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Applications of graph-based codes in networks: analysis of capacity and design of improved algorithmsVellambi, Badri Narayanan 25 August 2008 (has links)
The conception of turbo codes by Berrou et al. has created a renewed interest in modern graph-based codes. Several encouraging results that have come to light since then have fortified the role these codes shall play as potential solutions for present and future communication problems.
This work focuses on both practical and theoretical aspects of graph-based codes. The
thesis can be broadly categorized into three parts. The first part of the thesis focuses on
the design of practical graph-based codes of short lengths. While both low-density parity-check
codes and rateless codes have been shown to be asymptotically optimal under the message-passing (MP) decoder, the performance of short-length codes from these families under MP decoding is starkly sub-optimal. This work first addresses the
structural characterization of stopping sets to understand this sub-optimality. Using this
characterization, a novel improved decoder that offers several orders of magnitude improvement in bit-error rates is introduced. Next, a novel scheme for the design of a good rate-compatible family of punctured codes is proposed.
The second part of the thesis aims at establishing these codes as a good tool to develop
reliable, energy-efficient and low-latency data dissemination schemes in networks. The problems of broadcasting in wireless multihop networks and that of unicast in delay-tolerant networks are investigated. In both cases, rateless coding is seen to offer an elegant means of achieving the goals of the chosen communication protocols. It was noticed that the ratelessness and the randomness in encoding process make this scheme
specifically suited to such network applications.
The final part of the thesis investigates an application of a specific class of codes called
network codes to finite-buffer wired networks. This part of the work aims at establishing a framework for the theoretical study and understanding of finite-buffer networks. The
proposed Markov chain-based method extends existing results to develop an iterative
Markov chain-based technique for general acyclic wired networks. The framework not only estimates the capacity of such networks, but also provides a means to monitor network traffic and packet drop rates on various links of the network.
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Trapping Sets in Fountain Codes over Noisy ChannelsOROZCO, VIVIAN 04 November 2009 (has links)
Fountain codes have demonstrated great results for the binary erasure channel and have already been incorporated into several international standards to recover lost packets at the application layer. These include multimedia broadcast/multicast sessions and digital video broadcasting on global internet-protocol. The rateless property of Fountain codes holds great promise for noisy channels. These are more sophisticated mathematical models representing errors on communications links rather than only erasures. The practical implementation of Fountain codes for these channels, however, is hampered by high decoding cost and delay.
In this work we study trapping sets in Fountain codes over noisy channels and their effect on the decoding process. While trapping sets have received much attention for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, to our knowledge they have never been fully explored for Fountain codes. Our study takes into account the different code structure and the dynamic nature of Fountain codes. We show that 'error-free' trapping sets exist for Fountain codes. When the decoder is caught in an error-free trapping set it actually has the correct message estimate, but is unable to detect this is the case. Thus, the decoding process continues, increasing the decoding cost and delay for naught. The decoding process for rateless codes consists of one or more decoding attempts. We show that trapping sets may reappear as part of other trapping sets on subsequent decoding attempts or be defeated by the reception of more symbols. Based on our observations we propose early termination methods that use trapping set detection to obtain improvements in realized rate, latency, and decoding cost for Fountain codes. / Thesis (Master, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-10-29 14:33:06.548
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Cooperative Communication In Store And Forward Wireless Networks Using Rateless CodesBansal, Gaurav 05 1900 (has links) (PDF)
In this thesis, we consider a cooperative relay-assisted communication system that uses rateless codes. When multiple relays are present, the relay with the highest channel gain to the source is the first to successfully decode a message from the source and forward it to the destination. Thus, the unique properties of rateless codes ensure that both rate adaptation and relay selection occur without the transmitting source or relays acquiring instantaneous channel knowledge. We show that in such cooperative systems, buffering messages at relays significantly increases throughput. We develop a novel analysis of these systems that combines the communication-theoretic aspects of cooperation over fading channels with the queuing-theoretic aspects associated with buffering. Closed-form expressions are derived for the throughput and end-to-end delay for the general case in which the channels between various nodes are not statistically identical. Results are also shown for the benchmark system that does not buffer messages.
Though relay selection combined with buffering of messages at the relays substantially increases the throughput of a cooperative network, it also increases the end-to-end delays due to the additional queuing delays at the relay nodes. In order to overcome this, we propose a novel method that exploits a unique property of rateless codes that enables a receiver to decode a message from non-contiguous and unordered portions of the received signal. In it, each relay, depending on its queue length, ignores its received coded bits with a given probability. We show that this substantially reduces the end-to-end delays while retaining almost all of the throughput gain achieved by buffering. In effect, the method increases the odds that the message is first decoded by a relay with a smaller queue. Thus, the queuing load is balanced across the relays and traded off with transmission times. We derive conditions for the stability of this system when the various channels undergo fading. Despite encountering analytically intractable G/GI/1 queues in our system, we also gain insights about the method by analyzing a similar system with a simpler model for the relay-to-destination transmission times.
Next we combine the single relay selection scheme at the source with physical layer power control at the relays (due to the diversity provided by the rateless codes, power control at the source is not needed). We derive an optimal power control policy that minimizes the relay to destination transmission time. Due to its computational and implementation complexity, we develop another heuristic easily implementable near optimal policy. In this policy, power allocated turns out to be inversely proportional to the square root of channel gain. We also see that this policy performs better than the channel inversion policy. Our power control solution substantially decreases the mean end-to-end delays with a marginal increase in throughput also. Finally, we combine bit dropping with power control at the relays which further improves the system performance.
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Wireless Broadcasting with Network CodingLu, Lu January 2011 (has links)
Wireless digital broadcasting applications such as digital audio broadcast (DAB) and digital video broadcast (DVB) are becoming increasingly popular since the digital format allows for quality improvements as compared to traditional analogue broadcast. The broadcasting is commonly based on packet transmission. In this thesis, we consider broadcasting over packet erasure channels. To achieve reliable transmission, error-control schemes are needed. By carefully designing the error-control schemes, transmission efficiency can be improved compared to traditiona lautomatic repeat-request (ARQ) schemes and rateless codes. Here, we first study the application of a novel binary deterministic rateless (BDR) code. Then, we focus on the design of network coding for the wireless broadcasting system, which can significantly improve the system performance compared to traditional ARQ. Both the one-hop broadcasting system and a relay-aided broadcasting system areconsidered. In the one-hop broadcasting system, we investigate the application of systematic BDR (SBDR) codes and instantaneously decodable network coding (IDNC). For the SBDR codes, we determine the number of encoded redundancy packets that guarantees high broadcast transmission efficiencies and simultaneous lowcomplexity. Moreover, with limited feedback the efficiency performance can be further improved. Then, we propose an improved network coding scheme that can asymptotically achieve the theoretical lower bound on transmission overhead for a sufficiently large number of information packets. In the relay-aided system, we consider a scenario where the relay node operates in half duplex mode, and transmissions from the BS and the relay, respectively, are over orthogonal channels. Based on random network coding, a scheduling problem for the transmissions of redundancy packets from the BS and the relay is formulated. Two scenarios; namely instantaneous feedback after each redundancy packet, and feedback after multiple redundancy packets are investigated. We further extend the algorithms to multi-cell networks. Besides random network coding, IDNC based schemes are proposed as well. We show that significant improvements in transmission efficiency are obtained as compared to previously proposed ARQ and network-coding-based schemes. / QC 20110907
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Modern Error Control Codes and Applications to Distributed Source CodingSartipi, Mina 15 August 2006 (has links)
This dissertation first studies two-dimensional wavelet codes (TDWCs). TDWCs
are introduced as a solution to the problem of designing a 2-D code that has low decoding-
complexity and has the maximum erasure-correcting property for rectangular burst erasures.
The half-rate TDWCs of dimensions N<sub>1</sub> X N<sub>2</sub> satisfy the Reiger bound with equality for
burst erasures of dimensions N<sub>1</sub> X N<sub>2</sub>/2 and N<sub>1</sub>/2 X N<sub>2</sub>, where GCD(N<sub>1</sub>,N<sub>2</sub>) = 2. Examples
of TDWC are provided that recover any rectangular burst erasure of area N<sub>1</sub>N<sub>2</sub>/2. These
lattice-cyclic codes can recover burst erasures with a simple and efficient ML decoding.
This work then studies the problem of distributed source coding for two and three correlated signals using channel codes. We propose to model the distributed source coding
problem with a set of parallel channel that simplifies the distributed source coding to de-
signing non-uniform channel codes. This design criterion improves the performance of the
source coding considerably. LDPC codes are used for lossless and lossy distributed source
coding, when the correlation parameter is known or unknown at the time of code design.
We show that distributed source coding at the corner point using LDPC codes is simplified
to non-uniform LDPC code and semi-random punctured LDPC codes for a system of two
and three correlated sources, respectively. We also investigate distributed source coding at
any arbitrary rate on the Slepian-Wolf rate region. This problem is simplified to designing
a rate-compatible LDPC code that has unequal error protection property. This dissertation
finally studies the distributed source coding problem for applications whose wireless channel is an erasure channel with unknown erasure probability. For these application, rateless
codes are better candidates than LDPC codes. Non-uniform rateless codes and improved
decoding algorithm are proposed for this purpose. We introduce a reliable, rate-optimal,
and energy-efficient multicast algorithm that uses distributed source coding and rateless
coding. The proposed multicast algorithm performs very close to network coding, while it
has lower complexity and higher adaptability.
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Coding for wireless ad-hoc and sensor networks: unequal error protection and efficient data broadcastingRahnavard, Nazanin 27 August 2007 (has links)
This thesis investigates both theoretical and practical aspects of
the design and analysis of modern error-control coding schemes,
namely low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and rateless codes for
unequal error protection (UEP). It also studies the application of
modern error-control codes in efficient data dissemination in
wireless ad-hoc and sensor networks.
Two methodologies for the design and analysis of UEP-LDPC codes are
proposed. For these proposed ensembles, density evolution formulas
over the binary erasure channel are derived and used to optimize the
degree distribution of the codes. Furthermore, for the first time,
rateless codes that can provide UEP are developed. In addition to
providing UEP, the proposed codes can be used in applications for
which unequal recovery time is desirable, i.e., when more important
parts of data are required to be recovered faster than less
important parts. Asymptotic behavior of the UEP-rateless codes under
the iterative decoding is investigated. In addition, the performance
of the proposed codes is examined under the maximum-likelihood
decoding, when the codes have short to moderate lengths. Results
show that UEP-rateless codes are able to provide very low error
rates for more important bits with only a subtle loss in the
performance of less important bits. Moreover, it is shown that given
a target bit error rate, different parts of the information symbols
can be decoded after receiving different numbers of encoded symbols.
This implies that information can be recovered in a progressive
manner, which is of interest in many practical applications such as
media-on-demand systems.
This work also explores fundamental research problems related to
applying error-control coding such as rateless coding to the problem
of reliable and energy-efficient broadcasting in multihop wireless
ad-hoc sensor networks. The proposed research touches on the four
very large fields of wireless networking, coding theory, graph
theory, and percolation theory. Based on the level of information
that each node has about the network topology, several reliable and
energy-efficient schemes are proposed, all of which are distributed
and have low complexity of implementation. The first protocol does
not require any information about the network topology. Another
protocol, which is more energy efficient, assumes each node has
local information about the network topology. In addition, this work
proposes a distributed scheme for finding low-cost broadcast trees
in wireless networks. This scheme takes into account various
parameters such as distances between nodes and link losses. This
protocol is then extended to find low-cost multicast trees. Several
schemes are extensively simulated and are compared.
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Performance evaluation and protocol design of fixed-rate and rateless coded relaying networksNikjah, Reza 06 1900 (has links)
The importance of cooperative relaying communication in substituting for, or complementing,
multiantenna systems is described, and a brief literature review is presented.
Amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) relaying are investigated and
compared for a dual-hop relay channel. The optimal strategy, source and relay optimal
power allocation, and maximum cooperative gain are determined for the relay channel. It
is shown that while DF relaying is preferable to AF relaying for strong source-relay links,
AF relaying leads to more gain for strong source-destination or relay-destination links.
Superimposed and selection AF relaying are investigated for multirelay, dual-hop relaying.
Selection AF relaying is shown to be globally strictly outage suboptimal. A necessary
condition for the selection AF outage optimality, and an upper bound on the probability of
this optimality are obtained. A near-optimal power allocation scheme is derived for superimposed
AF relaying.
The maximum instantaneous rates, outage probabilities, and average capacities of multirelay,
dual-hop relaying schemes are obtained for superimposed, selection, and orthogonal
DF relaying, each with parallel channel cooperation (PCC) or repetition-based cooperation
(RC). It is observed that the PCC over RC gain can be as much as 4 dB for the outage
probabilities and 8.5 dB for the average capacities. Increasing the number of relays deteriorates
the capacity performance of orthogonal relaying, but improves the performances of
the other schemes.
The application of rateless codes to DF relaying networks is studied by investigating
three single-relay protocols, one of which is new, and three novel, low complexity multirelay
protocols for dual-hop networks. The maximum rate and minimum energy per bit and
per symbol are derived for the single-relay protocols under a peak power and an average
power constraint. The long-term average rate and energy per bit, and relay-to-source usage
ratio (RSUR), a new performance measure, are evaluated for the single-relay and multirelay
protocols. The new single-relay protocol is the most energy efficient single-relay scheme
in most cases. All the multirelay protocols exhibit near-optimal rate performances, but are
vastly different in the RSUR.
Several future research directions for fixed-rate and rateless coded cooperative systems,
and frameworks for comparing these systems, are suggested. / Communications
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Performance evaluation and protocol design of fixed-rate and rateless coded relaying networksNikjah, Reza Unknown Date
No description available.
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