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Some researchers have proposed that carbon isotope discrimination (CID) be used to indirectly select for grain yield and transpiration efficiency in C₃ plants. To determine the effectiveness of CID in indirectly selecting for grain yield and transpiration efficiency, ten diverse lentil (<i>Lens culinaris Medikus</i>) genotypes, ten diverse wheat genotypes (eight spring wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum </i>L.) and two durum wheat (<i>Triticum turgidum</i> L.)), and ten diverse canola (<i>Brassica napus L</i>.) genotypes were grown in a greenhouse at 80, 50, and 30% field capacity and in the field at several locations in Saskatchewan in 1992 and 1993. In the greenhouse, above ground dry matter was harvested at 80% flowering, and data collected on water use, transpiration efficiency, weight of dry matter at flowering, and CID on dry matter at flowering analyzed. In the field, samples were collected from leaves at flowering, leaves at maturity, and kernels at maturity, and analyzed for CID. In all species in the greenhouse, genotypic differences in CID were observed under all three water regimes. For lentil and wheat, the 80% field capacity water regime provided the largest differences in CID, whereas the 30% field capacity water regime provided the largest differences in CID for canola. In all three crops, CID and transpiration efficiency were independent under all three water regimes, or when averaged across water regimes and years. The correlation between CID and dry matter at flowering was inconsistent across water regimes and years. In the field, genetic variability for CID at different growth stages and in different plant organs was observed in all three species. The genotype by environment interaction for CID was low compared to that for grain yield. In addition, the correlations between grain yield and CID in lentil and spring wheat were positive, but inconsistent across locations and years. The broad-sense heritability for grain yield was greater or similar to the broad-sense heritability of CID measurements. These results suggest that under these conditions CID could not be used effectively to indirectly select for grain yield in lentil, spring wheat, or canola.

Five trials were conducted to assess the nutritive value of high fiber canola meal (HFCM) as a protein supplement for ruminants. Trial one determined the chemical composition of HFCM relative to low fiber canola meal (LFCM) and canola meal in a completely randomized design using samples obtained from five different crushers. In the second trial, the in situ nylon bag technique was used to determine disappearance of dry matter (DMD), crude protein (CPD), neutral (NDFD) and acid (ADFD) detergent fiber from canola meal, LFCM and HFCM samples derived from five different crushers following 24 h of nunen incubation. The effect of crushing plant of origin on in situ nutrient disappearance in the three meals was also determined. In the third trial, rumen nutrient kinetic parameters and effective degradabilities were determined for the blended canola meal, LFCM and HFCM. In situ disappearance of different amino acids canola meal, LFCM and HFCM following 12 h of rumen incubation was determined in the fourth study. The fifth trial was designed to determine nutrient digestibility coefficients by growing lambs of seven diets containing dehydrated alfalfa and 0, 25, 50 and 75% HFCM or canola meal in a randomized complete block design. Milk yield and composition responses of early to mid lactation dairy cows to diets supplemented with HFCM, canola meal or soybean meal were also determined. Results of the first trial indicated that tail-end dehulling of canola meal resulted in more fractionation of fiber than protein between HFCM and LFCM. Results of the second trial showed differences in CPD and DMD within LFCM and HFCM but not within canola meal samples. However, no meal by crusher interaction was observed indicating that in situ nutrient disappearances in the three meals were consistent across crushers. At 5% h^-1 rumen flow rate, effective DM degradability (trial three) was higher (P $<$ 0.05) in LFCM than in canola meal and was higher in canola meal than in HFCM while effective CP degradability was higher in LFCM and canola meal than in HFCM. Effective NDF degradability was higher (P $<$ 0.05) in LFCM than in canola meal and MFCM. However, effective ADF degradability was higher in LFCM than in canola meal and was higher in canola meal than in HFCM. Tail-end dehulling had little effect on in situ disappearance of amino acids from canola meal, LFCM and HFCM following 12 h of rumen incubation. Results from the fifth trial indicated that at 75% inclusion rate, the diet containing HFCM had lower (P $<$ 0.05) DM, CP and gross energy digestibility coefficients relative to canala meal diet. Results of the dairy trial showed no treatment effect on feed intake. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

This study was concerned with the performance of biofuels in diesel engines. Generally, the basic combustion and emission characteristics of Rapeseed Oil (RSO) and Soya Oil (SO) result in a lower in-cylinder pressure peak than diesel. This led to the reduction of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions and to relatively high soot emissions. Further measurements of RSO were done in order to investigate the influence of injection pressure, injection timing and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on combustion and emission characteristics. A high soot emission from RSO was reduced by increased injection pressure. Moreover, injection timing also had to be varied in order to reduce the soot emissions from RSO. The retarded injection timing (3 deg bTDC) and increased injection pressure (1200 bar) for the blend of 30% RSO resulted in a reduction of soot emission to the same level as from diesel fuel. Further investigation regarding the soot emissions was done for Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME) under turbocharged engine operation. The application of the boost pressure resulted in stable engine operation at a late injection timing of 5 deg aTDC. A simultaneous reduction of soot and NOx emissions has been achieved for RME at an injection timing of TDC and high EGR percentage (40 – 50 %). The soot particles size distribution under different engine operating conditions for RME and diesel has also been investigated. Moreover, the characteristic of Electrostatic Mobility Spectrometer (EMS) and the design of primary dilution system have been provided in order to understand the influence of the dilution process and to obtain more real results. Generally, RME showed less particles concentration in the nucleation mode when compared to diesel. Moreover, high EGR caused a shift of the particles from the nucleation mode by agglomeration into the accumulation mode for both fuels. The effect of injection pressure could only be seen in the accumulation mode, where high injection pressure slightly reduced the concentration number. The soot emission was effectively reduced by the usage of the diesel particulate filter (DPF). For this purpose, the soot particles size distributions before and after the DPF have been measured at different engine speeds and loads. At low engine torque, the soot was effectively filtered while the operation under high engine loads resulted in low soot particle concentration especially in the nucleation mode, after the DPF.

Darbo tikslas – nustatyti endogeninių ir egzogeninių veiksnių poveikį žieminio rapso atsparumui šalčiui in vitro ir in vivo. Ginamieji disertacijos teiginiai: 1. Žieminio rapso atsparumas šalčiui didžiąją dalimi lemiamas endogeninio prolino, o ne tirpiųjų sacharidų kiekio augalų audiniuose. 2. Grūdinant ūglius in vitro egzogeniniai priedai (abscizo rūgštis, prolinas, tirtas aminorūgščių kompleksas) maitinamojoje terpėje didina atsparumą šalčiui. 3. In vitro sistemoje L-prolinas ir tirtas aminorūgščių kompleksas atstato atlydžio metu sumažėjusį užsigrūdinimo tvarumą. 4. Endogeninio prolino kiekis yra membranos stabilumo atsparumo šalčiui žymuo ir gali būti naudojamas kuriant atsparius šalčiui genotipus. / Aim of the work – to determine the effect of endogenous and exogenous factors on the cold tolerance of winter rapeseed in vitro and in vivo. Proposition to be defended: 1. Cold tolerance of winter rapeseed mainly determining by content of endogenous proline but not by soluble sugars. 2. Exogenous additives (abscisic acid, proline, amino acids) in nutrient medium increases the cold tolerance of rapeseed shoots in vitro. 3. In in vitro system the abscisic acid, proline and amino acids restore the reduced acclimation which occurs during de-acclimation period. 4. Endogenous proline content is the marker of membrane stability and cold tolerance and may be used to create cold-tolerant genotypes.

Laboratoriniuose tyrimuose koncentruoti trąšos su jūros dumbliais tirpalai turėjo įtakos vasarinių rapsų dygimui, šaknų ir kaleoptilių vystymuisi. Geriausias rezultatas gautas vasarinius rapsus apipurškiant 0,1 proc. vnt. koncentracijos trąšų su jūros dumbliais tirpalu. Šiame variante vasariniai rapsai tolygiausiai sudygo, šaknelių ir kaleoptilių ilgiai buvo vienodžiausi, išsivystė stipri šaknų sistema, kuri leidžia tikėtis gero derlingumo ir atsparesnių augalų blogoms meteorologinėms sąlygoms. Lauko eksperimente trąšos su jūros dumbliais turėjo įtakos vasarinių rapsų derlingumui ir cheminei sudėčiai. Naudojant trąšas su jūros dumbliais vasarinių rapsų derlingumas esmingai padidėjo nuo 0,37 iki 0,42 t ha-1 ir atitinkamai siekė 2,89 ir 2,94 t ha-1. Trąšos su jūros dumbliais taip pat turėjo įtakos vasarinių rapsų riebalų kiekiui. Riebalų kiekio esminis padidėjimas 1,10 proc. vnt. pastebėtas vasarinius rapsus tręšiant Eurofertil plius NP 37 Physio trąšomis prieš sėją, stiebo augimo pradžioje Sulfammo 30 ir butanizacijos tarpsnyje Fertileader Gold trąšomis. Trąšos su jūros dumbliais baltymų ir gliukozinolatų kiekiams esminės įtakos neturėjo. / The laboratory studies of the concentrated fertilizer with seaweed liquid had an impact on oilseed of summer rapeseed germination, root and the development of coleoptiles. The best result was reached by sputtering 0.1 percents units concentration of fertilizer with seaweed on the summer rapeseed. For this fertilizing version the summer rapeseed most germinated, and root and coleoptiles lengths had been the same and it had developed the strong root system, which allowed expecting a good yield and planting more resistant to bad weather conditions. The experiment on field of fertilizer with seaweed had affected the productivity and chemical composition of summer rapeseed. Using the fertilizer with seaweed the productivity of summer rapeseed was substantially increased from 0.37 to 0.42 t ha-1, respectively reached 2.89 and 2.94 t ha-1. The fertilizers with seaweed had also influenced the fat content of summer rapeseed. It was observed the substantial increase of 1.10 percents for unit on the summer rapeseed fertilized with Eurofertil plius NP 37 Physio before sowing, at stage of stem growth time fertilized with Sulfammo 30, at bud formation time with Fertileader Gold. The fertilizers with seaweed hadn’t significant influence to protein and glucosinolate contents.

Objective of the research – the research was to determine the effect of different sulphur fertilisation rates on the mineral sulphur content in soil and the seed/grain yield and quality of spring rape and spring wheat crops grown on low in sulphur sandy light loam Epicalcari – Endohypogleyic Cambisols and very low in sulphur sandy loam on light loam Orthi-Haplic Luvisols. Tasks of the research: To determine the effect of different sulphur fertilisation rates applied to low in sulphur sandy light loam Epicalcari – Endohypogleyic Cambisols and very low in sulphur sandy loam on light loam Orthi-Haplic Luvisols on: • Spring rapeseed yield and crop structural elements; • Spring rapeseed quality; • Spring wheat yield and crop structural elements; • Spring wheat grain quality; • Changes in the mineral sulphur content in soil. / Tyrimų tikslas – nustatyti skirtingų sieros trąšų normų įtaką vasarinių rapsų ir vasarinių kviečių derliui, jo kokybei bei mineralinės sieros kiekiui mažai ir labai mažai sieringame smėlingame lengvo priemolio sekliai karbonatingajame giliau glėjiškajame rudžemyje (Epicalcari – Endohypogleyic Cambisol ) ir priesmėlio ant lengvo priemolio tipingajame paprastajame išplautžemyje (Orthi-Haplic Luvisol). Tyrimų uždaviniai: Nustatyti sieros trąšų normų įtaką mažai ir labai mažai sieringame smėlingame lengvo priemolio sekliai karbonatingajame giliau glėjiškajame rudžemyje (Epicalcari – Endohypogleyic Cambisol ) ir priesmėlio ant lengvo priemolio tipingajame paprastajame išplautžemyje (Orthi-Haplic Luvisol): • Vasarinių rapsų sėklų derliui ir struktūros elementams. • Vasarinių rapsų sėklų kokybei. • Vasarinių kviečių derliui ir struktūros elementams • Vasarinių kviečių grūdų kokybei. • Mineralinės sieros kiekio pokyčiams dirvožemyje.

Durch eine Erhöhung der Diversität in Kandidatengenen für Ölgehalt könnten sich neue Ansätze zur Erhöhung des Ölgehalts ergeben (Osborn et al., 2007; Würschum et al., 2013). Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die allele Diversität auf der Basis von DNA-Sequenzen in einer großen Anzahl von Kandidatengenloci für Ölgehalt in exotischem Rapsmaterial (Sommerrapssorten, chinesische Rapssorten und Resynthesen) im Vergleich zu Winterraps untersucht. Viele Allele wurden exklusiv in den exotischen Genotypen aufgefunden (neue Allele). Die höchste Anzahl an neuen Allelen wurde in der Resynthese “MOY4“ (Brassica rapa var. trilocularis x Brassica montana) entdeckt. Viele der Allele wiesen SNP, die zu Aminosäureaustauschen führen, sowie InDel im kodierenden Bereich der untersuchten Kandidatengenloci auf. Einige dieser Polymorphismen konnten sogar Bereichen von Proteindomänen zugeordnet werden. Im Großen und Ganzen konnte in der durchgeführten Diversitätsstudie gezeigt werden, dass die untersuchten exotischen Genotypen genutzt werden können, um die allele Diversität in Kandidatengenen für Ölgehalt zu erhöhen. Zudem weist die relativ hohe Anzahl an nicht stillen Polymorphismen in den kodierenden Bereichen der verschiedenen Kandidatengenloci darauf hin, dass einige aufgefundene Allele den Ölgehalt beeinflussen könnten. Um einen möglichen positiven Einfluss von neuen Allelen in Kandidatengenen für Ölgehalt auf den Ölgehalt zu testen, wurden diese in spaltenden F2-Populationen an jeweils drei verschiedenen Standorten untersucht. In diesem Versuch wurden neue Allele, die in der durchgeführten Diversitätsstudie entdeckt wurden, sowie neue Allele, welche bereits in dem vorigen GABI BRIDGE Projekt aufgefunden wurden, mittels Varianzanalyse auf eine Auswirkung auf den Ölgehalt getestet. In einzelnen Populationen konnten signifikante Geneffekte auf den 87 Ölgehalt an drei verschiedenen Kandidatengenloci ermittelt werden: S13 (Kandidatengen KAS III), K48 (Kandidatengen PKP2), L65 (Kandidatengen LEC2). Einzel-Locus-Genotyp x Umweltinteraktionen mit einem signifikanten Effekt auf Ölgehalt wurden an sechs Kandidatengenloci inklusive S13 von KAS III aufgefunden. Diese aufgefundenen signifikanten Effekte auf den Ölgehalt können als deutlicher Hinweis auf die Wichtigkeit der untersuchten Loci beziehungsweise des Alleles auf den Ölgehalt interpretiert werden.

Šiais laikais nemažas dėmesys atkreipiamas į paukščių laikymo sąlygas ir jų lesalų kokybę. Siekiant pagerinti vištų imunines savybes, jų produktyvumą bei produkto rodiklius, kasmet atliekami tyrimai, įterpiant į lesalus įvairius priedus. Todėl mano darbo tikslas ištirti antioksidantų likopeno ir santokvino įtaką dėsliųjų vištų produktyvumui ir kiaušinių kokybei, naudojant jų lesaluose rapsų aliejų. Siekiant darbo tikslo įgyvendinimo iškelti šie uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti antioksidantų likopeno ir santokvino įtaką vištų dedeklių dėslumui, lesalų sąnaudoms ir išsaugojimui, naudojant jų lesaluose rapsų aliejų. 2. Nustatyti antioksidantų likopeno ir santokvino įtaką kiaušinių kokybiniams parametrams, naudojant jų lesaluose rapsų aliejų. 3. Nustatyti antioksidantų likopeno ir santokvino įtaką jusliniams kiaušinių rodikliams, naudojant jų lesaluose rapsų aliejų. Išvados: 1. Vištų kūno masė atitiko linijų derinio Lohmann Brown auginimo rekomendacijas. 2. Antioksidantų likopeno ir santokvino įtakoje vidutinis kiaušinių svoris per visą bandymo laikotarpį tik II tiriamojoje grupėje buvo 3 proc., didesnis, lyginant su kontroline grupe (p>0,05). 3. Per visą laikotarpį tiek I tiriamojoje tiek ir II tiriamojoje grupėse kiaušinių skaičius buvo 10 ir 6 proc., o dėjimo intensyvumas buvo 11 ir 4 proc. mažesnis, lyginant su kontroline grupe (p>0,05). 4. Lesalų sąnaudos 1 kg kiaušinių masės gauti buvo 1 proc. didesnės, o santokvino priedas 2 proc. sumažino lesalų sąnaudas, palyginus su... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The objective of the work: to analyse antioxydant lycopene and santoquin influence for laying hens and quality of eggs productivity, using rapeseed oil in the feed. The tasks of work:1. To set antioxydants Lycopene and Santoquin influence for laying hens and quality of eggs productivity, using rapeseed oil in the feed. 2. To set antioxydants Lycopene and Santoquin influence for egg qualitative parameters, using rapeseed oil in the feed. 3. To set and to analyse antioxydants Lycopene and Santoquin influence for sensoring egg parameters, using rapeseed oil in the feed. Methods of the work: research. The test were made by approved methodology. Feeding test was performed on thirty 30 weeks old Lohman Brown cross laying hens, which were divided into 3 groups. Each group consists of 10 hens. Lohman Brown laying hens were feeded with bulky compuonds feeds with addition of rapeseed oil (control group). Laying hens of a group I were fed feeds containing 4 percentage rapeseed oil + lycopene (0.5 g / kg), and group II - 4.5 percentage rapeseed oil + santoquin (0.15 g / kg). During the test laying hens were held in individual cages with stationary trough feeders and waterers on equal feeding and keeping conditions. Laying hens were fed with compounds feeds of 125 g per day. The results of research: According to the influence of antioxidants lycopene and santoquin, to compare with control group, the average of egg weight during the test period was higher in II group of 3 percentage (p> 0... [to full text]

Finding the alternate biofuel feedstock(s) in addition to and/or replacement of traditional soybean feedstock is necessary to meet the future demand of biofuels. Two field studies were conducted in diverse environments in Texas during 2007-2011 to evaluate the yield, adaptation, and oil content of 4 cool-season crop species (rapeseed, safflower, flax, and camelina). In addition to the evaluation of yield and adaptation in these cool-season crops, two more studies were conducted during 2009-2011 to study flax yield components (field study) and the effect of vernalization and photoperiod on flowering of flax (growth chamber study). Out of two field studies conducted in Texas, the evaluation of four cool-season crops was designed as a randomized complete block with fifty-one genotypes (four species) and three replications in nine locations across the Texas. In addition to the evaluation of cool-season crops, an exclusive replicated study was conducted in flax to evaluate 20 genotypes for the yield, adaptation, and association between yield and its components in three locations in South Texas. Additionally, a growth chamber study was setup as a split-split plot design with twenty genotypes, two vernalized treatments (vernalized and unvernalized), and two photoperiods (10 hours and 14 hours). Spring rapeseed (canola) and safflower were the highest yielding crops with a maximum yield of 1372 kg ha-1 and 1240 kg ha-1, respectively. In South and Central Texas, fall - seeded flax yield averaged 1075 kg ha^-1 with a mean oil content of 38.3%. The flax genotype evaluation in Southeast Texas suggested that all genotypes developed in Texas showed relative cold tolerance compared to genotypes developed in other locations. A cross between Caldwell / Dillman (Texas genotype) was highly adapted to the environments of southeast Texas. Nekoma and York (genotypes developed in North Dakota) yielded well in non-cold years (> -2 degrees C) in College Station. Overall, flax is well adapted to growth in the area surrounding College Station, TX. The results of association of yield and its components in flax suggest that tiller number was the most significant contributing factor (p<0.05) affecting yield of flax in all three locations. However, the effect of tiller number was almost negated by the effect of pods per tiller (compensatory) in two out of three locations. The effect of vernalization and photoperiod on flowering of 20 genotypes of flax suggested that Texas genotypes delayed anthesis for 7 days or more in non-vernalized seedlings. These genotypes also delayed anthesis for 12 days or more in vernalized and short day conditions compared to vernalized and long day conditions. In summary, the spring rapeseed in diverse environments of Texas and fall-planted flax in South Texas showed promising yield and adaptation. Selection for more productive tiller number and intrinsic earliness of flowering to reduce the time of maturation would benefit the flax yields in Southeast Texas. Safflower was widely adapted to Texas and with increased oil content could have potential to the biofuel industry in Texas.