Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-24T18:01:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nataliacunha.pdf: 1318562 bytes, checksum: b9344d8571398b648a4fd99d8dbb9571 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-27T17:42:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nataliacunha.pdf: 1318562 bytes, checksum: b9344d8571398b648a4fd99d8dbb9571 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-27T17:42:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nataliacunha.pdf: 1318562 bytes, checksum: b9344d8571398b648a4fd99d8dbb9571 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-25 / Estudos realizados ao longo dos anos evidenciam a superioridade da abordagem preventiva, comparada à abordagem remediativa, para a promoção do desenvolvimento da leitura. Dentro desse cenário, o rastreamento da presença de risco/não risco de dificuldade de leitura assume um papel preponderante. O presente estudo teve como objetivos principais avaliar a fidedignidade e a precisão de classificação do risco/não risco de dificuldade de leitura de medidas que, consistentemente, se destacam como preditoras do desenvolvimento dessa habilidade: conhecimento do nome das letras (CNL) e nomeação seriada rápida (NSR). Foi objetivo do presente estudo, também, verificar se uma versão reduzida da tarefa de CNL teria uma precisão de classificação do risco de dificuldade de leitura similar à da versão completa. Para tanto, o estudo foi realizado com 213 crianças. As crianças realizaram as tarefas de NSR e de CNL quando se encontravam no último ano da educação infantil e a de leitura quando se encontravam no 1º ano do ensino fundamental. De uma forma geral, os resultados atestaram a boa fidedignidade das medidas (CNL 26 = 0,95; CNL 15 = 0,93; NSR de objetos: r = 0,71, p < 0,001; NSR de cores: r = 0,88, p < 0,001; NSR de números: r = 0,89, p < 0,001; NSR de letras: r = 0,82, p < 0,001), bem como evidenciaram que as mesmas podem ser usadas para rastrear a presença de risco/não risco de dificuldade de leitura. / Studies conducted over the years have shown the superiority of the preventive approach, compared to the remediative approach, for the promotion of reading development. In this scenario, screening at risk / no risk reading difficulty assumes a leading role. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability and the classification accuracy of the risk / no risk for reading measures that consistently stand out as predictors of the development of this ability: letter name knowledge (LNK) and rapid automatized naming (RAN). Another aim of this study was to check whether a reduced version of the LNK measure could have a similar accuracy rather than a full version in a classification of reading difficulty risk. Therefore, this study tested 213 children. They performed the RAN and LNK measures during the last year of kindergarten and the reading task in the first grade of elementary school. In general, the results confirmed a good reliability of the measures (LNK 26 = 0,95; LNK 15 = 0,93; RAN objects: r = 0,71, p < 0,001; RAN colors: r = 0,88, p < 0,001; RAN numbers: r = 0,89, p < 0,001; RAN letters: r = 0,82, p < 0,001) and showed that they can be used for screening at risk / no risk reading difficulty.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-17T11:52:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mariaabigailaguilarquirin.pdf: 928887 bytes, checksum: 32c29d5b89ba5f8c357b98046d27d1f6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T14:34:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mariaabigailaguilarquirin.pdf: 928887 bytes, checksum: 32c29d5b89ba5f8c357b98046d27d1f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T14:34:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mariaabigailaguilarquirin.pdf: 928887 bytes, checksum: 32c29d5b89ba5f8c357b98046d27d1f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-03 / O presente estudo investigou a relação dos preditores cognitivos da leitura e do engajamento escolar com a habilidade de leitura. Participaram dessa pesquisa um total de 74 crianças matriculadas, inicialmente, no 4o ano do Ensino Fundamental (EF), as quais foram avaliadas uma segunda vez após os dois meses iniciais do 5º ano do EF, sendo 53 crianças de escolas municipais e 21 crianças de uma escola estadual. Avaliou-se a consciência morfológica, consciência fonológica, memória de trabalho fonológica, nomeação seriada rápida, inteligência, engajamento escolar e a leitura (precisão, fluência e compreensão) nos alunos participantes. Os resultados evidenciaram que as habilidades de precisão e compreensão de leitura contribuem de forma positiva para a consciência fonológica. Também se identificou uma contribuição da memória de trabalho fonológica para a fluência de leitura. Além disso, a nomeação seriada rápida contribui positivamente para a compreensão de leitura e em relação ao engajamento escolar, identificou-se uma contribuição positiva do engajamento comportamental para a habilidade de compreensão de leitura. / The present study investigated the relation between cognitive predictors of reading and school engagement with reading skills. Seventy-four children from Brazilian public schools took part on this study. They were initially evaluated when coursing 4th grade and were evaluated a second time while coursing the second month of 5th grade. They were evaluated on morphological awareness, phonological awareness, phonological working memory, rapid automatized naming, student engagement and reading skills (precision, fluency, and comprehension). Results showed that both accuracy and reading comprehension positively contribute to phonological awareness. In addition, it was possible to identify a contribution of the phonological working memory to the reading fluency. Besides that, the study revealed that rapid automatized naming positively contributes to reading comprehension. In regards to student engagement, the study identified a positive contribution of behavioral engagement to reading comprehension.

Bakgrund och syfte. Ordflödestest undersöker en persons förmåga att generera så många ord som möjligt under en minut. Orden kan börja på en viss bokstav eller tillhöra en särskild kategori. FAS är ett vanligt ordflödestest där orden som ska genereras börjar på bokstäverna F, A och S. Exempel på kategoriska ordflödestest är djurflöde, som går ut på att säga så många djur som möjligt, samt verbflöde där instruktionen är att säga så många saker man kan göra (handlingar). Forskare har undersökt vilka mentala färdigheter som ligger till grund för ordflödesförmågan, framför allt planerande och reglerande (exekutiva) funktioner samt språklig förmåga. I forskning används ofta FAS och djurflöde för att undersöka olika delar av den språkliga förmågan. Även verbflöde har undersökts i dessa sammanhang, men inte i lika stor utsträckning. Däremot har verbflöde en större roll i forskning på planerande och reglerande funktioner hos äldre personer som har exempelvis Alzheimers eller Parkinson. Forskningen har lett till att ordflödestest används i kliniska sammanhang som en del i utredningen av dessa sjukdomar. I praktiken används även FAS och djurflöde vid utredningar av dyslexi, språkstörning och koncentrations-/hyperaktivitetssvårigheter (ADHD). Forskning har visat motstridiga resultat om vilka typer av ordflödestest som är nedsatta vid dyslexi och språkstörning, eller vilka mentala förmågor som är viktiga vid genomförande av ordflödestest. I denna studie undersöks FAS, djurflöde och verbflöde hos studenter inom högre utbildning med och utan dyslexi. Syftet är att utreda om ordflödesförmågan är nedsatt hos studenter med dyslexi. Studien undersöker om ordflöde kan bidra till att förklara spridningen i läsförmåga. Metod. I undersökningen deltog 42 studenter, varav 16 hade dyslexidiagnos och 26 kontroller utan dyslexidiagnos. Deltagarna genomförde test som undersöker läsförmåga, fonologisk förmåga, snabb benämning samt ordflöde av FAS, djur och verb. Resultat. Prestationen på ordflödesförmåga var signifikant nedsatt hos studenter med dyslexi jämfört med kontrollgruppen. En multipel regression med bakåteliminering genomfördes för att undersöka om FAS, djurflöde och verbflöde kunde förutsäga spridningen i läsförmåga när fonologisk medvetenhet och snabb benämning kontrollerades för. Regressionsanalysen visade att verbflöde, tillsammans med fonologisk medvetenhet, kunde förutsäga läsförmåga hos studenter med och utan dyslexi. Diskussion. Den nedsatta ordflödesförmågan hos studenter med dyslexi diskuteras utifrån faktorer som utbildning och andra mentala förmågor. Resultatet pekar på ett unikt samband mellan verbflöde och läsförmåga hos studenter med och utan dyslexi. De strukturer i hjärnan som aktiveras vid verbflöde är även strukturer som ligger till grund för andra mentala förmågor. Dessa mentala förmågor har även visats vara nedsatta hos personer med dyslexi. Generellt indikerar dessa nya fynd att verbflöde har en betydelse i förhållande till läsförmåga och dyslexi som behöver undersökas vidare. Resultatet diskuteras även utifrån ett kliniskt perspektiv. / Verbal fluency is commonly measured in cognitive assessments and has been shown to measure aspects of verbal ability and executive function, as well as to involve specific cortical areas during performance. Verbal fluency tasks, in which participants generate words during a given time limit, have been used in research and assessments of neurobiological disorders and impairments. Dyslexia is a neurobiologically based reading disorder that is characterized by difficulties in word decoding and spelling. Research on verbal fluency in individuals with dyslexia shows that semantic and letter fluency is impaired. However, studies show inconsistent results. This study examines performance on semantic fluency (animals), action fluency (verbs), and letter fluency (FAS) in 42 students with developmental dyslexia (DD, n = 16) and a control group with typical reading development (TD, n = 26). Participants also perform a test battery that measures reading and phonological abilities, amongst others. Additionally, it is examined if verbal fluency performance can contribute to predicting reading ability, when phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming (RAN) are taken into account. Results show that verbal fluency performance was impaired in the DD group, and that action and letter fluency were relatively more impaired than semantic fluency. A backward elimination regression showed that action fluency and phonological awareness were significant predictors of reading ability, together explaining 48 % of the variance. The impaired verbal fluency ability is discussed in relation to factors such as education and cognitive abilities. Further, the findings point to a possible unique connection between action fluency and reading ability in students, in addition to phonological awareness. The possibility that the relationship between action fluency and reading may be partly explained by common neurocognitive underpinnings is discussed. These novel findings indicate that action fluency has a pertinent role in reading ability and dyslexia, which should be further examined.

Le trouble développemental du langage ou la dysphasie se définit comme étant un trouble qui affecte l’acquisition normale du langage oral. Plusieurs sphères du langage peuvent ainsi être affectées à différents degrés. Des difficultés phonologiques, morphosyntaxiques, lexicales et pragmatiques sont constatées chez cette population d’enfants, et ce, tant dans le volet expressif que réceptif. Ces difficultés se manifestent tôt dans la petite enfance et la plupart d’entre elles persistent malgré une prise en charge rééducative importante. Des difficultés d’acquisition de la langue écrite sont également signalées chez ces apprenants. Cela n’est pas surprenant dans la mesure où l’acquisition du code écrit français requiert des connaissances solides de la langue parlée alors qu’un corpus important de données empiriques soutient que les élèves dysphasiques abordent l’acquisition de la langue écrite avec des connaissances orales appauvries. Bien qu’une grande partie de ces données proviennent des travaux anglophones, certains consensus se dégagent et soutiennent l’idée de la présence des difficultés en lecture, plus particulièrement en identification de mots, mais aussi en compréhension en lecture. Les difficultés en production écrite, bien que moins documentées, sont observées, notamment dans les compétences de planification, de génération des idées, mais aussi de révision et de correction d’une production écrite. Les habiletés de production orthographique seraient également inférieures aux normes attendues. S’il est admis que les difficultés d’identification et de production de mots écrits isolés seraient expliquées par une incapacité à emmagasiner et à récupérer les représentations orthographiques dans le lexique orthographique, peu d’études ont porté sur la construction de ce lexique chez l’élève dysphasique francophone. Les conclusions issues des études anglophones doivent être interprétées avec prudence dans la mesure où les deux codes orthographiques présentent des particularités. Bien que le but premier de cette étude exploratoire soit de décrire les compétences orthographiques chez la population d’élèves dysphasiques, nous aimerions aussi comprendre quels sont les facteurs influant sur ce développement. Il est actuellement admis que les habiletés de conscience phonologique, les habiletés de dénomination rapide, les habiletés de mémoire à court terme verbale seraient très prédictives de l’acquisition de la lecture-écriture. D’autres facteurs sont également reconnus comme étant prédictifs de la réussite en lecture-écriture, notamment les habiletés visuoattentionnelles, les habiletés de mise en correspondance graphophonologique ou encore les capacités d’automatisation. Prenant appui sur un corpus important de données suggérant l’existence des difficultés phonologiques chez l’élève dysphasique, dans cette étude nous aimerions vérifier si ces déficits expliqueraient les faibles connaissances orthographiques chez cet apprenant. L’objectif principal de cette étude consiste à décrire les connaissances orthographiques chez l’élève dysphasique francophone du primaire. Trois objectifs spécifiques découlent du principal objectif : 1) Décrire les connaissances orthographiques de l’élève dysphasique ; 2) Identifier si les scores en production de mots écrits sont reliés à d’autres épreuves ayant recours aux connaissances orthographiques telles que la reconnaissance de mots et de pseudo-mots et la compréhension en lecture et 3) Identifier si des facteurs phonologiques tels que la mémoire à court terme verbale, la conscience phonologique, la mise en correspondance phonologique ainsi que la dénomination rapide sont liées aux représentations orthographiques chez l’enfant dysphasique. Une approche méthodologique à groupes comparatifs a été employée dans l’étude pour analyser les performances de trois groupes de participants de l’échantillon à l’étude : 1) un groupe expérimental incluant les élèves présentant un trouble développemental du langage sévère (DYS, N = 25, âge moyen = 9,72), 2) un groupe contrôle apparié selon le niveau de lecture (CL, N = 26) et 3) et un groupe contrôle apparié selon l’âge chronologique (CA, N = 42). Les résultats de cette étude exploratoire suggèrent que les performances en production orthographique des élèves dysphasiques s’apparentent à celles des élèves plus jeunes du groupe CL. De plus, les élèves dysphasiques semblent présenter des performances inférieures aux épreuves évaluant les habiletés phonologiques, notamment la mémoire à court terme verbale, la conscience phonologique, la dénomination rapide et automatisée et la mise en correspondance graphophonologique, en montrant, une fois de plus, des performances similaires à celles des élèves du groupe CL. Enfin, la présence de liens hétérogènes entre les scores aux épreuves phonologiques et à celles évaluant les connaissances orthographiques indiquerait que les connaissances phonologiques ne sont pas entièrement responsables du retard dans le développement de la compétence orthographique chez les apprenants dysphasiques. / Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is a condition that affects the standard acquisition of oral language. Several spheres of language can be affected to different degrees. Phonological, morphosyntactic, lexical and pragmatic difficulties can be observed in the sample of children affected by DLD, on both expressive and receptive aspects. Such difficulties manifest themselves in early childhood and most of them stay consistent, despite rehabilitative measures being taken. Difficulties in acquiring writing abilities are also identified in those learners’ process. These challenges are not surprising considering that French written code requires a strong knowledge of spoken language and a large body of empirical data suggests that students affected by DLD approach the learning process with poor oral capacities. Although a large part of this data comes from works published in English, some consensuses diverge and suggest the presence of challenges in reading skills, more specifically in word identification, but also in reading comprehension. Writing challenges, although less documented, are also observed, notably in planning skills, expressing ideas, but also in the revision and correction steps of a written piece. Orthographic production abilities could also be inferior to standardized norms. If identification and isolated word production challenges would be explained by an inability to store and reuse orthographic representations in the orthographic lexicon, few studies were oriented on the French dysphasic student’s construction of this lexicon. Studies conducted on English samples must be carefully interpreted, as French and English have very different orthographic codes with each their particularities. The main goal of this exploratory study is to describe the orthographic competences of dysphasic students and comprehend what factors are influencing their language development. It is currently considered that phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming and short-term verbal memory abilities could very well predict the learning process of reading and writing. Other factors are recognized to predict success in reading and writing, notably visuoattentional skills, graphophonological processes or also automatization capacities. Relying on a large body of data suggesting the existence of phonological difficulties experienced by dysphasic students, this study will try to verify if those deficits explain the poor orthographical knowledge of those learners. The main goal of this study is to describe the orthographical knowledge of French elementary school students affected by DLD. Three goals are derivatives of the main one: 1) Describing the orthographical knowledge of the dysphasic student; 2) Identify if the written word production results are related to other tests using orthographical knowledge such as word/pseudo-word recognition and reading comprehension and 3) Identify if phonological factors such as short term verbal memory, phonological awareness, graphophonological processes as well as rapid automatized naming are related to the dysphasic student’s orthographical representation. A group comparative methodological approach was used in this study in order to analyze the results of three groups of participants of the study sample : 1) an experimental group including students with severe DLD (DYS, N = 25), 2) a controlled group matched according to reading skill level (CL, N = 26) and a controlled group matched according to chronological age (CA, N = 42). This exploratory study’s results suggest that the dysphasic students’ performances in orthographical production are similar to those of the younger students of group CL. Furthermore, students affected by DLD seem to score inferior results in tests evaluating phonological abilities, notably short term verbal memory, phonological conscience, rapid automatized naming and graphophonological processes, again demonstrating results similar to those of students of group CL. Conclusively, heterogenic and discordant links between the French dysphasic elementary school learners’ scores in phonological tests and orthographical knowledge tests show that phonological knowledge is not entirely the cause of delays in the development of their orthographical skills.