Η κυτταροφαγία βακτηρίων από τα πολυμορφοπύρηνα κύτταρα του αίματος του ανθρώπου επιτυγχάνεται με την ενεργοποίηση διαφόρων σηματοδοτικών μονοπατιών. Η σηματοδότηση ξεκινάει με την προσκόλληση των βακτηρίων στην πλασματική μεμβράνη των κυττάρων και καταλήγει στην αναδιοργάνωση του κυτταροσκελετού, στο σημείο επαφής, για τη δημιουργία του φαγοσώματος. Διάφορες μορφές δραστικού οξυγόνου, όπως το Η2Ο2, παράγονται παρουσία βακτηρίων, και δρουν ως σηματοδοτικά μόρια. Στην εργασία αυτή μελετήθηκε η παραγωγή και η συμμετοχή του Η2Ο2 στην κυτταροφαγία E.coli από τα ανθρώπινα πολυμορφοπύρηνα κύτταρα. Για το σκοπό αυτό, χρησιμοποιήθηκε το εξειδικευμένο φθορίζον μόριο, διυδροροδαμίνη (DHR) - που οξειδώνεται από το Η2Ο2 - καθώς και φθορίζοντα βακτήρια E. coli. Πειράματα κυτταρομετρίας ροής έδειξαν ότι τα πολυμορφοπύρηνα παράγουν Η2Ο2 παρουσία E. coli, ενώ παράλληλα δείχτηκε με έμμεσο τρόπο, με ανοσοαποτύπωση, η μετατόπιση της κυτταροπλασματικής υπομονάδας p47 για την συγκρότηση μεμβρανικής NADPH οξειδάσης. Το ένζυμο αυτό παράγει υπεροξεικά ιόντα τα οποία μετατρέπονται, στη συνέχεια, σε Η2Ο2 από τη δεσμουτάση SOD. Ο ενεργός ρόλος του Η2Ο2 στη ρύθμιση της κυτταροφαγίας, επιβεβαιώθηκε με τη χρήση εξειδικευμένων αναστολέων για τα ένζυμα της σύνθεσής του, N-εθυλμαλειμίδιο (N-ethylmaleimide - nem) για τη NADPH οξειδάση και διεθυλδιθειοκαρβαμικό (diethyldithiocarbamate – ddc) για την δεσμουτάση του υπεροξεικού ανιόντος. Οι αναστολείς αυτοί μείωσαν και την παραγωγή του Η2Ο2 και την κυτταροφαγία βακτηρίων σε καλλιέργεια λευκών αιμοσφαιρίων. Ανοσοαποτυπώματα για τις ΜΑΡ κινάσες, p38 και ΕΡΚ1/2, από εκχύλισμα λευκών αιμοσφαιρίων, μετά από καλλιέργεια παρουσία των παραπάνω αναστολέων, έδειξαν ότι κατά την κυτταροφαγία E. coli, μόνο η φωσφορυλίωση της ERK1/2 μειώνεται όταν μειώνεται η παραγωγή Η2Ο2. Είναι γνωστό ότι το Η2Ο2 απενεργοποιεί φωσφατάσες πρωτεϊνικών τυροσινών (PTPs). Από τα αποτελέσματα μπορεί να υποτεθεί ότι το Η2Ο2 που παράγεται κατά την κυτταροφαγία, απενεργοποιεί τις PTPs, ενισχύοντας τη δράση κινασών τη φωσφορυλίωση της ERK1/2 και να ολοκληρωθεί η διαδικασία της κυτταροφαγίας. Αναστολή της παραγωγής του Η2Ο2 αυξάνει τη δράση των PTPs, την αποφωσφορυλίωση της pERK1/2 και τελικά να μειώνει την κυταροφαγία. / Phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear blood cells, is achieved by the activation of several signaling pathways. Signaling is initiated with the attachment of the bacteria on the plasma membrane of the cells and is completed with the remodeling of actin on that sight leading to the formation of the phagosome. Certain reactive oxygen species, such as Η2Ο2, which are produced in the presence of bacteria, have been referred to act as signaling molecules. In the present work, we investigated the production and participation of Η2Ο2 in the phagocytosis of E. coli by the human polymorphonuclear cells. For this purpose specific fluorescent probe dihydrorhodamine (DHR) - which is oxidised by H2O2 - and fluorescent E. coli were used. Flow cytometry analysis revealed the production of Η2Ο2 by polymorphonuclears, during phagocytosis of E. coli, while in parallel, it was indirectly shown with immunoblotting, the translocation of cytoplasmic p47 subunit for the assembly of the membrane NADPH oxidase. This enzyme produces superoxide ions which are then converted in H2O2 by superoxide dismutase (SOD). The active role of Η2Ο2, in the regulation of phagocytosis, was confirmed with the use of specific enzyme inhibitors of its synthesis, N-ethylmaleimide (nem) for the NADPH oxidase and diethyldithiocarbamate (ddc) for superoxide dismutase. These inhibitors decreased E. coli phagocytosis in polymorphonuclear cells cultures along with the decrease of Η2Ο2 production. Immunoblot analysis of ΜΑΡ kinases p38 and ERK1/2, from crude extracts of cultured white blood cells, in the presence of the above inhibitors, showed that the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was reduced when H2O2 was blocked. On the other hand, p38 phosphorylation was not influenced at all. It is known that the target molecules of Η2Ο2 are a family of protein tyrosin phosphatases (PTPs) which are getting inactivate. From the above data, it may be assumed that Η2Ο2, which is produced by the polymorphonuclear blood cells, during phagocytosis, inactivates these enzymes, in order to promote the activity of kinases enhancing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, among others, so that phagocytosis to be completed. Thus, when the H2O2 production is inhibited, the activity of the PTPs increases, leading to the dephosphorylation of pERK1/2 and the observed decrease of bacterial uptake.

Embora a cisplatina (cis-diaminocloroplatina II) seja um efetivo agente anticâncer, seu uso clínico é altamente limitado, predominantemente devido ao seu potencial nefrotóxico. Muitos estudos têm demonstrado que a cisplatina causa disfunção mitocondrial em células epiteliais renais e danos ao DNA nuclear devido à ação de espécies reativas de oxigênio tais como superóxido e radicais hidroxila. O aumento na produção destas espécies de oxigênio causa liberação de citocromo c no citosol, iniciando uma cascata de eventos que leva à morte celular por apoptose. A proteção seletiva da mitocôndria contra espécies reativas de oxigênio geradas pela cisplatina nos tecidos intactos tais como os rins, é fundamental na quimioterapia de pacientes com câncer. O presente estudo investigou os efeitos da cisplatina na bioenergética, no estado redox e no estresse oxidativo mitocondrial renal, bem como o potencial protetor da dimetiltiouréia (DMTU), um antioxidante seqüestrador de radicais hidroxila, com relação à toxicidade renal induzida pela cisplatina. Método: Ratos Wistar machos adultos pesando de 200 a 220 g foram divididos em quatro grupos de 8 animais cada. Ao primeiro grupo foi administrada cisplatina (10 mg/ kg) por via intra peritonial (i.p.). O segundo grupo recebeu somente injeções de DMTU (500 mg/kg, i.p., seguida de 2 injeções diárias de 125 mg/Kg, i.p). O terceiro grupo de animais foi tratado com DMTU (500 mg/kg, i.p.), imediatamente antes da injeção de cisplatina (10 mg/kg, i.p.), seguida de 2 injeções diárias de DMTU (125 mg/Kg, i.p.). O grupo controle recebeu somente solução salina (1ml/200g, i.p.). Os animais foram sacrificados 72 horas após a injeção de cisplatina (ou salina). Resultados: O tratamento com a cisplatina resultou em uma marcante diminuição da função renal demonstrada pela elevação dos níveis plasmáticos de uréia e de creatinina, concomitante a uma significativa alteração nos parâmetros relacionados à função Resumo ix mitocondrial (síntese de ATP, estado 3 da respiração, RCR, ADP/O, potencial de membrana e transporte de cálcio); ao estresse oxidativo mitocondrial (oxidação da cardiolipina, atividade da aconitase, lipoperoxidação, níveis de proteína carbonila e proteína sulfidrila); ao estado redox mitocondrial (oxidação do NAD(P)H, relação glutationa reduzida e glutationa oxidada) e à apoptose (atividade da caspase 3). O pré-tratamento dos animais com DMTU preveniu a falência renal aguda e as alterações dos parâmetros mitocondriais , sendo capaz de inibir a morte celular por apoptose. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstram o papel central da mitocôndria na falência renal aguda induzida pela cisplatina, bem como o efeito protetor do DMTU e sugerem que o desenvolvimento de potentes seqüestradores de radicais hidroxila, passíveis de uso clínico, poderia contribuir de forma marcante na prevenção dos danos renais resultantes da quimioterapia com este fármaco. / Although cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (cisplatin) is an effective anticancer agent, its clinical use is highly limited predominantly due to its adverse effects on renal functions. Many studies have shown that cisplatin causes mitochondrial dysfunction and direct injury to nuclear DNA by generating reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species causes the release of cytochrome c into cytosol, thereby triggering the sequence of events leading to cell death via apoptosis. The selective protection of mitochondria against reactive oxygen species generated by cisplatin in intact tissues, such as kidney, is of critical importance in the chemotherapy of patients with cancer. The present study examined the effects of cisplatin on renal mitochondrial bioenergetics, redox state and oxidative stress as well as the protective potential of dimethylthiourea (DMTU), a hydroxyl radical scavenger, against the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 220g were divided into 4 groups with 8 animals each.. The first group was given a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cisplatin (10 mg/kg). The second group was given only DMTU (500 mg/kg body weight, i.p, followed by intraperitoneal injections of 125 mg/Kg twice a day until sacrifice). A third group of animals was given DMTU (500 mg/kg body weight, i.p.), just before cisplatin injection (10 mg/kg body weight, i.p.), followed by intraperitoneal injections of DMTU (125 mg/Kg body weight) twice a day until sacrifice. The control group was treated only with saline solution (1ml/200g body weight, i.p.). Animals were sacrificed 72 hours after the treatment. Results: Cisplatin treated animals presented a marked impairment of the renal function evidenced by the elevation of plasmatic creatinine and urea levels simultaneously to a significant alteration of the parameters related to: (a) the mitochondrial function assessed by ATP synthesis, Summary xi state 3 respiration, RCR, ADP/O ratio, membrane potential, calcium uptake; (b) the mitochondrial oxidative stress assessed by cardiolipin oxidation, aconitase activity, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and protein sulphydryl; (c) the mitochondrial redox state assessed by NADPH/NADP+ ratio, GSH/GSSG ratio and (d) apoptosis assessed by caspase-3 activity. DMTU substantially inhibited cisplatin-induced mitochondrial injury and cellular death by apoptosis, thereby suppressing the occurrence of acute renal failure. Conclusions: Results show the central role of the mitochondria in the cisplatin-induced renal acute failure, the protective potential of DMTU and suggest that the development of potent hydroxyl radical scavengers suitable for use in man could minimize the adverse effects of cisplatin in the kidney of patients under chemotherapy.

The emergence of tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitor resistance is a major problem in the treatment of breast cancer. The molecular signaling mechanism of antiestrogen resistance is not clear. Understanding the mechanisms by which resistance to these agents arise could have major clinical implications for preventing or circumventing it. Therefore, in this dissertation we have investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying antiestrogen resistance by studying the contributions of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced redox signaling pathways in antiestrogen resistant breast cancer cells. Our hypothesis is that the conversion of breast tumors to a tamoxifen-resistant phenotype is associated with a progressive shift towards a pro-oxidant environment of cells as a result of oxidative stress. The hypothesis of this dissertation was tested in an in vitro 2-D cell culture model employing state of the art biochemical and molecular techniques, including gene overexpression, immunoprecipitation, Western blotting, confocal imaging, ChIP, Real-Time RT-PCR, and anchorage-independent cell growth assays. We observed that tamoxifen (TAM) acts like both an oxidant and an antioxidant. Exposure of tamoxifen resistant LCC2 cell to TAM or 17 beta-estradiol (E2) induced the formation of reactive oxidant species (ROS). The formation of E2-induced ROS was inhibited by co-treatment with TAM, similar to cells pretreated with antioxidants. In LCC2 cells, treatments with either E2 or TAM were capable of inducing cell proliferation which was then inhibited by biological and chemical antioxidants. Exposure of LCC2 cells to tamoxifen resulted in a decrease in p27 expression. The LCC2 cells exposed to TAM showed an increase in p27 phosphorylation on T157 and T187. Conversely, antioxidant treatment showed an increase in p27 expression and a decrease in p27 phosphorylation on T157 and T187 in TAM exposed cells which were similar to the effects of Fulvestrant. In line with previous studies, we showed an increase in the binding of cyclin E–Cdk2 and in the level of p27 in TAM exposed cells that overexpressed biological antioxidants. Together these findings highly suggest that lowering the oxidant state of antiestrogen resistant LCC2 cells, increases LCC2 susceptibility to tamoxifen via the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27.

Polypeptide from Chlamys farreri (PCF) is a novel marine polypeptide compound isolated from gonochoric Chinese scallop Chlamys farreri, this study we further investigate the mechanisms of PCF exerting its anti-apoptotic effect. The results indicated that PCF, ROS scavenger NAC and NF-κB inhibitor MG132 effectively inhibited UVB-induced HaCaT cells apoptosis. PCF (2.84 mM) showed potential ROS scavenging activities in a kinetic process. PCF (1.42-5.69 mM) dose-dependently increased the expressions of Cu, Zn-SOD, CAT and GPx meanwhile decreased the expressions of p-NF-κB/p65 and COX-2 in UVB-induced HaCaT cells. Additionally, pretreatment with NAC significantly declined the generation of ROS and the expression of p-NF-κB/p65. We concluded that ROS, NF-κB and COX-2 are involved in UVB-induced HaCaT cells apoptosis, PCF exerts its protective effects via scavenging ROS, increasing the expression of antioxidative enzymes and inhibition the activation of NF-κB and COX-2.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition that affects millions of people worldwide. The exact etiology of PD is unknown. However, it is well established that environmental factors contribute to the onset of PD. In particular, chemicals such as the insecticide Rotenone have been shown to increase the death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons by increasing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have been shown to be elevated above basal levels in PD patients. Currently, to measure H2O2 concentrations, a commercially available (Amplex® Red) fluorescent assay is used. However, the assay has limitations: it is not completely specific to hydrogen peroxide and can only measure extracellular ROS concentrations. This research focuses on testing an electrochemical sensor that uses cyclic voltammetry to quantitatively determine concentrations of H2O2 released from a cell culture. The sensor was first tested in normal cell culture conditions. Next, chemical interference was reduced and the sensor was optimized for accuracy by altering protein concentrations in the media. Finally, Rotenone was added to a cell culture to induce H2O2 production. Near real-time measurements of H2O2 were taken using the sensor and comparisons made to the fluorescent assay method. Overall, we are trying to determine if the electrochemical sensor can selectively and quantitatively measure H2O2 released from cells. Being able to track the production, migration and concentration of H2O2 in a cell can help researchers better understand its mechanism of action in cell death and oxidative damage, thus getting closer to finding a cure for PD.

Side effects of radiation therapy (RT) remain the most challenging issue for pancreatic cancer treatment. In this report we determined whether and how cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to RT. CONP pretreatment enhanced radiation-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production preferentially in acidic cell-free solutions as well as acidic human pancreatic cancer cells. In acidic environments, CONPs favor the scavenging of superoxide radical over the hydroxyl peroxide resulting in accumulation of the latter whereas in neutral pH CONPs scavenge both. CONP treatment prior to RT markedly potentiated the cancer cell apoptosis both in culture and in tumors and the inhibition of the pancreatic tumor growth without harming the normal tissues or host mice. Mechanistically, CONPs were not able to significantly impact RT-induced DNA damage in cancer cells, thereby ruling out sensitization through increased mitotic catastrophe. However, JNK activation, which is known to be a key driver of RT-induced apoptosis, was significantly upregulated by co-treatment with CONPs and RT in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and human pancreatic tumors in nude mice in vivo compared to CONPs or RT treatment alone. Further, CONP-driven increase in RT-induced JNK activation was associated with marked increases in Caspase 3/7 activation, indicative of apoptosis. We have shown CONPs increase ROS production in cancer cells; ROS has been shown to drive the oxidation of thioredoxin (TRX) 1 which results in the activation of Apoptosis Signaling iv Kinase (ASK) 1. The dramatic increase in ASK1 activation following the co-treatment of pancreatic cancer cells with CONPs followed by RT in vitro suggests that increased the c-Jun terminal kinase (JNK) activation is the result of increased TRX1 oxidation. The ability of CONPs to sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to RT was mitigated when the TRX1 oxidation was prevented by mutagenesis of a cysteine residue, or the JNK activation was blocked by an inhibitor,. Additionally, angiogenesis in pancreatic tumors treated with CONPs and RT was significantly reduced compared to other treatment options. Taken together, these data demonstrate an important role and mechanisms for CONPs in specifically killing cancer cells and provide novel insight into the utilization of CONPs as a radiosensitizer and therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer.

学位プログラム名: 京都大学大学院思修館 / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(総合学術) / 甲第21931号 / 総総博第6号 / 新制||総総||1(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院総合生存学館総合生存学専攻 / (主査)教授 阪井 康能, 教授 山口 栄一, 教授 積山 薫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy / Kyoto University / DGAM

Cerium oxide nanoparticles have the unique ability to accept and donate electrons, making them powerful antioxidants. Their redox nature is due to oxygen defects in the lattice structure, which are more abundant at the nanoscale. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are pro-oxidants whose presence is increased during periods of inflammation in the body. ROS damage tissues and cellular function by stripping electrons from proteins, lipids, and DNA. We investigated the ability of nanoceria to quench ROS in vitro and in vivo, and examined the biodistribution and biocompatibility of nanoceria in murine models. Nanoceria was internalized in vitro by macrophages, is non-toxic at the concentrations we investigated, and proteins, mRNA, and oxidative markers of ROS were abated with nanoceria pretreatment in immune stimulated cells as measured by western blot, real time RT PCR, and Greiss assay respectively. In vivo, nanoceria was deposited in the spleen and liver, with trace amounts in the lungs and kidneys as determined by ICP-MS. Using IVIS in vivo imaging, it appeared that nanoceria deposition occurred in lymph tissue. Histology grades show no overt pathology associated with nanoceria deposition, although white blood cell (WBC) counts were generally elevated with nanoceria treatment. Nanoceria suspect particles were seen in lysosomes from kidney samples of IV injected mice in HRTEM images. Lastly, IV nanoceria treatment appears to reduce markers of oxidative stress in mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to induce ROS production. Taken together, our data suggest that nanoceria treatment has the potential to reduce oxidative stress. / Master of Science

Das Rett-Syndrom ist eine postnatale neurologische Entwicklungsstörung, der eine Mutation im Methyl-CPG-bindenden Protein 2 (MECP2) zugrunde liegt. Es betrifft überwiegend Mädchen und geht mit kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen, motorischen Stereotypien und Atmungsstörungen einher. Es existieren vielfältige Hinweise dafür, dass die Pathogenese des Rett-Syndroms im Zusammenhang mit einer beeinträchtigten Mitochondrienfunktion steht. Genetische Untersuchungen des Rett-Genoms zeigten, dass eine Untereinheit des Komplex III der Atmungskette dysreguliert ist und die innere Mitochondrienmembran ein Protonenleck aufweist. Weiterhin fanden sich Hinweise für erhöhten oxidativen Stress in Blut- und Liquoruntersuchungen. Um den intrazellulären Redox-Status zu quantifzieren, wurde die genetisch kodierte optische Sonde roGFP1 verwendet, die semiquantitative Messungen reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies ermöglichte. Es zeigte sich, dass Mecp2(-/y)-Hirnschnitte bereits unter Ruhebedingungen erhöhtem oxidativen Stress ausgesetzt sind. Auf der Suche nach der Ursache wurden die intrazellulären antioxidativen Schutzenzyme Superoxid-Dismutase und Katalase sowie das Glutathionsystem überprüft. Alle drei Enzymsysteme zeigten Funktionsstörungen und waren nicht in der Lage, extern applizierten oxidativen Stress im gleichen Umfang zu kompensieren wie die Enzyme der Wildtyp-Vergleichsgruppe. Um die zytosolischen Redox-Verhältnisse zu beeinflussen, wurden Untersuchungen mit den Antioxidantien Ascorbat, Trolox und Melatonin vorgenommen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass Antioxidantien eine potentielle pharmakologische Maßnahme darstellen, um die zu oxidativen Verhältnissen verschobene Redox-Homöostase in Mecp2(-/y)-Hippokampi zu senken und folglich zu normalisieren. Vor allem das Vitamin E-Derivat Trolox stellte sich als wirkungsvoller Radikalfänger heraus und bietet sich für weitere detaillierte Untersuchungen hinsichtlich einer therapeutischen Option des Rett-Syndroms an. Die externe Störung der mitochondrialen Funktion durch die Induktion einer transienten Hypoxie sowie die gezielte Inhibition verschiedener Atmungskettenkomplexe zeigte eine deutlich erhöhte Hypoxieempfindlichkeit der Mecp2(-/y)-Hippokampi und war mit einer erhöhten ROS-Produktion verbunden. In der Arbeit gelang es erstmals, die bereits mehrfach postulierte Störung der Redox-Homöostase im Rett-Syndrom direkt auf zellulärer Ebene nachzuweisen. Die erhobenen Befunde liefern mögliche mechanistische Erklärungsansätze für die Störung der synaptischen Plastizität im Rett-Syndrom, da es klare Verbindungen zwischen dem zellulären Redox-Status und dem Kalziumhaushalt gibt, der durch redoxsensitive Proteine mitreguliert wird. Somit konnte eine zentrale Dysregulation der Erkrankung identifziert werden, die unter Umständen auch neue pharmakologische Angriffspunkt aufzeigt, um die Symptomatik des Rett-Syndroms zu mildern.

Morphine alkaloids and their derivatives are pharmaceutically important substances. Huge production and consumption of these compounds predetermines them to be significant pollutants in the environment. Some of them have been detected in surface waters. The aim of this study was to characterize effects of morphine alkaloids on the physiology of three model organisms: Agrobacterium sp. R89-1, Escherichia coli XL-1 (Blue), and Raoultella sp. kDF8, and elucidation of the mechanisms leading to toxicity. The biotransformation potential and utilization ability were characterized for model organisms. It was demonstrated that the microorganism Agrobacterium sp. R89-1 is capable of rapid biotransformation of codeine to its 14-OH derivatives. The manifestation of morphine compounds toxic effects for the strain R89-1 is the highest. In contrast, microorganism Raoultella sp. KDF8 is able to utilize codeine as a carbon and energy source. The accumulation of 14-OH-derivatives was not observed. Escherichia coli XL-1 (Blue) is not able to biotransform or utilize codeine. Α, β-unsaturated ketones (morphinone, codeinone, 14-OH-morphinone and 14-OH-codeinone) were found as a most toxic intermediates of codeine metabolism. Bacterial cell growth (strains R89-1 and KDF8) in the presence of codeine is characteristic with...