participantes tiveram que entregar um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, pois se trata de uma pesquisa com humanos, de acordo com o Conselho Nacional de ?tica em Pesquisa. O resultado encontrado foi que os DSCs tanto do primeiro como do sexto per?odos s?o bem semelhantes, sendo que o cerrado aparece com objetiva??o na apresenta??o do Estado de Goi?s, sugerem a agropecu?ria como a melhor op??o de investimento nos arranjos produtivos para o cerrado, e ainda, d?o ?nfase ? riqueza de biodiversidade no bioma Cerrado. Por?m as respostas dos alunos do sexto per?odo tiveram textos mais coerentes em rela??o ao conhecimento cient?fico, comprovando que houve avan?o no conhecimento, alguns sugerindo inclusive alternativas para amenizar o conflito entre produ??o agropecu?ria e conserva??o ambiental

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-04T21:51:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Ana Luiza Clementino da Silva.pdf: 4524611 bytes, checksum: a4b311efe071f79539552ceee96e3784 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-04T21:51:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Ana Luiza Clementino da Silva.pdf: 4524611 bytes, checksum: a4b311efe071f79539552ceee96e3784 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / The present study lies in the context of ongoing discussions concerning the possibilities of preventing and controlling illegal deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, started with the Decree 6321/07. Therefore, the current study has as its purpose investigating the theme, which involves the cattle-raising-deforestation connection, through the aforementioned economic activity in the city of Paragominas, in Eastern Par?, Brazil. More precisely, it analyzes the project ?Paragominas, A Green Cattle-Raising Model ? Socio-environmental and Production Adequacy,? also known as Green Cattle-Raising. The inquiry into the theme was performed by means of a qualitative approach: interviews with agents directly involved in the study case, in a total of nine interviews. Thus, the research has proposed the analysis of the process of change in the region which, once symbol of deforestation, is currently considered a model of sustainable development to other cities in the Amazon. Hence, the study displays the leading role of the rural farmers and producers union, since the mentioned institution turns out to have a key position in this study, as it is not only the leading agent responsible for the Green Cattle-Raising Project, but also represents society involved in this change. Finally, the study analyzes the assumption Paragominas is effectively a Green City but concludes that it still undergoes a transition process, being on the way to such an achievement. / Este trabalho se insere no contexto das discuss?es sobre as possibilidades de conter e controlar o desmatamento ilegal na Amaz?nia brasileira, iniciada com o decreto 6321/07. Neste sentido, a proposta deste trabalho ? estudar o tema que envolve a quest?o do bin?mio pecu?ria-desmatamento atrav?s desta atividade econ?mica no munic?pio de Paragominas, no leste do Par?, mas especificamente do projeto ?Paragominas, Modelo de Agropecu?ria Verde - Adequa??o socioambiental e produtiva?, mais conhecido como Pecu?ria Verde. A investiga??o do tema foi realizada por meio de m?todos qualitativos, no caso entrevistas com os atores diretamente envolvidos no estudo de caso, totalizando nove entrevistas. Dessa forma, a pesquisa prop?s a an?lise do processo de mudan?a na regi?o, que j? foi sin?nimo de desmatamento, hoje ? tida como modelo de desenvolvimento sustent?vel para outras cidades da Amaz?nia. O trabalho mostra assim, o protagonismo do sindicato de produtores rurais, de tal modo que esta ser? uma institui??o chave neste estudo, uma vez que ao mesmo tempo ? o ator respons?vel pelo projeto Pecu?ria Verde e representa tamb?m a sociedade envolvida com esta mudan?a. Por fim, o trabalho investiga se Paragominas ? de fato um Munic?pio Verde e conclui que apesar da mudan?a, o munic?pio est? em processo de transi??o e ainda caminha para atingir esse t?tulo.

The problem under investigation. This dissertation analyzed philanthropic donations and fund-raising behavior in children's museums. The research embodies a descriptive, inductive, and deductive study which infers that philanthropic donations increase gradually and are influenced by an organization's fund-raising behavior. The subjects. A stratified random sample of 15 small, 47 medium, and 20 large U.S. children's museums were surveyed; operating budgets determined museum size. The methodology. Time-series statistical techniques and economic data measures calculated the change in children's museum philanthropic donations from 1990-1994. Correlation coefficients determined the relationships between the income variables. The fund-raising behavior variables, nominal data, were calculated in percentage/frequency tables. The chi-square test statistic checked for dependency between the behavioral variables and museum size. The findings. This analysis showed the complex relationships between fund-raising systems and their philanthropic environment. The results demonstrate the strong tie between philanthropy and fund-raising. They illustrate that fund-raising cannot be an isolated management function. The data indicate how fund-raising behavior, donor attitudes, and economic conditions influence giving fluctuations. It discloses organizational donor preferences, and the control those donors might have over internal management decisions. The effects of donor networks, political lobbying, and geographic location were also detected in the figures. Conclusions. This study affirmed that persistent organizational funding requires diversified, balanced relationships between nonprofit organizations and the philanthropic sector. Children's museums need a fund-raising philosophy; voluntary giving must become a core institutional value. This philosophy must be espoused by the Chief Executive Officer who works with and through a Board President and Board of Directors who embrace the same fund-raising rationale. The organizations also need trained personnel to administer the philosophy.

In many Western societies grandparents take on the role of occasional or short-term care providers of their grandchildren. However, recent years have witnessed a significant increase, both in Australia and overseas, in the number of children being raised by their grandparents due to the inability of the children’s parents to effectively meet their parenting responsibilities.This study is an interpretive inquiry that seeks to understand the meanings grandparents attach to their experiences of the grandparent-as-parent role, rather than the traditional grandparent role. The study also investigates how assuming the non-traditional grandparent role has influenced the identity of grandparent caregivers. A narrative inquiry approach was employed to ‘hear the voices’ of 34 grandparents who were raising their grandchildren in NSW, Australia. In-depth interviews were conducted with each of the participants and their narratives were subsequently analysed through the lens of identity theory.Findings from the study reveal that grandparents experience a significant degree of roleidentity conflict in their grandparent-as-parent role. The loss of their traditional grandparent role, together with the shift in commitment to the grandparent-as-parent role, has resulted in a ‘space of difference’ between the ‘ideal’ and the ‘real’ of being a grandparent. This ‘space of difference’ is made up of a series of binary experiences described as myth/reality, visible/invisible, deserving/undeserving, voice/silenced, included/excluded, which appear to have consequentially impacted grandparents’ selfesteem and self-verification processes. The study posits that grandparents lack adequate support, or doulia, resulting in a prevailing belief that their commitment to the grandparentas- parent role is not publicly acknowledged nor afforded the justice it deserves.The study concludes that both policy and practice in NSW have failed to recognise and address the complexity of experience, or the ‘space of difference’ occupied by grandparents who are raising their grandchildren, and provides a number of recommendations in response to the grandparent experiences narrated through this research.

<p><p>Our reason for this study is to research how non- profit organizations focused on fundraising, market themselves to create and keep the relationships with their potential and existing contributors. With this study we also want to create an image of the meaning of marketing, applied to non- profit organizations focused on fundraisings, struggle towards attracting more contributors. We also aim to research what our respondents believe will be the outcomes of marketing on nonprofit organizations in the future. For this essay we have chosen a qualitative method which consists of six interviews with respondents whom have different knowledge and experiences of the non- profit sector. We chose this method to be able to view our main subject from different aspects and through the interviews also form a more profound picture of the non- profit sector and also, finally, se what the respondents think about the issue. We have further from our analysis formed a discussion which has later brought us to our conclusions. We can therefore with this state that the marketing of non- profit organizations focused on fundraising is essential to be able to form relationships with potential contributors. We also find that these organizations trough marketing communications can enhance their brand and attract the attention of the people. Our conclusion also shows that the marketing of non- profit focused on fundraising can result in both positive and negative effects. Ultimately we find through our discussion that, the non- profit organizations focused on fundraising lack different aspects of their planning and we therefore find that the primary improvement is not only by feedback to the contributors but also by making different activities to further create strong relationship with their contributors and partners.</p></p>