PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine if performing static active knee extension hamstring stretching using the Pneumex Pro-Vibe vibrating platform increased acute hamstring range of motion (ROM) greater than traditional static active knee extension hamstring stretching. METHODS: A within subject design was utilized with subjects undergoing static stretching with vibration and without vibration (conditions counterbalanced). Pre- and post-test active and passive ROM was measured for the right leg, with subjects first undergoing a 5-minute warm-up on a stationary bicycle. Supine active knee extension was performed on the Pro-Vibe platform with and without vibration. The stretch was held 3 times each for 30 seconds, with a 20-second rest period between each stretch. Vibration was set at 30 Hz at the “high” amplitude setting. Active hamstring ROM was measured via active knee extension using a goniometer with the leg in 90° of hip flexion. Passive ROM was measured via clinician-assisted knee extension with the leg in 90° of hip flexion. RESULTS: A 2-way repeated measures ANOVA was performed for passive ROM, and revealed a significant main effect for condition, F (1, 23) = 0.5875, p < 0.05, and time, F (1, 23) = 5.029, p < 0.05. Another repeated measures ANOVA was performed for active ROM with the same factors, and revealed a significant time by condition interaction, F (1, 23) = 4.730, p < 0.05, and a significant main effect for time, F (1, 23) = 18.612, p < 0.001. Post-hoc paired samples t-tests determined the difference between the pre-test and post-test measurements for each condition. Active ROM showed a significant difference pre-test to post-test for the vibration condition, t (23) = -5.41, p < 0.001. The vibration condition also resulted in significantly different pre-test vs. post-test measurements on passive ROM, t (23) = -2.55, p < 0.05. In both cases the average ROM was higher for the post-test. DISCUSSION: Three 30-second active knee extension hamstring stretches using a vibrating platform are sufficient to cause significant acute increases in hamstring ROM. These findings suggest this device may be useful when desiring increased hamstring ROM.

No description available.

Thesis (doctoral)--Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (p).

Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Bibliography: Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-64). / During the nonbreeding season I observed the degree of site faithfulness of individual Sanderlings, Calidris alba, on the Pacific coast of southcentral Oregon, and the linear home range size was estimated. Home range size of Oregon birds and range sizes of individuals wintering in coastal areas of California and Peru were compared to determine if annual migration distance from the high arctic breeding ground is positively correlated with home range size. Oregon sanderlings on average remained within a minimum range of 17 kID during the nonbreeding season from October thrcugh April, although spring data are sparse. The Oregon home range is significantly larger than that of birds in Bodega Bay, California, and similar to that of birds in Peru. Therefore home range size is not correlated with distance from the breeding ground.

xvi, 121 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) Also includes two large-scale maps in two separate pdf files. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Deformation across plate boundaries often occurs over broad zones with relative motions between plates typically accommodated by faults of different styles acting together in a complex system. Collision of the Yakutat microplate within the Alaskan portion of the Pacific-North America plate boundary drives deformation over 600 km away where the Denali fault divides predominantly rigid crustal block motions of southern Alaska from distributed deformation in central Alaska. Quaternary geologic mapping along the Nenana River valley and the Japan Hills of the northern foothills of the Alaska Range defines zones of Quaternary thrust faulting recorded in the progressive deformation of Pleistocene fluvial terraces. I use topographic profiles of these terraces and paleoseismic trenching of fault scarps to characterize the Quaternary activity and constrain the subsurface geometry of these faults. Radiocarbon and cosmogenic exposure dating methods provide age control on the stratigraphy in the trenches and landforms offset by these faults. These observations define a 1-1.5 mm/yr slip rate for the Gold King fault which changes laterally from a north-vergent thrust into a north and south vergent thrust wedge that uplifts the Japan Hills. Along the Nenana River valley, the progressive deformation of Pleistocene surfaces defines a north-vergent critically-tapered thrust wedge. The geometry of progressive uplift and folding requires a near planar, south-dipping basal thrust fault with two major north-dipping backthrusts. All three faults were active simultaneously on a scale of 10 4 yrs with slip rates of 0.25-1 mm/yr, until the late Pleistocene when we infer the retreat of glacial ice from the main axis of the Alaska Range caused a change in thrust wedge dynamics. I use the orientation of Quaternary deformation north of the Denali fault to show that strain is highly partitioned and establish geologic constraints on the regional horizontal stress orientation. North of the Denali fault, fault-normal principal shortening accommodates 3-5 mm/yr of strain transfer across the Denali fault system. Two appendices contain additional results of paleoseismic trenching and neotectonic investigations across 4 active faults near the Nenana River. This dissertation includes previously unpublished co-authored material. / Committee in charge: Ray Weldon, Chairperson, Geological Sciences; Joshua Roering, Member, Geological Sciences; David Schmidt, Member, Geological Sciences; Douglas Kennett, Outside Member, Anthropology

xvi, 182 p. : col. ill. / Volatile components (H 2 O, CO 2 , S, Cl) dissolved in magmas influence all aspects of volcanic activity from magma formation to eruption explosivity. Understanding the behavior of volatiles is critical for both mitigating volcanic hazards and attaining a deeper understanding of large-scale geodynamic processes. This work relates the dissolved volatile contents in olivine-hosted melt inclusions from young volcanics in the Central Oregon and Northern California Cascades to inferred magmatic processes at depth and subsequent eruptive activity at the surface. Cinder cone eruptions are the dominant form of Holocene volcanism in the Central Oregon segment of the High Cascades. Detailed field study of deposits from three cinder cones in Central Oregon reveals physical and compositional similarities to explosive historic eruptions characterized as violent strombolian. This work has important implications for future hazard assessments in the region. Based on melt inclusion data, pre-eruptive volatile contents for seven calc-alkaline cinder cones vary from 1.7-3.6 wt.% H 2 O, 1200-2100 ppm S, and 500-1200 ppm Cl. Subarc mantle temperatures inferred from H 2 O and trace elements are similar to or slightly warmer than temperatures in other arcs, consistent with a young and hot incoming plate. High-magnesium andesites (HMA) are relatively rare but potentially important in the formation of continental crust. Melt inclusions from a well-studied example of HMA from near Mt. Shasta, CA were examined because petrographic evidence for magma mixing has stimulated a recent debate over the origin of HMA magmas. High volatile contents (3.5-5.6 wt.% H 2 O, 830-2900 ppm S, 1590-2580 ppm Cl), primitive host crystals, and compositional similarities with experiments suggest that these inclusions represent mantle-derived magmas. The Cascades arc is the global end member, warm-slab subduction zone. Primitive magma compositions from the Cascades are compared to data for arcs spanning the global range in slab thermal state to examine systematic differences in slab-derived components added to the mantle wedge. H 2 O/Ce, Cl/Nb, and Ba/La ratios negatively correlate with inferred slab surface temperatures predicted by geodynamic models. Slab components become increasingly solute-rich as slab surface temperatures increase from ∼550 to 950°C at 120 km depth. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material. / Committee in charge: Dr. Paul J. Wallace, Chair and Advisor; Dr. Katharine Cashman, Member; Dr. Ilya Bindeman, Member; Dr. Richard Taylor, Outside Member

The need for 3D-data has increased in the modern society. The data is used in many applications such as terrain models, documentation of buildings and infrastructure and can also be used for restauration or when monitoring deformations. Laser ranging is an important source to collect this type of information. Technical development has contributed with smaller and cheaper units and increased performance. Leica BLK360 was released in 2016 and is an example of this technological upraise. Since the model is new, it is interesting to investigate its performance. The goal of the study was to evaluate the performance of the length measurements by performing indirect measurements, as well as to investigate the range noise. These tests were performed at targets at different range indoors. The study took place at the lab facility at Heimdall at the University of Gävle. The method that was used, was to perform indirect measurements with targets on a line. The targets were placed with approximately 10 m in between. The results of scanned parallel targets were measured, it shows uncertainty that is smallest at 30 m (just over 2 mm) and highest at 40 m (over 5 mm). No statistical differences could be confirmed in this data. When non parallel targets was measured, the calculated uncertainty differences were 2–3 mm at 20–40 m (0° scanning angle). Low uncertainty was measured at 0° scanning angle, at higher angles uncertainties are increased. Differences could only be statistically confirmed on 40 m 45° and 10 m 0°. A conclusion from the investigation is that the measured uncertainties would be larger than if direct measurements was made. The results in this study based off indirect measurements, could not be compared to results made by direct measurements. The uncertainties would however be smaller in this type of study. When investigated the range noise it showed close to a linear curve in different scanning angles, when studying distance at 0–30 m except the target at 10 m. Statistically significant differences could be found for most measurements of range noise. The range noise is not specified in the user manual. The scanner works well at scanning indoor spaces, the low density point cloud at far range could be a limiting factor in some situations. / Behovet av 3-D data är stort i dagens samhälle. Det kan användas till att göra terrängmodeller, vid dokumentation av byggnader och anläggningar för renovering eller mätning av deformation etc. Laserskanning är ett viktigt sätt att samla in den typen av information. Teknisk utveckling har bidragit starkt till att förbättra prestanda, bidra till lägre vikt för enheterna och sänka kostnaderna för denna typ av utrustning. Leica BLK360 är en skanner som lanserades 2016 och är en tydlig representant för denna utveckling. Då skannern är ny finns intresse att undersöka dess prestanda, vilket görs i detta arbete. Målet med studien var att bedöma mätosäkerhet mot signaltavlor bestående av svagt gråtonade skivor på vissa givna avstånd, vilket kom att ske i inomhusmiljö. Dessa mätningar gjordes med indirekt längdmätning och slutsatser kring resultatens giltighet vid direkt längdmätning drogs. En bedömning gjordes också av avståndsbrusets storlek vid olika infallsvinklar. Arbetet syftade till att uppnå målen genom tester som utfördes i laborationshallen Heimdall på Högskolan i Gävle (HIG). Längdmätningsosäkerheter beräknades genom RMS-värden och resultatet för mätningar vid parallella plan visar att skillnader mot referensavstånd är lägst vid 30 m (drygt 2 mm) och det högsta värdet på signalen vid 40 m (drygt 5 mm). Generellt var det statistiska underlaget inte tillräckligt stort för att dra slutsatser kring skillnaderna i dessa längdmätningar. För motsvarande bedömning vid icke-parallella plan visade resultaten 2–3 mm vid 0° för längder på 20–40 m. Vid större infallsvinklar ökade sedan mätosäkerheten. Från de flesta av mätningarna kunde inte statistisk skillnad säkerställas på grund av liten mätserie, det kunde främst konstateras skillnad mellan värdet på 40 m 45° samt 10 m 0°. En slutsats som drogs är att de osäkerheter som uppmättes kunde anses större än om direkt längdmätning hade använts. Vid undersökning av avståndsbrusets storlek upptäcktes en förhållandevis linjär utveckling vid de olika infallsvinklarna, om bedömning enbart görs vid 0–30 m. Vid dessa mätningar kunde statistiska säkerställda skillnader konstateras i mycket hög omfattning. Skannern fungerar bra vid skanning inomhus, något som kan upplevas som en begränsning är ett förhållandevist glest punktmoln på längre avstånd, särskilt vid större infallsvinklar

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden kapselumhüllte Hüftgelenkmodelle mit 22 – 44 mm Durchmesser durch Hebelwirkung luxiert, wobei die wirkende Kraft, die resultierende Dislokation und der intraartikuläre Absolutdruck kontinuierlich gemessen wurden. Parallel dazu wurde die technische Range of Motion bis zum Impingement und bis zur Luxation bestimmt. Die durchgeführten Hebelversuche ergaben bei Zunahme des Kopfdurchmessers eine erhebliche Zunahme des Luxationswiderstandes der untersuchten Gelenkmodelle. Im Gegensatz dazu ergab die Messung der technischen Range of Motion bei größerem Gelenkdurchmesser einen geringen Zuwachs, dessen praktische Wirksamkeit durch existierende Literatur auf Grund von Knochen-Knochen-Impingement in Zweifel gezogen wird (Burroughs et al. 2005). Die Hypothese ist somit anzunehmen. Die starke Zunahme des Luxationswiderstandes und die gering erweiterte techROM sprechen neben anderen Argumenten dafür, dass die permanente hüftstabilisierende Wirkung des atmosphärischen Druckes, die auch als Weber-Effekt bezeichnet werden kann, die Hauptursache für die deutlich verminderte Luxationsneigung größerer Köpfe nach hüftendoprothetischen Eingriffen darstellt. Daraus können folgende Konsequenzen für die Hüftendoprothetik abgeleitet werden: 1. Die Schonung und Rekonstruktion der Gelenkkapsel ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Wirksamkeit des Weber-Effektes. Zahlreiche Studien belegen, dass durch die Kapselrekonstruktion die Anzahl der von Luxationen betroffenen Patienten um 90 % gesenkt werden kann (Pellicci et al. 1998; Bottner und Pellicci 2006; Prietzel et al. 2014), weshalb die Kapselrekonstruktion zu empfehlen ist. 2. Gelenkköpfe mit größerem Durchmesser besitzen in Folge des Weber-Effektes eine wesentlich größere Gelenkstabilität bzw. einen höheren Luxationswiderstand. Daraus resultiert offensichtlich die klinisch nachgewiesene wesentlich geringere Luxationsra-te (Bistolfi et al. 2011; Howie et al. 2012, Zajonz et al. 2015). Gegenwärtige Nachteile größerer Köpfe wie höherer Abrieb und vermehrte Belastung von Pfannenveranke-rung und Konus müssen jedoch berücksichtigt werden. Der Einsatz größerer Gelenk-köpfe ist zukünftig in der Hüftendoprothetik anzustreben. Gegenwärtig ist bei normalem Luxationsrisiko und somit bei primären HTEP-Implantationen der Einsatz von Gelenkköpfen bis 36 mm Durchmesser vertretbar. Bei erhöhtem Luxationsrisiko (z. B. bei bestimmten HTEP-Revisionen) sind dagegen 40-mm- und 44-mm-Köpfe gerechtfertigt, soweit diese in Abhängigkeit vom Pfannendurchmesser realisierbar sind (Zajonz et al. 2015). 3. Der Einsatz einer intrakapsulären Redondrainage beschleunigt durch die Eliminierung eingedrungener Luft und durch die Minimierung des postoperativen Hämatoseroms die Restitution physiologischer Gelenkverhältnisse. Dies ist gleichfalls eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Wirksamkeit des Weber-Effektes und daher zu empfehlen (Prietzel et al. 2007).

Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Untersuchungen zur Entfernungsmessung terrestrischer Long-Range Laserscanner. Für diese Studie wurden dem Institut für Markscheidewesen und Geodäsie dankenswerter Weise von der Firma RIEGL ein Laserscanner VZ-4000 zur Verfügung gestellt. In diesem Beitrag werden der Versuchsaufbau erläutert und erste Ergebnisse des Soll-Ist-Vergleiches gezeigt. Die unterschiedlichen Einflussgrößen, wie Temperatur und Luftdruck, die bei Messungen auf große Entfernungen eine Rolle spielen, werden angesprochen. / This paper deals with actual researches for measuring distances of terrestrial long-range Laser scanners. The Institute for Mine Surveying and Geodesy had a laser scanner VZ-4000 by the company RIEGL easy and unconventional provided. The paper presents the experimental setup and the results of the target-actual comparison. Several influences, for example temperature and atmospheric pressure, are considered for long-range measurements.

This Bachelor thesis at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm covers a model-based analysis of thrust washer bearings in heavy trucks. This work treats Scania CV AB’s range-splitter gearbox. In this gearbox there are thrust washer bearings which are analyzed in this study. The purpose of the study is to examine the stresses the bearings are experiencing during load, determine which bearing (front or rear) that is most highly stressed, and discuss the cause for that. At large axial forces, which in turn lead to greater friction and thermal stress, there is a large risk for severe wear. Theoretically, there should not be any axial forces in a planetary gearbox with straight cut-gears, but because of the shape of the planet wheel carrier and the torque from the engine, the carrier and the needle bearings are distorted, which will cause an axial force. The axial force is not easily measured. Furthermore, it is also constantly changing during an actual driving sequence. Based on engineering judgement, the axial force was estimated to be 647 N. The axial force leads to all parts of the gearbox being pushed together axially, and cause friction forces to appear in surfaces that rotate relative each other. This process is analyzed with the FEM-program Ansys. Three possible scenarios were identified: (1) when the planetary wheel rotates relative the thrust washer bearing; (2) when the planetary wheel and needle bearing rotate relative the thrust washer bearing and (3) when the planet wheel carrier rotates relative the thrust washer bearing. The frictional heat power was simplified and analyzed as a heat power source and estimated to be 90 W. Cooling was modeled in Ansys as convection, with a film coefficient of 25 W/m2C. The initial temperatures used in the analysis were 22 and 90 °C. According to this, an equivalent stress of 12.3 MPa, and a maximum principal stress of 7.63 MPa, was located at the front thrust washer bearing. This occurs when the planet wheel and the needle bearing rotate relative to the thrust washer bearing, with an initial temperature of 90 °C. To validate the model, temperature sensors could be placed near the thrust washer bearings. However, since everything is rotating, this can be a difficult task. This report gives Scania a potential explanation to why the front and rear bearings in the gearbox are worn differently. / I det här kandidatexamensarbetet som genomfördes vid Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan i Stockholm gjordes en modellbaserad analys av axialglidlager som används i tunga lastbilar. Arbetet baserades på Scania CV ABs växellådor med range-splitter. I dessa sitter axialglidlager (även kallade brickor). Syftet var att undersöka hur stor påfrestning dessa utsätts för och försöka utröna vilken av brickorna (fram eller bak) som utsätts för störst belastning, samt diskutera vad detta skulle kunna bero på. Vid oönskade axiella krafter, som i sin tur leder till högre friktion och termoelastiska spänningar, är risken för nötning på brickorna stor. Teoretiskt sett ska det inte uppstå några axiella krafter i en planetväxel med rakkugg, men på grund av planethjulsbärarens utformning och det ingående momentet från motorn kan det uppstå en förvridning av hela bäraren och nållagren. Detta leder i sin tur till att en axiell kraft uppkommer. Denna kraft beräknades till 647 N med konservativa ingenjörsmässiga antaganden, eftersom axiella kraften inte kan mätas och ständigt varieras beroende på körprofil. Den axiella kraften medför att alla delar i planetväxeln pressas samman axiellt. En friktionskraft uppstår då mellan ytor som roterar i förhållande till varandra. Detta förlopp har analyserats med hjälp av FEM-programmet Ansys. Tre möjliga belastningsfall identifierades: (1) när planethjulet roterar mot axialglidlagret; (2) när planethjulet och nållagret roterar mot axialglidlagret, samt (3) när planethjulsbäraren roterar mot axialglidlagret. Den friktionsvärme som uppstår förenklades i modellen till en värmeeffekt på 90 W. Den värme som leds bort representerades som konvektion, med ett konvektionstal på 25 W/m2C. Som initialtemperaturer för FEM-analyserna användes 22 °C och 90 °C. En effektivspänning på 12,3 MPa och en största huvudspänning på 7,63 MPa uppstod i den främre brickan vid fallet när planethjul och nållager roterade mot axialglidlagret vid en intialtemperatur på 90 °C. För att kontrollera modellens rimlighet skulle temperaturgivare kunna installeras vid brickorna. Detta kan i praktiken dock bli svårt att genomföra då hela systemet roterar. Detta arbete ger Scania en möjlig förklaring till vad som skulle kunna orsaka en ojämn nötning fram och bak.