Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Uso do espaço é um padrão bem estudado em ecologia. Entretanto, formação de área de vida e posição relativa dos abrigos com área de uso são pouco estudados, principalmente para marsupiais didelfídeos. Dentre estes animais, podemos destacar Caluromys philander, devido ao seu baixo registro em armadilhas na Mata Atlântica e características peculiares dentro do grupo, como seu desenvolvimento, longevidade e hábito alimentar. Neste estudo foram investigadas as formações das áreas de uso destes animais através da comparação com seus movimentos diários, e a posição dos seus abrigos dentro das suas áreas de uso. Para isso foram monitorados seis indivíduos de C. philander através de colares rádio transmissores. Estes indivíduos se deslocaram em média 534 153 m por noite. Além disso, apresentaram área diária de 9548 3591 m e área de vida de 2,8 0,4 ha. Noventa e sete por cento das áreas diárias apresentaram sobreposição entre si, com média de 19,4% de sobreposição. Não houve diferença nos locais dos abrigos dos indivíduos monitorados, dentro dos seus Mínimos Polígonos Convexos. Entretanto, estes mesmos abrigos não estiveram localizados nas áreas de maior intensidade de uso. A média de abrigos utilizados por indivíduo foi de 6,3 (3-10) com utilização média de 2,9 (1-17) vezes em cada abrigo, sendo que 48% das vezes os animais só possuíram um registro em cada abrigo, demonstrando baixa fidelidade. Entretanto, dois indivíduos apresentaram diferença de utilização entre seus abrigos, com três destes sendo mais utilizados que os outros. O trabalho sugere que os indivíduos de C. philander monitorados apresentam área de vida propriamente dita (restrita), onde ocorrem as sobreposições entre suas áreas diárias. C. philander utilizam mais de um abrigo em suas vidas, trocando com frequência de abrigos, apesar de alguns destes abrigos poderem ser mais utilizados que outros. Além disso, os abrigos destes animais não são localizados nas suas áreas de maior intensidade de uso. / Use of space is a well studied topic in ecology. However, the structuring of the home range and shelters position, have not received enough attention, especially for didelphid marsupials. One of these, Caluromys philander, is an interesting species because of its low record in traps studies in the Atlantic Forest and its unique characteristics among marsupials related to development, longevity and feeding habits. The present study analyses how daily movements can contribute to the home range formation and how the shelters are positioned within the home range of these animals. Six individuals of C. philander were equipped with radio transmitters necklaces and followed during the night. These individuals moved 534 153 m in average per night. They also had daily ranges of 9548 3591 m and home ranges of 2.8 0.4 ha. There was a 97% overlap between days, with an average of 19.4%. There was no difference in shelters positions and Minimum Convex Polygon areas, although these same shelters were not located in the areas with the greatest use intensity. The average number of shelters used per individual was 6.3 (3-10), with an average of 2.9 (1-17) records per shelter, where shelters were used only one time in 47% of the cases, suggesting low shelter fidelity of these animals. However, two individuals showed difference of shelters use, with three of those being used more than the others. Therefore, I conclude that these individuals of C. philander have real home ranges, where they concentrate their daily movements. C. philander uses more than one shelter in its life, changing shelters frequently, although some shelters can be more used than others. Forthermore, shelters were not located in the areas with the greatest use intensity.

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L'objet de cette thèse est le couplage entre des nanocristaux luminescents et des nanostructures métalliques. Ces structures présentent nombre d'intérêts dans un large panel d'applications de par l'apparition de modes électromagnétiques de surface (dénommés plasmons) que l'on contrôle via la géométrie de ces structures. Dans cette thèse, j'étudie deux types de nanostructures métalliques différentes : les plasmons « long-range» et les nanoantennes plasmoniques.Dans un premier temps je me suis intéressé à une géométrie qui couple deux plasmons propagatifs en deux modes hybrides au travers d'une fine couche de métal pour former des plasmons à forte longueur de propagations. En couplant des nanocristaux luminescents à ces modes, la répartition en énergie de l'émission dans les différents canaux de désexcitation disponibles a été étudiée. J'ai aussi montré que le métal pouvait augmenter leur taux d'émission spontanée d'un facteur 1,7. La contribution non négligeable des modes de guide conventionnels à l'émission dans ces structure a également été mise en évidence.Dans un second temps, j'ai étudié la potentielle utilisation de nanoparticules métalliques comme nanoantennes pour exalter et rediriger l'émission spontanée. La structure sera composée d'un dimère métallique créant un «point chaud » placé à proximité d'un plot métallique permettant la redirection. Des calculs FDTD montrent qu'une géométrie en pilier permet à la fois des pertes faibles (<10%), une forte augmentation de la cadence d'émission(>x80), une redirection de la lumière et ouvre la possibilité de multiplexage directif en longueur d'onde de l'information. Ces structures présentent l'avantage d'être compatibles avec les techniques modernes d'élaboration en couche mince. Des réalisations préliminaires ont alors été présentées / The object of this thesis is the coupling between luminescent nanocristals and metallic nanostructures. These structures show numerous interest in a large variety of applications thanks to the apparition of electromagnetic surface wave known as plasmons whose properties are tailored with the geometry of these structures. In this thesis, two types of geometry will be adressed : the long-range plasmons, and plasmonic nanoantennas. In a first time, the study focuses on a geometry in which two propagative surface plasmons are coupled through a thin metal film; creating a new type of plasmons with extended propagation lenghts. By coupling the emission of nanocristals in such a geometry, the energy repartition in the different desexcitation channels available has been adressed. The viccinity of the metal has also proved to increase the spontaneous decay rate up to 1.7. The non trivial contribution of conventional waveguide modes has also been demonstrated. In a second time, the potential of using metallic nanoparticles in a pillar geometry as nanoantennas to enhance and redirect the spontaneous emission has been investigated. The structure is composed of a metallic dimer creating a hotspot on top of which another metallic nanoparticles has been placed. FDTD simulations has shown that this kind of geometry can lead to few loss (<10%), a strong enhancement of the emission rate (>x80), a redirection of the emission and paves the way to wavelenght multiplexing possibilities. Besides, these structures present the advantage to be compatible with modern thin film elaboration techniques. Preliminary realisations have then been introduced

The connection between phase shifts and the ANC has been explored in the frame of the effective range theory. The main result is that, in practice and under rather simple requirements, scattering states (phases shifts) can be correctly described and connected with bound states via the effective range function, and therefore, ANCs can be accurately determined thanks to the analytic properties of this function. This result has an important impact in stellar evolution due to the ANC and phases shifts are directly connected with capture cross sections which, for instance, determine partially the stage and evolution of stars.<p><p>As a first step, the effective range function is approximated via the effective range expansion which shows that a successful phase-shift description depends on how precise the effective range parameters are determined. Thus, a technique to compute accurately these parameters is developed here. Its construction is based on a set of recurrence relations at low energy, that allows a compact and general description of the truncated<p>effective range expansion. Several potential models are used to illustrate the effectiveness<p>of this technique and to discuss its numerical limitations. The results shows that a very good precision of the effective-range parameters can be achieved; nevertheless, to describe experimental phase shifts several effective-range parameters can be needed, which shows a limitation for practical applications.<p><p>As a second step, the effective range function is analyzed theoretically in an arbitrary energy range. This analysis shows that this function can be decomposed in such a way that contributions of bound states, resonances and background can be separated in a similar way as in the phenomenological R-matrix. In this new form experimental data can be better fitted because the free parameter space is reduced considerably,<p>and therefore, extrapolations are better handled. By construction, the method agrees with the scattering matrix properties which allows a simple calculation of resonances (locations and widths) and asymptotic normalization constants (ANCs). Several tests are successfully performed via potential models. Phase shifts for the 2 + partial wave of the 12C+α are analyzed with this method. They are correctly described including both<p>resonances at Ec.m. = 2.7 and 4.4 MeV. For the 6.92 MeV (2+) exited state of 16O, the ANC estimation 112(8) × 10 3 fm^−1/2 is obtained taking into account statistical errors. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La zone de déformation compressive des Brooks Range et des British-Barn située entre l’Alaska (Etats-Unis) et la région du Nord Yukon (Canada), en position arrière-arc, se développe dans un contexte cinématique et géodynamique depuis longtemps débattu. L’histoire tectonique du bloc continental Arctique d’Alaska, situé dans l’avant-pays de Brooks Range, est diversement interprétée dans les reconstructions de l’ouverture du bassin canadien. La chaîne de Brooks se développe à partir du Crétacé inférieur et sa mise en place se poursuit au Cénozoïque. Mieux contraindre son histoire d’exhumation, en relation avec le raccourcissement est essentiel dans cette région arctique où la cinématique des plaques, associée à l’ouverture du bassin canadien au Nord, fait l'objet de nombreux modèles géodynamiques controversés. La relation avec la subduction active Pacifique au Sud et les grands décrochements en arrière de la subduction fait de cette chaîne, en position arrière arc, une zone-clef pour affiner les reconstructions géodynamiques régionales et notre compréhension des processus orogéniques. Si le lien n'est pas établi entre la déformation mise en jeu dans cette subduction au Mésozoïque et la déformation dans la chaîne de Books, ce lien est en revanche assez bien documenté à l'heure actuelle. Il est donc légitime d'appréhender les événements sud-alaskans dans l'étude de cette chaîne de Brooks. La croissance de la chaîne au Cénozoïque est également mal comprise. Or, il s’agit d’un exemple quasi-unique de chaîne en milieu arctique active durant le Cénozoïque et qui a donc potentiellement enregistré des bouleversements climatiques majeurs, en l'occurrence depuis l‘optimum climatique à la transition Paléocène-Eocène, le refroidissement Oligocène jusqu’à la mise en place de glaciers et de la calotte nord-américaine au Quaternaire. Cet orogène est donc clef pour étudier voire quantifier l'impact du climat sur la construction topographique nord-alaskane. Ce travail a combiné une étude thermochronométrique basse-température multidatation (FT, (U-Th)/He) dans les massifs granitiques et dans les sédiments, qui ont fait l'objet de modélisation thermo-cinématiques via Pecube, dans le but de contraindre la construction orogénique depuis 100 Ma jusqu’à l’actuel. En parallèle, une approche structurale de terrain (Nord Yukon et Brooks Range) et l'analyse de données de subsurface ont été menées. Les données thermochronologiques, couplées à des analyses thermométriques RSCM et de la modélisation thermique soulignent la mise en place de reliefs au Crétacé supérieur avec une exhumation modérée (0.2 km/Ma) qui se poursuit jusqu'à la fin de l'Eocène, où les taux d'exhumation dans les chaînes de Brooks et British-Barn sont clairemement orogéniques (1.25-1.29km/Ma), et associés à la migration de la déformation vers les bassins adjacents. Ce travail souligne une migration de la déformation du SO vers le NE. Dans les deux segments de la chaîne un événement d'exhumation distinct est identifié à l'Oligocène : celui-ci est clairement associé dans la partie interne de la chaîne de Brooks à la mise en place hors-séquence d'un duplex crustal ; et associé à la migration de la déformation compressive en mer au large de la chaîne de British-Barn. Si le calendrier tectonique est semblable dans ces deux zones d'étude, il existe une différence majeure dans le style de déformation entre ces deux régions. Le front de déformation semble beaucoup plus éloigné de la chaîne et les failles beaucoup plus espacées dans la partie canadienne, éloignement et espacement probablement liés à l’épaisseur de sédiments syn-sédimentaires présents dans le bassin... / The kinematics and geodynamics associated with the compressional deformation in the Brooks Range and British-Barn Mountains, respectively in Alaska (USA) and North Yukon (Canada), in a back-arc setting has long been debated. In particular, the tectonic history of the Arctic Alaska continental block located in the foreland of the Brooks Range has been diversely interpreted in the plate reconstructions proposed for the Canadian basin. The Brooks Range mountain chain develops from the Lower Cretaceous to the Cenozoic. Constraining its exhumational history and its link with shortening evolution is essential in this arctic area where plate tectonics, associated to the Canadian basin opening in the North, has led to controversial geodynamic models. Tectonic coupling with the active Pacific subduction in the south as well as major seismogenic strike-slip faulting make this orogen a key area where to refine the regional plate reconstructions and understanding of orogenic processes. The Cenozoic evolution of the Brooks Mountains is poorly understood although it is a nearly unique example of arctic orogen, which have potentially recorded major climate changes like Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the Oligocene cooling and Quaternary glaciations. This orogen is a key to study and quantify the climate impact on the north-alaskan topographic growth. This study combined low-temperature thermochronometry (FT, U-Th/He) on granitic and sedimentary rocks, which were thermo-kinematically modeled using Pecube in order to define the orogenic evolution of this arctic region since 100 Ma. In parallel, a field-based structural study (North Yukon and Brooks Range) was combined with the analysis of subsurface data. Thermochronological data, coupled to thermometric RSCM analyses and thermal modeling first define a slow exhumation period (0.2 km/Ma) from Upper Cretaceous up to the Eocene. With the Eocene, exhumation rates drastically increased to reach 1.25-1.29km/Ma as the deformation also migrates from SW toward NE. In both alaskan and canadian parts of mountains ranges a clear Oligocene exhumational event is identified. This event is linked to out-of-sequence crustal duplexing in the internal part of the range in the Brooks Range, contemporaneous with the propagation of deformation offshore, along British and Barn Mountains...

Spectral properties of linear operators and operator functions can be used to analyze models in nature. When dispersion and damping are taken into account, the dependence of the spectral parameter is in general non-linear and the operators are not selfadjoint. In this thesis non-selfadjoint operator functions are studied and several methods for obtaining properties of unbounded non-selfadjoint operator functions are presented. Equivalence is used to characterize operator functions since two equivalent operators share many significant characteristics such as the spectrum and closeness. Methods of linearization and other types of equivalences are presented for a class of unbounded operator matrix functions. To study properties of the spectrum for non-selfadjoint operator functions, the numerical range is a powerful tool. The thesis introduces an optimal enclosure of the numerical range of a class of unbounded operator functions. The new enclosure can be computed explicitly, and it is investigated in detail. Many properties of the numerical range such as the number of components can be deduced from the enclosure. Furthermore, it is utilized to prove the existence of an infinite number of eigenvalues accumulating to specific points in the complex plane. Among the results are proofs of accumulation of eigenvalues to the singularities of a class of unbounded rational operator functions. The enclosure of the numerical range is also used to find optimal and computable estimates of the norm of resolvent and a corresponding enclosure of the ε-pseudospectrum.

Ces dernières années, les technologies d’écran se sont considérablement améliorées. Par exemple, le contraste des écrans à plage dynamique élevée (HDR) dépasse de loin la capacité d’un écran conventionnel. De plus, un écran à gamut de couleur étendu (WCG) peut couvrir un espace colorimétrique plus grand que jamais. L'évaluation de la qualité de ces nouveaux contenus est devenue un domaine de recherche actif, les métriques de qualité SDR classiques n'étant pas adaptées. Cependant, les études les plus récentes négligent souvent une caractéristique importante: les chrominances. En effet, les bases de données existantes contiennent des images HDR avec un gamut de couleur standard, négligeant ainsi l’augmentation de l’espace colorimétrique due au WCG et les artefacts chromatiques. La plupart des mesures de qualité HDR objectives non plus ne prennent pas en compte ces artefacts. Pour surmonter cette problématique, dans cette thèse, nous proposons deux nouvelles bases de données HDR/WCG annotés avec des scores subjectifs présentant des artefacts chromatique réaliste. En utilisant ces bases de données, nous explorons trois solutions pour créer des métriques HDR/WCG: l'adaptation des métrics de qualité SDR, l’extension colorimétrique d’une métrique HDR connue appelée HDR-VDP-2 et, enfin, la fusion de diverses métriques de qualité et de features colorimétriques. Cette dernière métrique présente de très bonnes performances pour prédire la qualité tout en étant sensible aux distorsions chromatiques. / To improve their ability to display astonishing images, screen technologies have been greatly evolving. For example, the contrast of high dynamic range rendering systems far exceed the capacity of a conventional display. Moreover, a Wide Color gamut display can cover a bigger color space than ever. Assessing the quality of these new content has become an active field of research as classical SDR quality metrics are not adapted. However, state-of-the-art studies often neglect one important image characteristics: chrominances. Indeed, previous databases contain HDR images with a standard gamut thus neglecting the increase of color space due to WCG. Due to their gamut, these databases are less prone to contain chromatic artifacts than WCG content. Moreover, most existing HDR objective quality metrics only consider luminance and are not considering chromatic artifacts. To overcome this problematic, in this thesis, we have created two HDR / WCG databases with annotated subjective scores. We focus on the creation of a realistic chromatic artifacts that can arise during compression. In addition, using these databases, we explore three solutions to create HDR / WCG metrics. First, we propose a method to adapt SDR metrics to HDR / WCG content. Then, we proposed an extension of a well-known HDR metric called HDR-VDP-2. Finally, we create a new metric based on the merger of various quality metric and color features. This last metric presents very good performance to predict quality while being sensitive to chromatic distortion.

The author has studied Lean and Transformative leadership in the real estate industry. The purpose of this study is to seek a connection between the company's own will to lean and transformative leadership within the organization. The various ranks within the organization that have been studied are employees, firstline managers and the management team. The theoretical frame of reference is based on previous research in the subjects Lean and Transformative Leadership. The method for this study is a case study where and triangulation of data has taken place. Results give indications that it would be favorable from the organization's perspective to adapt to Lean and atransformative leadership. The study contributes to an understanding of how a company in the housing industry can reason within the organization regarding Lean and Leadership, and what the benefits of a Lean approach can be. / Författaren har studerat Lean och Transformativt ledarskap i fastighetsbranschen. Syftet med denna studie är att söka samband mellan företagets egna vilja till lea noch transformativt ledarskap inom organisationen. De olika leden inom organisationen som har studerats är medarbetare, chefer och ledningen. Den teoretiska referensramen utgår från tidigare forskning inom ämnena Lean och Transformativt ledarskap. Metoden för denna studie är en fallstudie där och trianguleringen av data har skett. Resultat ger indikationer att det skulle vara gynnsamt ut organisationens perspektiv att anpassa sig till Lean och ett transformativt ledarskap. Studien bidrar till en förståelse för hur ett företag i bostadsbranschen kan resonera inom organisationen avseende Lean och Ledarskap, och vad fördelarna med ett Lean arbetssätt kan vara.

Tandis que les humains explorent la nature sans relâche, ils font également attention à être plus conscients d'eux-mêmes, à mieux connaître ce qui les entourent, et, par exemple, à être informés de leurs positions, vitesses, ou trajectoires où qu'ils se trouvent. Les systèmes de positionnement par satellites (GNSS) ont fourni une manière de le faire à l'extérieur, devenant un assistant indispensable pour nous. Après le succès de GPS et GLONASS, Galileo et BeiDou sont actuellement en cours de déploiement, offrant plus de choix pour le positionnement autonome ou assisté. Toutefois, les signaux GNSS sont vulnérables aux obstacles: il n'y a presque pas de service GNSS à l'intérieur des bâtiments, dans les tunnels, ou dans les parkings souterrains; la continuité des services de positionnement par satellites n'est toujours pas assurée dans les "canyons urbains". Afin de faire face à ce problème, cette thèse est consacrée au positionnement en environnements contraints (où le GNSS n'est pas disponible), en y incluant la conception, les algorithmes et les technologies correspondantes. Un état de l'art est élaboré sur les systèmes de positionnement à radio ou à l'inertie. Parmi les technologies possibles, la discussion ne se limite pas à l'approche basée sur GNSS, mais elle est centrée sur cette dernière à cause de ses avantages et aussi de l’implication profonde de notre groupe de recherche dans ce domaine. Nous avons, d'une part, étudié la possibilité ainsi que les limites du positionnement avec une précision centimétrique en déployant notre système Repealite (i.e. un système de positionnement à l'intérieur d'une base des émetteurs GNSS spéciaux); et proposé, d'autre part, une méthode de localisation en groupe d'objets dynamiques communicants. Cette méthode procède d'une problématique délicate que l'on rencontre dans les approches GNSS, qu'est la détermination de la position initiale du récepteur. On montre en quoi elle permet également d'aller au-delà de la portée des approches classiques GNSS / While the human beings explore the nature tirelessly, they also put significant concerns to be aware of themselves, to know better of the circumstances, and to be informed with their precise positions, velocities, trajectories, and so on, in local environments. The Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have provided an efficient method to do so outdoors, and have already become an indispensable assistant of many people. After the success of GPS and GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou are currently under deployment, offering more choices of the independent or collaborative positioning. However, the GNSS signal is vulnerable to obstructions: almost no GNSS services are available inside buildings, tunnels, or underground parkings; the services are not always coherent in urban canyons. In order to address this problem, this thesis is dedicated to the design frameworks for the positioning in GNSS-challenged environments, as well as the corresponding algorithms and technologies. A brief survey of the latest radio-based and inertial positioning/tracking systems is provided. Among the feasible technologies, the discussion is centered on but not limited to the GNSS-based approach, which is due to the inherited advantages of this approach and also the deep engagement of our research group in this domain. We have, on one hand, explored the possibility and limitations on the centimeter-accuracy positioning with our Repealite system (i.e. a GNSS-base indoor positioning system with specific features); on the other hand, a method of batch localization for the nodes in a network of dynamic communicating objects is proposed, which is originated from an issue of the GNSS-based approach - the resolution of the receiver initial point, but then it goes beyond the scope of the “classical” GNSS-based approach