Every 19 minutes, someone dies from a drug overdose, with an estimated 130 Americans dying each day. In 2017, 70,200 lives were lost. The estimated cost to society is $78.5 billion dollars from expenditures related to law enforcement, health care, and lost productivity. The proliferation of the opioid crisis is rooted in stigma as individuals suffering with substance use disorder (SUD) have been invisible, marginalized, stigmatized, and criminalized. Stigma is a Greek word denoting a visual sign or mark that signifies a person as tainted and unfit for inclusion in society, a person to avoid. Sadly, the attitudes of health care professionals towards patients with SUD are largely pejorative, with nurses amongst the most punitive. Prognostic pessimism is a problem, as nurses may view patients with SUD as unlikely to recover. Across the literature, nurses struggle to view addiction as a chronic disease. Nurses noted a lack of addiction science education, preservice, and work related, leaving them feeling unprepared to care for this vulnerable population. For this reason, education is a strategy to raise awareness of the stigma that exists in spaces and places that are designated for healing. Employing artistic mediums such as visual thinking strategies may bring addiction to the forefront and facilitate a greater understanding of the detriment of stigma to population health. The root of stigma stems from personal beliefs, attitudes, and societal views, which then overshadow care delivery. The introduction of a talking circle as a place to share burdens, personal and professional, may facilitate awareness of stigma and its origins to construct a platform for change using a dialogic process. Reducing stigma has the potential to improve environments in which patients and nurses coexist as well as to improve treatment outcomes for patients suffering from addiction.

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I prodotti fitosanitari sono considerati uno dei principali strumenti di difesa contro le più rilevanti avversità che colpiscono la produzione agricola. Per garantire che il loro utilizzo sia realmente basato su principi di sostenibilità, nel 2009 l’Unione Europea ha introdotto la cosiddetta direttiva sull’Uso Sostenibile dei Pesticidi (EU 128/2009/EC) dove lo sviluppo di appropriati indicatori di rischio insieme all’implementazione di una corretta attività di formazione e sensibilizzazione sono da considerare fondamentali per ridurre l’esposizione. Per contribuire in questa direzione, in questo studio sono stati prodotti: a) un toolbox di pratici indicatori di rischio indiretti per essere utilizzati da parte delle autorità nazionali per monitorare le performance; b) un nuovo strumento e-learning (OpenTEA) di formazione e sensibilizzazione per raccogliere e condividere i più efficienti e consistenti materiali a disposizione. Questi contributi sono stati sviluppati utilizzando un approccio pragmatico basato sia su una consultazione degli stakeholders sia su un’analisi completa del rischio (usando dei modelli previsionali di esposizione e svolgendo un’indagine sistematica “sul campo”). Tutto è stato reso possibile grazie al coinvolgimento nelle attività nel centro di ricerca OPERA, un “think tank” che attraverso il suo approccio innovativo basato su costruire reti con gli stakeholders e ponti tra scienza e politica, permette il raggiungimento di soluzioni pragmatiche condivise. / Pesticides are considered one of the principle tools of defence against the most relevant adversity affecting the agricultural production. To ensure that their use is really based on sustainability principle, in 2009 the European Union introduced the so called Directive on Sustainable Use of Pesticides (EU 128/2009/EC) where the establishment of appropriate risk indicators to monitor the performances together with the implementation of appropriate training and awareness raising to improve behaviours are considered fundamentals. To contribute in this direction, in this study were produced: a) a toolbox of practical indirect risk indicators to be used by EU Member States to monitor the performances; b) a new e-learning tool (OpenTEA) for training and awareness raising to collect and share the most efficient and scientifically sound training and communication material. These contributions were developed using a pragmatic approach focusing either on a complete stakeholder consultation process either on a comprehensive analysis of risk (looking at some exposure models and performing a systematic surveys “on the field”). All the process was possible getting involved in the OPERA research centre, a “think tank” that through its innovative approach based on building network among stakeholders and bridges between science and policy, allow the achievement of pragmatic and agreed solutions.

Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med en djupare förståelse för hur rekryterare använder Artificiell Intelligens (AI) i en rekryteringsprocess för att medvetandegöra bias. Tidigare forskning visar att arbetssökandens chanser till arbete påverkas av rekryterarens bias, detta gör att arbetssökanden inte bedöms utefter kompetens. Tidigare studier visar att arbetssökanden missgynnas baserat på olika egenskaper, kopplat till etnicitet, ålder och kön. Rekryteringsprocessen är i ett behov av verktyg som minskar denna bias, där forskning visar att AI-system kan vara ett sådant verktyg. I denna studie har vi inkluderat respondenter som besitter erfarenhet av AI-system i en urvalsprocess. Studien genomförs med en kvalitativ forskningsansats där åtta respondenter har inkluderats. Empirin har analyserats genom en tematisk analys där sex teman identifierats. Resultatet presenterar olika faktorer som jämförs mot tidigare forskning där diskussionen behandlar de mest centrala från studien. Resultatet visar att alla respondenter är överens om att alla människor innehar bias som påverkar urvalsprocessen. AI-system tar bort fokus från etnicitet, ålder och kön, därmed upplever respondenterna att AI-systemet kan medvetandegöra bias eftersom systemet baserar rangordning av arbetssökande utifrån kompetens. Studien lyfter vad som anses behövas av rekryterare för att möjliggöra för AI att kunna medvetandegöra bias. Avslutningsvis visar resultatet att AI-system kräver kontinuerlig utveckling. Med rätt förutsättningar kan AI medvetandegöra bias, bortse från synliga attribut och bedöma arbetssökande efter kompetens. / The purpose of this study is to contribute with a deeper understanding of how recruiters use Artificial Intelligence (AI) in a recruitment process to raise awareness of bias. Previous research shows that applicant chances of getting a job are affected by the recruiter's bias, this means that applicants are not assessed on competence. Previous studies show that applicants are disadvantaged based on different characteristics, linked to ethnicity, age and gender. The recruitment process has a need of tools that reduce this bias, where research shows that AI systems can be such a tool. In this study, we have included participants who have experience of AI systems in a selection process. The study is carried out with a qualitative research approach where eight participants have been included. The empirics have been analysed through a thematic analysis where six themes have been identified. The results present various factors that are compared to previous research where the discussion deals with the most central from the study. The results show that all participants agree that all people have biases that affect the selection process. AI systems remove focus from ethnicity, age and gender, participants believe that the AI system can raise awareness of bias because the ranking is based on applicant’s competence. The study highlights what is considered needed by recruiters to enable AI to be able to raise awareness of bias. In conclusion, the results show that AI systems require continuous development. With the right conditions, AI can raise awareness of bias, ignore visible attributes and assess jobseekers according to competence.

Water is essential to life, but it is becoming inadequate, even in Europe. In central, western, and a few parts of northern and northeastern Europe, water availability is facing challenges due to the impacts of climate change. These impacts further cause strains on water abstractions needed for agriculture, industries, energy, and public water supply, as well as causing extreme weather conditions like droughts during the summer. One possibility is to reduce these issues by raising awareness among individuals of their direct and indirect water consumption. However, this study implies that people cannot visualize their water consumption due to not possessing or conveniently accessing their water meter. Thus, this thesis explores the implementation of gamification and its features using a prototype to observe if this can create motivation to educate individuals in reducing their water consumption. This study uses research through design approach centered around the mid-fidelity mobile application prototype, named SAVR, developed in the iterative design process. The iterative process consists of three phases where the participants are involved in evaluating the prototype containing gamification features. The results suggest that specific game features such as points, progress and feedback successfully engaged participants in using the prototype, consequently changing their attitude, and stimulating some awareness raised on their water consumption. Overall, this opens a scope for municipalities to adopt a gamified mobile application to communicate the importance of sustainable water use as well as educating the citizens of the awareness in a playful way.