M.A. (Social Sciences) / The engagement of local people in development projects has become a common phenomenon that development theorists and practitioners have emphasised for the past few decades. The debate was sparked by the realisation of the failure of the top-down approach to development which had serious consequences in project sustainability. Therefore, the bottom-up approach of community participation in development projects has been viewed as a panacea for sustainable projects at the grass roots level. The study is based on the understanding that community participation is central in community development, in order to ensure sustainability. It has been observed and acknowledged from the empirical evidence that, despite the acceptance of participation as workable alternative and useful approach to community development, there are many collapsed projects and blame has been shifted to lack of funding and other factors such as economic meltdown as the major setbacks. Today, concerns are raised on the ineffectiveness of community participation, which may lead to project failures. In many instances, local people have become recipients of pre-designed projects by outsiders and often the objects of administrative manipulation. This implies that development agents were determined to impose their own thinking and understanding of community participation on the community. As a result, development projects that local people were expected to take over in the implementation phase collapsed and such communities did not take responsibility for their failures. The question to be answered is whether community participation is the hallmark of project sustainability or just one of the processes that is necessary in development articulation. It is against this background that the study explored factors associated with participation in income generating community projects in Botlokwa community in Molemole Local Municipality, Limpopo province. The qualitative method was employed in this study.

The goal of this work is to provide an account of dative clitic dependencies in constructions with raising verbs such as to seem in Romanian. Dative clitic experiencers as quirky subjects and dative clitics in clitic left dislocation (CLLD) constructions are discussed from a syntactic point of view and experimentally tested in a psycholinguistics study. The study contributes to current innovations in the Minimalist Program, presenting new perspectives on Romanian clitic dependencies in raising constructions partially addressed in earlier generative grammar. This study poses new questions regarding raising, the intervention effects of dative clitic experiencers, and the effects of clitic dependencies in ditransitive constructions. Chapter II presents an overview of Romanian raising constructions without dative experiencers. I show that Romanian possesses three raising constructions, based on the type of the embedded clause: subjunctive, infinitive, and indicative. Each of these has three potential locations for the nominative subject, argued to be generated in the embedded clause. Formal mechanisms such as Long Distance and Multiple Agree, Movement, Case and EPP are considered independent of one another. Dative clitic experiencers in raising constructions, analyzed in Chapter III, are claimed to be quirky subjects and to structurally occupy the highest position in the sentence. Having established the role of dative clitic experiencers, I discuss raising constructions involving dative experiencers generated and/or surfacing in various positions, and their effects on operations such as Agree and Move. I then discuss Experiencer Islands, formed by matrix and embedded experiencers in the same utterance, and present the contexts in which they occur. A Grammaticality Judgment Test confirms the existence of such restriction in Romanian. Furthermore, I present an analysis of Experiencer Islands and discuss observed exceptions to the restriction. Dative clitic dependencies such as CLLD constructions and Long Distance CLLD Constructions are also analyzed in this thesis. The experimental study presented in Chapter IV supports theoretical claims and demonstrates that Romanian speakers are aware of dative clitic dependencies, such as clitic experiencer dependencies and clitic dependencies in CLLD constructions, possess the grammatical knowledge of biclausal constructions involving dative clitic dependencies and have the ability to recognize such dependencies.

School finance is the topic of numerous research studies; printed in newspapers and magazines, heard on the radio and television, and frequently spoken among educators throughout the nation. Anyone dealing with education is searching for methods of obtaining additional funds for projects and supplies; and even adding money directly to school districts' budgets. To better understand the importance of searching for additional funds to supplement the annual school districts' budgets, this study examines four sources for obtaining financial assistance: partnerships, fundraising, foundations, and local source venues. Participants include 10 school districts in the state of Texas having only a single high school campus; five Chapter 41 school districts and five Chapter 42 school districts. Two school districts are selected from each classification level: A, AA, AAA, AAAA, and AAAAA. One Chapter 41 (wealthy) district will be compared with one Chapter 42 (poor) school district within the same classification level. The five selected Chapter 41 school districts are above the equalized wealth limit of $305,000 per weighted average daily attendance. Data gathering procedures utilize a purposive case study by interviewing administrators in each of the school districts; studying Texas Education Agency's School Report Card, each school district's Actual Financial Data Report; sending a survey to a district administrator within each school district; gathering data from the directors of partners-in-education or adopt-a-school programs; reviewing financial records from booster clubs and education foundations; and studying financial audits for each of the school districts. This study looks at the dependency on outside financial assistance to further educational endeavors, whether they are for enrichment purposes or for extended educational pursuits. The study examines how each school district utilizes some combination of supplements to obtain additional funds for their annual budgets, whether the district is classified as Chapter 41 or 42. Using the actual financial data records for each school district, per-pupil revenue is determined. Not all school districts have access to education foundations, and not all school districts rely on business partners in education. Yet, all school districts receive assistance from local parent-teacher organizations and booster clubs and allow fundraising efforts among the various campuses. All school districts have access to local support venues, even though some are quite limited. Overall, these four areas of obtaining additional funds make only a small percentage of impact upon the majority of the school district's budgets. Yet, some of the school districts are impacted by these revenue sources as much as the percentage of federal aid received.

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar como a evolução da economia brasileira condicionou a atuação da CONAB e a mudança dos instrumentos da PGPM a partir da abertura comercial. No decorrer da década de 1990, observou-se que a CONAB teve que adaptar os instrumentos tradicionais da PGPM, Aquisição do Governo Federal - AGF e Empréstimo do Governo Federal - EGF, em consequência da crise fiscal do Estado e do processo de abertura comercial. Além das adaptações da AGF e do EGF, a CONAB criou novos instrumentos como, por exemplo, o Prêmio de Escoamento do Produto - PEP, como forma de diminuir a intervenção na agricultura e reduzir a necessidade de estoques públicos. As atuações da CONAB se direcionaram, a partir de 1995, às regiões de fronteiras; assim, os estoques públicos e o abastecimento alimentar da nação - em especial, das principais commodities amparadas pela PGPM, milho e arroz - começaram a ser gradativamente supridos por meio das exportações e das importações. Diante da redução da participação da PGPM e da atuação da CONAB na agricultura, no ano de 2003, através do Programa Fome Zero - PFZ, o Governo Federal insere a CONAB e a PGPM no contexto da política de segurança alimentar e nutricional do país. Tendo como um dos eixos estruturais do PFZ a agricultura familiar, o Governo Federal cria o Programa de Aquisição da Agricultura - PAA, propiciando uma nova fase da PGPM e uma mudança institucional da ação da CONAB na agricultura. Diante desse panorama, observou-se que a PGPM deixou de atender tão somente seus objetivos iniciais de estabilizar preços e garantir renda ao agricultor e se direcionou à formação de estoques estratégicos, oriundos, em parte, especificamente da agricultura familiar, como forma de garantir o abastecimento alimentar do país, dentro do âmbito da política de segurança alimentar e nutricional. Apesar das limitações verificadas no PAA, como a pouca geração de renda e o baixo número de agricultores familiares beneficiados, pode-se dizer que, se, por um lado, a abertura comercial acelerou o desmonte da PGPM nos moldes tradicionais e da intervenção da CONAB na agricultura via preços mínimos, por outro, propiciou, com o PFZ, o aproveitamento da estrutura da CONAB e o direcionamento da PGPM na execução da política de segurança alimentar e nutricional do país. / The overall purpose of this study was to analyze how the evolution of the Brazilian economy affected the actions of CONAB and the change in the instruments used to set the PGPM in the period after the raising of commercial trade barriers in Brazil. Throughout the 1990s, CONAB was required to adapt to the traditional instruments of the PGPM, Federal Government Acquisitions (Aquisição do Governo Federal, AGF) and Federal Government Loans (Empréstimo do Governo Federal, EGF), as a result of the state fiscal crisis and the process of raising commercial barriers. Besides the adaptations of the AGF and the EGF, CONAB created new instruments, such as the Prize for Product Shipment (Prêmio de Escoamento do Produto, PEP) as a means for reducing government interventionism in agriculture and reducing the necessity for public stockpiles. From 1995, CONAB began directing its attention towards the border regions; the public stockpiles and the nation\'s food supply, especially corn and rice - the main commodities sustained by the PGPM - gradually started to be provided through exports and imports. In 2003, with the reduction in participation of the PGPM and the activities of CONAB in agriculture, the federal government repositioned CONAB and the PGPM in the context of the nation\'s food and nutrition security policy, through its flagship Hunger Zero Program (Programa Fome Zero, PFZ). With family-run agriculture as one of the structural pillars of the PFZ, the federal government created the Agricultural Acquisition Program (Programa de Aquisição da Agricultura, PAA), leading to a new phase for the PGPM and an institutional shift in the activities of CONAB with regards to agriculture. With this scenario, the PGPM stopped its initial objectives of price stabilization and ensuring income for farmers, and directed its attention to the formation of strategic stockpiles originating, in part, specifically from family-run agricultural enterprises, as a means of guaranteeing the country\'s food supply, under the auspices of the state food and nutrition security policy. Despite the restrictions of the PAA, such as the limited creation of income and the small number of family farming operations benefited, it can be said that, if on one hand the raising of the commercial trade barriers accelerated the demise of the traditional role of the PGPM, and of the activities of CONAB in the agricultural industry through minimum pricing, on the other it took advantage of the structure of CONAB and the redirectioning of the PGPM in order to establish a food and nutrition security policy for the country through the PFZ.

“Canadian Raising” (CR) is a phonological process typical of Canadian English, defined as the production of /aj, aw/ with raised nuclei before voiceless codas, e.g. in about. This dissertation investigates the relationship between CR and another process which abbreviates vowels in the same phonological context in most English dialects: pre-voiceless vowel abbreviation (PVVA). This study sampled three North American dialects: Canada, and the American West and North. Comparisons of vowel duration and formant trajectories revealed common patterns and specific differences between these dialects related to both CR and PVVA. Comparisons of vowel formant trajectories were conducted using statistical techniques for comparing curvilinear datasets, employed in novel methodology which utilizes multiple models of time-scaling. Results indicate that the allophonic production of /aw/ differs in Canadian English in relation to the other dialects, while /aj/ follows a common pattern in all three. I argue that PVVA is achieved through the gestural reorganization of vowels preceding voiceless coda, with the dynamic nature of diphthongs making possible several patterns of abbreviation, two of which are attested in these data: truncation of the onset i.e. the diphthongal nucleus, and compression of the overall trajectory; truncation of the offset is also attested for some monophthongs. Differences in selection of which of these abbrevatory patterns applies to /aw/ in Canadian English versus other dialects accounts for the observed differences in phonetic output. These results indicate that it is worth reconsidering several aspects of the current conception of CR, as follows. First, diphthong-raising processes can be directly linked to the more common process of vowel abbreviation, with consideration of how diphthongal gestures are organized, and reorganized in relation to post-vocalic voicing gestures. Second, that /aw/-raising appears to be distinctly Canadian. And third, that /aj/-raising is not specifically Canadian, suggesting that the two terms be described and named distinctly. This dissertation contributes to the literature on sociophonetics in two major ways: by indicating how CR is directly connected to PVVA in contemporary speech, beyond their surmised historical connections; and, by developing novel methodology for the analysis of dynamic formant trajectories, involving comparison of different time-scaling methods. / Graduate

[pt] A disposição de rejeitos tem sido uma preocupação muito importante nas empresas de mineração de todo o mundo, tendo como principal motivo a proteção do meio ambiente. Diariamente geram-se grandes quantidades de rejeitos nas plantas de beneficiamento de minérios, sendo necessário dispor de estruturas de armazenamento adequadas (barragem de rejeito) que, dependendo da produção industrial, devem ser alteadas para aumentar a capacidade de armazenamento destas estruturas. Três métodos de alteamento de barragens podem ser utilizados: o método à montante, o método à jusante e o método da linha de centro. O método à montante, discutido nesta dissertação, começa com a construção de um dique de partida. Terminada esta etapa, os rejeitos são depositados à montante, formando uma praia que adensará com o tempo, aumentando gradualmente a resistência ao cisalhamento do rejeito e servindo de fundação para futuros diques de alteamento. Este procedimento continua sucessivamente, até atingir a cota prevista de projeto. É um método de construção simples e de baixo custo, mas sua principal desvantagem é que velocidades de alteamento excessivas podem induzir a liquefação estática, causa principal do colapso de várias barragens de rejeito construídas no mundo. Neste trabalho é investigado o potencial de liquefação de uma barragem de rejeito de cobre, situada no Peru, com auxílio do método empírico de Olson, baseado em correlações com resultados de ensaios de campo SPT, e do método de elementos finitos, com utilização do modelo constitutivo elastoplástico UBCSand para previsão de liquefação. / [en] The disposal of tailings has been a very important concern in mining companies around the world, with the main objective to protect the environment. Large quantities of tailings are generated daily in the ore processing plants, being necessary the availability of specific storage structures (tailings dam) which, depending on the industrial production, must be successively raised in their lifetime to provide higher storage capacity. Three methods of dam raising can be used: the upstream method, the downstream method and the centerline method. The upstream method, discussed in this thesis, begins with the construction of a starting dyke. After this step, the tailings are deposited upstream, forming a beach which will consolidate over time, gradually increasing the shear resistance of the waste and serving as a foundation for future raising dikes. This procedure continues until the final dam elevation is reached. This method is of simple construction and low cost, but its main disadvantage is that the raising speeds can be excessive and they may induce static liquefaction, a major cause of failure of tailing dams around the world. This dissertation investigates the liquefaction potential of a copper tailing dam, situated in Peru, making use of the empirical method proposed by Olson, based on correlations with data from SPT field tests, and the finite element method, considering the elastoplastic constitutive model UBCSand.

In my graduation theses I am dealing with comparing the final price of a construction,if the construction is beeing realized as house raising or a supply.In the theoretic part of my theses we are going to acquaint with the prices in the building industry since the year 1990 until present,with the price development,the price order and the price system in the Czech Republic.Let us talk about what are the information resources to determine the price of a construction.We will demonstrate the way of making up the price of the project during its life cycle step by step.In the practical part of my theses I do the price analysis of a building carried out as house raising or a supply.First I describe the way of making both prices.Then the prices are compared among each other.At the conclusion the lowest price of the building is chosen according to the way of its construction and also my recommendation which construction form is the most conveniant for the promoter.

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The problem of this investigation was to identify the persuasive speaking techniques of private Black college and university presidents in their fund-raising efforts to support the educational programs of Negro colleges and universities. This study did not seek to defend nor justify the arguments for the existence nor nonexistence of these institutions. It focused on techniques of speaking whereby men attempted to alter reality by adjusting ideas to people and people to ideas. The evidence tended to support the conclusion that there is some relationship between speaking and fund-raising. The speeches probably produced some effect on the audiences. They (1) provided a voice to make the appeals for funds, (2) defended the posture of private Black colleges and universities, (3) provided a primary source of information about these institutions, (4) reinforced common beliefs, and (5) provided impetus for the like-minded to persevere.