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Floods are a natural phenomenona that normally occur during Summer of every year and sometimes extraordinarily at any time in Huancané, damaging enormous areas near the lake due to lake transgressions and the overflowing of de Ramis and Huancané rivers. This origins uncountable losses to peasants’ patrimony, such as cultigens, cattle, housing, etcétera. As it is expected, this brings the assistance of both public and private institutions, to assure the surviving of the people damnified.The most serious floods took place in 1986 and 2003 that interrupted all means of comunication to the city of Huancané. As usual, the government attention to these terrible problems, consisted in short time actions to cap the moment, without any understanding of the real causes of these phenomenona, which are the filled beds of the fluvial beds and the shallowness of Lake Titicaca in the outflet of the Ramis river that collects the water from the chain of mountains at the N and NW of the Peruvian Altiplano. / Las inundaciones como fenómenos naturales se presentan anualmente en cada verano y extraordinariamente cada cierto tiempo en Huancané, afectando enormes áreas de planicies contiguas al lago. Son el resultado de la transgresión lacustre y desbordamientos de los ríos Ramis y Huancané; y causan cuantiosas pérdidas patrimoniales de los campesinos: cultivos, ganado, viviendas, etcétera. Como es de esperarse, esto pone en acción el apoyo de instituciones privadas y públicas para asegurar la sobrevivencia de la población damnificada.Las dos inundaciones más graves fueron en 1984-1986 y 2003 que interrumpieron las carreteras de conexión a la ciudad de Huancané. Los esfuerzos del gobierno incidieron en respuestas momentáneas, sin comprender que la verdadera causa de estos fenómenos se encuentra en la colmatación de los lechos fluviales y del fondo del lago Titicaca, en la desembocadura del río Ramis que recibe las aguas pluviales desde las cordilleras de la parte N y NO del altiplano peruano.

The paper analyzes the Iberian ceramics from Sant Julià de Ramis (Girona). The scope of research includes the village itself and other archaeological sites as areas of the Bosc del Congosts silos and Escalers. The research draws several archaeological material dug up in the Iberian site and made in the fields of silos. / El treball analitza ceramiques procedents del poblat ibèric de Sant Julià de Ramis (Girona). L'abast de la recerca comprèn el mateix poblat i altres jaciments arqueològics com els camps de sitges del Bosc del Congost i els dels Escalers. La recerca es nodreix de material exhumat en diverses intervencions arqueològiques fetes en el poblat ibèric i en els camps de sitges.

Cette thèse est divisée en trois parties. Dans la première partie, nous commençons par décrire les théories de Ziglin, Yoshida et Morales-Ramis et les motiver. Dans la deuxième partie, on étudie l’intégrabilité des équations différentielles de Newton à trois degrés de liberté dont les forces sont des polynômes homogènes de degrés trois. En utilisant une analyse du groupe de Galois différentiel des équations aux variations d’ordre supérieur, nous faisons une classification (presque) complète des forces génériques et intégrables. Dans une dernière partie, nous intéressons à l’intégrabilité d’un système d’équations différentielles homogènes d’ordre un (système A). L’application directe de la théorie de Morales-Ramis ne donne des obstructions à l’intégrabilité. En dérivant le système A par rapport au temps, nous obtenons un système différentiel de Newton homogène d’ordre 2 (système B). L’avantage est que ce dernier possède des solutions particulières algébriquement non triviales et le critère classique de Morales-Ramis nous permet d’établir des conditions nécessaires d’intégrabilité. Nous prouvons qu’il existe des relations explicites entre les intégrales premières des deux systèmes et nous introduisons une nouvelle méthode de recherche d’intégrales premières que l’on appelle « Extension tangente double ». Nous appliquons cette méthode à des systèmes planaires homogènes quadratiques. Comme deuxième application, nous montrons que, sous certaines conditions, les racines newtoniennes d’un système différentiel de Newton avec force centrale sont intégrables par quadratures. Nous présentons plusieurs systèmes intégrables avec deux, trois et quatre degrés de liberté. / This thesis is divided into three parts. In the first part we begin by describing the theories of Ziglin, Yoshida and Morales-Ramis and motivating them. In the second part we study the integrability of three-dimensional differential Newton equations with homogeneous polynomial forces of degree three. Using an analysis of differential Galois group of higher order variational equations, we give an almost complete classification of integrable generic forces. The last part is devoted to a study of the integrability of a system of first order homogeneous differential equations (system A ). The direct application of the Morales-Ramis theory does not lead to obstructions to the integrability. If we differentiate the differential system A with respect to time, we obtain a homogeneous Newtonian system (system B). The advantage is that the system B has a non-trivial particular solution and the classical criterion of Morales-Ramis allows us to establish necessary conditions for integrability. We prove that there are explicit relationships between first integrals of the both systems and we introduce a new method for finding first integrals called ``Double tangent extension method''. We apply the obtained results for a detailed analysis of homogeneous planar differential system. Using the double tangent extension method, we formulate some conditions under which the Newtonian roots of Newton's system with central force are integrable by quadratures. Some new cases of integrability with two, three and four degrees of freedom are found.

This dissertation examines the bildungsroman genre in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic. A close examination of the development of this genre demonstrates that it has ideological implications that link the young protagonists’ development with that of the nation. The authors on whom I focus—Ángela Hernández, Rita Indiana Hernández, René Marqués, Pedro Juan Soto, Magali García Ramis, Severo Sarduy, and Jesús Díaz—do not merely imitate the European model but revise, adapt, and often subvert it thematically and, in some cases, aesthetically. I argue that these bildungsromane differ, for the most part, from the European prototype due to their openly political themes, such as the establishment of the Estado Libre Asociado in Puerto Rico, the 1959 Revolution in Cuba, and, in the case of the Dominican Republic, Trujillo’s dictatorship. I claim that Dominican bildungsromane do not propose national projects or models but rather question the purported homogeneity of identity of the country as a normalized political body. On the other hand, in Cuba and Puerto Rico the genre has been used to promote absolute discourses of nationality as well as political projects that must be questioned due to their discriminatory and sometimes racist and violent nature.

This dissertation examines the bildungsroman genre in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic. A close examination of the development of this genre demonstrates that it has ideological implications that link the young protagonists’ development with that of the nation. The authors on whom I focus—Ángela Hernández, Rita Indiana Hernández, René Marqués, Pedro Juan Soto, Magali García Ramis, Severo Sarduy, and Jesús Díaz—do not merely imitate the European model but revise, adapt, and often subvert it thematically and, in some cases, aesthetically. I argue that these bildungsromane differ, for the most part, from the European prototype due to their openly political themes, such as the establishment of the Estado Libre Asociado in Puerto Rico, the 1959 Revolution in Cuba, and, in the case of the Dominican Republic, Trujillo’s dictatorship. I claim that Dominican bildungsromane do not propose national projects or models but rather question the purported homogeneity of identity of the country as a normalized political body. On the other hand, in Cuba and Puerto Rico the genre has been used to promote absolute discourses of nationality as well as political projects that must be questioned due to their discriminatory and sometimes racist and violent nature.