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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
161

Obtenção de reatividade subcrítica por meio de medidas de APSD e CPSD utilizando detectores modo pulso no reator IPEN/MB-01 / Obtainment of subcritical reactivity by mean of measurement of APSD and CPSD employing pulse mode detectors in the IPEN/MB-01 reactor

LEE, SEUNG M. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este trabalho apresenta uma nova abordagem experimental para determinar a reatividade de sistemas subcríticos. O método a ser apresentado utiliza o modelo da cinética subcrítica desenvolvido por Gandini e Salvatores e baseia-se apenas em grandezas medidas, tais como a taxa de contagem no detector, e nos parâmetros que surgem do ajuste dos mínimos quadrados APSD (Auto Power Spectral Density) e CPSD (Cross Power Spectral Density), não sendo necessário lidar com as quantidades de maior complexidade como a eficiência de detector. A única hipótese feita neste método foi que a fração efetiva de nêutrons atrasados e o tempo de geração de nêutrons prontos fossem independentes do nível de subcriticalidade do sistema. O método proposto foi aplicado nas medidas de reatividade de várias configurações subcríticas do reator IPEN/MB-01. Foram realizadas medidas da APSD e CPSD em diversos graus de subcriticalidade (até em torno de -7000 pcm). Nos dados das densidades espectrais foram feitos ajustes por meio do método de mínimos quadrados para obter a constante de decaimento pronto (α) e outras grandezas. Com a finalide de melhorar as estatísticas de contagem de nêutrons, fonte externa de nêutrons de Am-Be foi instalada próximo ao núcleo, além da fonte de partida. O método experimental proposto mostra claramente que, a teoria da cinética pontual clássica não descreve a reatividade medida. Em vez disso, a reatividade inferida a partir do modelo da cinética pontual clássica é próxima, em seus valores absolutos, ao índice de subcriticalidade (ζ) para um determinado arranjo das fontes do experimeno. A concordância dos resultados obtidos por MCNP5 e GPT-TORT, ambos utilizando os dados nucleares da biblioteca ENDF/B-VII.0, com os resultados experimentais correspondentes são de boa qualidade. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:09/54838-0
162

Estudo comparativo sobre a adsorção de diferentes classes de corantes em zeólitas de cinzas de carvão: modelagem cinética e de equilíbrio / Comparative study on the adsorption of different classes of dyes in zeolites of coal ashes: kinetic and equilibrium modellig

BERTOLINI, THARCILA C.R. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:41:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / As cinzas leves e pesadas de carvão foram utilizadas na síntese das zeólitas (ZCL e ZCP) por tratamento hidrotérmico alcalino. As zeólitas modificadas de cinzas leves e pesadas (ZMSL e ZMSP) foram preparadas pela mistura de ZCL e ZCP com o surfactante brometo de hexadeciltrimetilamônio. Os adsorventes foram caracterizados por diferentes técnicas, tais como: métodos físico-químicos, fluorescência de raios-X, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, difração de raios-X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O processo de adsorção dos corantes cristal violeta (CV) e do ácido laranja 8 (AL8) foi realizado em sistema de batelada com o objetivo de investigar o equilíbrio e a dinâmica dos materiais zeolíticos no tratamento de efluentes. Os modelos de cinética de pseudo-primeira-ordem e pseudo-segunda-ordem foram aplicados aos dados experimentais e a cinética de pseudo-segunda-ordem descreveu a adsorção dos corantes sobre os adsorventes. Estudos da difusão intrapartícula revelaram que as velocidades de adsorção não eram controladas somente pela etapa de difusão. O modelo de Freundlich ajustou-se melhor aos dados experimentais para todos os sistemas estudados, com exceção do sistema CV/ZCL, que seguiu o modelo de Langmuir. As capacidades máximas de adsorção das zeólitas modificadas foram maiores do que aquelas obtidas para as zeólitas não modificadas. Este melhor desempenho é devido ao ambiente hidrofóbico proporcionado pela adsorção do surfactante catiônico na superfície do adsorvente. Os parâmetros das isotermas de adsorção foram usados para prever o design do equipamento para a realização de processo de adsorção descontínuo de estágio simples. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
163

Influência de um revestimento de nióbio sobre a resistência à simulação das ligas FeCr e FeCrY / Influence niobium coating on sulfidation resistance of FeCr and FeCrY alloys

GERIBOLA, GUILHERME A. 24 February 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2015-02-24T18:21:24Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T18:21:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Nióbio e suas ligas são utilizados atualmente em muitas aplicações industriais por oferecerem excelente resistência à degradação em diversos meios corrosivos. Estes meios incluem atmosferas gasosas em temperaturas elevadas, como as encontradas em plantas de gaseificação de carvão existentes em usinas termelétricas para geração de energia. As atmosferas encontradas nestes meios são misturas gasosas complexasque contêm, entre outros compostos, oxigênio e enxofre. Os sulfetos são compostos menos estáveis, possuem pontos de fusão mais baixos e apresentam, freqüentemente, maiores desvios de estequiometria em relação ao óxido correspondente. Apesar de existirem estudos relacionados à aplicação de metais refratários em atmosferas sulfetantes a temperaturas elevadas, o uso de compostos de nióbio ainda não foi devidamente avaliado como revestimento protetor, havendo poucos dados disponíveis na literatura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito proporcionado por um filme de nióbio, obtido por pulverização catódica,sobre o comportamento de sulfetação isotérmica das ligas Fe-20Cr e Fe-20Cr-1Y.Os testes de sulfetação foram realizados a 500, 600 e 700°C pelo período de 2h em atmosfera H2/2%H2S. A avaliação da resistência à sulfetação foi feita por meio do ganho de massa por unidade de área exposta. Observou-se que o comportamento de sulfetação a 500ºC das ligas FeCr e FeCrY sem e com revestimento é similar. Nesta condição, nenhuma das ligas sofreu escamação. A 700ºC a liga FeCr sofreu leve escamação na forma de um pó fino, enquanto que o produto de reação formado sobre a liga FeCrY escamou na forma de placas. O efeito do nióbio se torna pronunciado a 700ºC. A camada de produto de reação formada sobre as ligas revestidas é mais fina e plástica que na liga sem revestimento. O ganho de massa por unidade de área diminuiu sensivelmente para as ligas recobertas, que não sofreram escamação. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
164

Avaliação da tecnologia de hidrolise acida de bagaço de cana / Evaluation surgarcane bagasse acid hydrolysis technology

Rodrigues, Fábio de Ávila 07 May 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Reginaldo Guirardello / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T08:35:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_FabiodeAvila_M.pdf: 1616530 bytes, checksum: 3c6790416d2f31542bbb8595ccea194d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Uma das preocupações do mundo atual é com o suprimento de energia nas próximas décadas, uma vez que a principal fonte de energia utilizada hoje é o petróleo, e por se tratar de combustível fóssil não é renovável. Em particular, o fornecimento de combustível líquido para veículos automotores é de fundamental importância. A hidrólise ácida de materiais lignocelulósicos, e a subseqüente fermentação do hidrolisado para obter etanol, tem sido considerada uma alternativa importante para produzir etanol em larga escala. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a tecnologia de hidrólise ácida do bagaço de cana para produzir glicose e furfural simultaneamente. O modelo cinético do reator considera a celulose como glicose potencial e partículas pequenas (_ 0,5 mm), assim as reações podem ser consideradas irreversíveis de primeira ordem pseudo-homogêneas e se minimiza os efeitos difusivos. Os efeitos fluidodinâmicos no reator foram estudados. Com os melhores rendimentos do reator foi conduzida a simulação no UNISimTM do ¿Process Flow Diagram (PFD)¿ desenvolvido. A avaliação econômica teve por objetivo estudar a viabilidade econômica do processo. Em relação ao reator pode-se dizer que o modelo proposto prevê que a altas temperaturas (T = 240 oC), curtos tempos espaciais (30 s) e baixas concentrações de ácido sulfúrico ( 0,5 % peso) obtêm-se as maiores rendimento tanto de glicose quanto de furfural. Em relação à fluidodinâmica, as velocidades terminais das partículas tipo fibra e pó são muito pequenas, assim a suspensão não pode ser alimentada no topo do reator. A variável considerada na simulação no UNISimTM do diagrama de fluxo de processo desenvolvido foi a fração mássica de sólidos e a vazão mássica da suspensão de bagaço de cana. A simulação no UNISimTM conduziu a avaliação econômica das frações mássicas de sólidos de 15% e 25%. Quanto à análise econômica, o processo produz aproximadamente 2,042 milhões de kg de etanol e 1,47 milhões de kg de furfural anualmente. O investimento de capital fixo estimado foi de US$ 1,388 milhões e de equipamento foi de US$ 295 mil. Isso gera um lucro bruto médio anual de US$ 0,414 milhões e tem um fluxo de caixa operacional anual de US$ 0,174 mil / Abstract: One of the current concerns in the world is the energy supply for next decades, since the main energy source used nowadays is oil, a not renewable and increasingly expensive fossil fuel. Acid hydrolysis of cellulosic materials, with a subsequent fermentation of the hydrolyzed to obtain ethanol, has been considered an important alternative to produce ethanol on large scale to achieve the aims related to the production of carburetant alcohol from sugar cane. The objective of this study was to evaluate the technology of acid hydrolysis from sugarcane bagasse to produce simultaneously glucose and furfural. The model considers fluid dynamics, the cellulose as potential glucose and small particles (_ 0.5 mm), so the reactions can be considered pseudo-homogeneous irreversible first-order. The Process Flow Diagram was developed with the best yields of the reactor. The economic analysis the economic feasibility of the process was evaluated. An isothermal plug flow reactor was used to study the continuous acid hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse. The model developed can predict glucose and furfural best yields of 75% and 50%, respectively, at 240 oC, 0.5 % wt and 30 s of residence time. According to the fluid dynamic, the terminal velocity of fibre-type and pith-type particles are very small, thus the suspension cannot be fed at the top of the reactor. Moreover, the risk of deposition of particles in the reactor is prevented. The variables analyzed for the simulation in UNISimTM are solids weight fraction and suspension flow rate. The simulation in UNISimTM leaded to economic analysis of solids weight fraction of 15% and 25%. According to economic analysis, the optimal operational plant uses 48 (13332 kg/h) tons of sugarcane bagasse daily. It produces about 2.042 million kg of ethanol and 1.47 million kg of furfural annually. The fixed capital investment in plant and equipment is estimated at US$ 1.388 million and US$ 0.295 million, respectively. It generates annual gross profit of US$ 0.417 million and has operating profits of US$ 0.174 million / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química
165

Cooperative behavior of micro-objects under electrochemical control / Comportement coopératif des micro-objets sous contrôle électrochimique

Crespo-Yapur, Diego Alfonso 23 July 2013 (has links)
De nombreux systèmes électrochimiques sont composés d'un grand nombre d'éléments électroactifs en interaction. Si la réaction électrochimique possède une cinétique non linéaire, des comportements coopératifs complexes peuvent émerger suivant la nature et l’intensité des interactions entre les éléments du système. L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre l'influence de la taille finie de l’électrode et des interactions entre les microélectrodes sur le comportement coopératif d'un groupe de microélectrodes de platine soumis à un couplage global. Les réactions choisies pour cette étude sont l’électrooxydation du monoxyde de carbone (CO), une réaction avec une cinétique bistable et l’électrooxydation du formaldéhyde (HCHO), qui présente des oscillations de potentiel sous contrôle galvanostatique. Au cours de l’électrooxydation galvanodynamiques du CO sur une seule microélectrode de Pt, la branche S-NDR a pu être mise en évidence contrairement au comportement observé sur une macroélectrode de Pt. En outre, les nouveaux comportements coopératifs comme l'activation séquentielle des microélectrodes, des oscillations de courant et de potentiel spontanées et un régime de commutation dynamique entre les électrodes ont été découverts pour cette réaction lorsque quatre électrodes ont été couplées globalement. Pendant l’électrooxydation de HCHO, l'introduction du couplage global à deux électrodes conduit à des oscillations de courant en opposition de phase. / Many electrochemical systems are composed of a large number of interacting electroactive elements. If the reaction taking place on them has nonlinear kinetics and their interactions allow them to exchange information, complex cooperative behaviors can emerge. The objective of this thesis is to understand the influence of finite-size effects and cooperative phenomena on the global behavior of a group of coupled Pt microelectrodes. The reactions chosen for this study were CO electrooxidation, a reaction with current bistability, and HCHO electrooxidation, which exhibits oscillations under galvanostatic control. During the galvanodynamic electrooxidation of CO on a single microelectrode the S-NDR branch could be evidenced, on macroelectrodes this is not possible due to the formations of stationary domains. Additionally, novel cooperative behaviors (i.e., sequential activation, oscillations and complex switching) were discovered for this reaction when four electrodes were globally coupled. During HCHO electrooxidation the introduction of global coupling to two electrodes led to anti-phase current oscillations.
166

Modeling Mild Thermal Cracking of Heavy Crude Oil and Bitumen with VLE Calculations

Guerra, André 20 August 2018 (has links)
The current shortage of crude oil from conventional sources has increased interest in developing unconventional resources such as oil sands. Heavy crudes and bitumen are found in Northern Alberta and their exploration, processing, and transport to market pose challenges in the use of these resources. Part of the solution to these challenges involves the reactive thermal processing of heavy crudes and bitumen. This thesis focused on mild thermal cracking reactions, and two studies regarding these reactions were presented. The first was an experimental study performed in a pilot-scale semi-batch reactor. The three crude oils were heated to 350, 400, 425, and 450°C at 1240 kPa. A five-lump reaction model combined with a process simulator with VLE calculations was fitted with the experimental data obtained. The goodness of fit between the model predicted values and experimental values for the Hardisty (MBL), Albian Heavy Synthetic (AHS), and Christina Lake Dilute Bitumen (CDB) were determined to be 0.99, 0.99, and 0.98, respectively. Moreover, 80, 85, and 89% of the optimized model’s predicted values had less than 10% error for MBL, AHS, and CDB, respectively. The second study described the implementation of a mild thermal cracking reaction model to the development of a train car fire-model for the assessment of safety aspects in the design of train cars used to transport crude oil. Case studies were conducted using the UniSim® depressuring utility and a previously developed mild thermal cracking reaction model to demonstrate the effect of compositional change. Three crude oils with varying properties and representative of the types of crudes transported by rail in Canada were used here: MBL, AHS, and CDB. The case studies conducted showed the performance of a train car fire-model to be dependent on the crude oil characteristics: up to -57% and -99% difference in model predicted variables for AHS and CDB, respectively, when compared to MBL. Furthermore, the model’s performance was also shown to be affected by the compositional change of a given crude oil due to mild thermal cracking reactions: up to 42% difference in model predicted variables when compared to the base case.
167

Molecular Interpretation of a Trigger for Controlling an Amine Isocyanate Polyurethane Reaction

Carrasquillo, Katherine V. 23 November 2015 (has links)
The temperature profile needed to complete the reaction between the sodium-diamine complex and the isocyanate terminated prepolymer has been established. The sodium diamine complex has the advantage of blocking the nearly instantaneous reaction between the diamine and isocyanate from taking place until it is released at elevated temperatures. Because of its low melting temperature (~40 °C) and its low molecular weight (low viscosity), this chain extension reaction is not dependent on the participation of the prepolymer. Instead, the rate of reaction is dependent on the dissolution of the 4,4’-methylenedianiline (MDA) complex into the system. The dissolution of the MDA complex has been demonstrated to be strongly dependent on particle size. Both the plasticizer Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate and the quaternary ammonium compound found in soy lecithin play crucial roles for this reaction. The quaternary ammonium compound is crucial in the dissolution of the complexes. Although the plasticizer has been shown to dissolve the complex to a small extent, the principal role of the plasticizer is to disperse the complexes and to prevent their agglomeration. Other additives such as Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) have demonstrated to be highly efficient in dissolving the complex. However its effectiveness limits the mixing window needed before reaction take place, resulting in a disadvantage.
168

Studium kinetiky samovolného rozpadu ozónu ve vodě / Survey of kinetics of spontaneous ozone decay in water

Fendrych, Adam January 2010 (has links)
In the general part of this diploma thesis are presented technical information collected on the issue of spontaneous decay of ozone in water solution and problems with analytical monitoring of these processes. Particular attention is paid to influence of pH value, bicarbonate and peroxide concentration on ozone decay kinetics. Experimental part is focused on the use of spectrophotometry in the study of chemical reactions associated with the spontaneous decay of ozone in distilled and tap water depending on pH and temperature after saturating of water by ozone prepared from air and pure oxygen. Direct photometry in UV range of spectrum (at 260 nm) was used to monitoring of ozone decomposition kinetics.
169

Captage et valorisation du CO2 par voie chimique : application à la synthèse de carbonates cycliques à partir d’époxydes / Capture and valorisation of CO2 by using a chemical way : application to the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides

Contreras Moreno, Viviana 09 December 2016 (has links)
L'utilisation du CO2 comme matière première pour la synthèse de produits à haute valeur ajoutée, comme les carbonates cycliques, est aujourd'hui l'une des alternatives proposées dans la réduction des émissions gazeuses à effet de serre. Ce travail de thèse vise à comprendre et concevoir un procédé de valorisation de CO2 à partir de la modélisation de la thermodynamique et des cinétiques de transfert de matière et de réactions, qui sont engendrées dans la synthèse de carbonates cycliques à partir des époxydes et un composé hétérocyclique comme catalyseur. Grâce à ce nouveau système, les carbonates cycliques très utilisés dans l'industrie de polymères, cosmétique ou pharmaceutique, sont obtenus avec de bons rendements, dans des conditions opératoires douces et en absence de solvants. Des propriétés thermodynamiques telles que la solubilité et la constante de Henry ont été estimées pour les systèmes binaires CO2/époxyde. L'étude du transfert de matière sans ou avec réactions a permis de déterminer respectivement le coefficient de transfert de matière en phase liquide et le régime de la réaction. Des suivis cinétiques ont été réalisés afin de proposer un modèle cinétique capable de représenter la réaction et d'estimer les paramètres cinétiques. Ces derniers ont été utilisés pour la conception préliminaire et la simulation du procédé de production du carbonate d' épichlorohydrine sur Aspen Hysys. / Today, the utilisation of CO2 as raw material for the synthesis of high-value added products like cyclic carbonates, is one of the alternatives used for reducing greenhouse gases. This thesis aims to understand and design a CO2 valorisation process by modelling the thermodynamic and the mass transfer/reaction kinetics generated during the cyclic carbonates synthesis from CO2, epoxides and a heterocyclic compound as catalyst. By using this new catalytic system, cyclic carbonates, which are used in the polymeric, pharmaceutic or cosmetic industry, can be produced with good yields at low temperatures and pressures and without any solvent. Thermodynamic properties as solubility and Henry's law constant have been estimated for CO2/epoxide binary systems. Mass transfer occurring without and with reaction has been studied in order to determine respectively the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient and the reaction regime. A kinetic study has been performed to propose a model able to represent the reaction and to estimate the kinetic parameters. This information has been used in the design and the simulation of the production process of epichlorohydrin carbonate on Aspen Hysys.
170

DETERMINATION OF THE STRUCTURE AND SEQUENCE OF GAS-PHASE PEPTIDES USING SPECTROSCOPIC AND MASS SPECTROMETRIC METHODS

Joshua L Fischer (11115042) 22 July 2021 (has links)
The function of many biological processes depends on the structure and composition of the biomolecules involved. Both spectroscopy and mass spectrometry provide complimentary information regarding the three-dimensional conformation and the composition, respectively, as well as many other things. Here, double resonance conformer specific spectroscopy coupled with the latest ab inito computational methods is used to make structural assignments at the atomic resolution as well obtain information regarding propensities of intramolecular interactions. Additionally, rapid cooling in conjunction with IR excitation to modulate and measure the relative populations of conformers present in the expansion. Two different designer peptide systems are studied, including an achiral acylated 𝛼-aminoisobutryic acid dipeptide (Ac-AIB2-R) with various C-terminal protecting groups (R=NHBn, NHBnF, 𝛼-methylbenzylamine) and an acylated 𝛾4-phenylalanine (Ac-𝛾4Phe-NHMe) with the a methyl amine C-terminal protecting group. Mass spectrometry is used to determine the kinetics of gas-phase covalent tagging reactions used to enhance the sequence coverage. The covalent modification reactions utilize click chemistry between NHS or HOBt substituted sulfobenzoic acid tags with nucleophiles present on the residues of the amino acids composing the backbone. Effective temperatures are approximated using the Tolmachev model, which relates the statistical average internal energy of the molecule to a temperature.

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