Beneath the facade of the applications code of a well-designed real-time embedded system lies intrinsic firmware that facilitates a fast and effective means of detecting and diagnosing inevitable hardware failures. These failures can encumber the availability of a system, and, consequently, an identification of the source of the malfunction is needed. It is shown that the number of possible origins of all manner of failures is immense. As a result, fault models are contrived to encompass prevalent hardware faults. Furthermore, the complexity is reduced by determining syndromes for particular circuitry and applying test vectors at a functional block level. Testing phases and philosophies together with standardisation policies are defined to ensure the compliance of system designers to the underlying principles of evaluating system integrity. The three testing phases of power-on self tests at system start up, on-line health monitoring and off-line diagnostics are designed to ensure that the inherent test firmware remains inconspicuous during normal applications. The prominence of the code is, however, apparent on the detection or diagnosis of a hardware failure. The authenticity of the theoretical models, standardisation policies and built-in test philosophies are illustrated by means of their application to an intricate real-time system. The architecture and the software design implementing the idealogies are described extensively. Standardisation policies, enhanced by the proposition of generic tests for common core components, are advocated at all hierarchical levels. The presentation of the integration of the hardware and software are aimed at portraying the moderately complex nature of the task of generating a set of built-in tests for a real-time embedded system. In spite of generic policies, the intricacies of the architecture are found to have a direct influence on software design decisions. It is thus concluded that the diagnostic objectives of the user requirements specification be lucidly expressed by both operational and maintenance personnel for all testing phases. Disparity may exist between the system designer and the end user in the understanding of the requirements specification defining the objectives of the diagnosis. It is thus essential for complete collaboration between the two parties throughout the development life cycle, but especially during the preliminary design phase. Thereafter, the designer would be able to decide on the sophistication of the system testing capabilities. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1991.

O objetivo desta tese é analisar os determinantes políticos e econômicos dos desvios de execução orçamentária no Brasil, no período de 2002 a 2015. Desvios de execução são definidos como a diferença entre o valor observado da variável e o valor previsto no orçamento. A partir do uso de dados em tempo real, isto é, dados disponíveis aos formuladores de política no momento em que as decisões de política fiscal são tomadas, busca-se compreender os desvios de execução da política fiscal à luz de alguns fatores atuantes na fase de planejamento e execução da política, confrontando a intencionalidade declarada pelo executor da política no planejamento orçamentário com os resultados finais obtidos. Para contornar a ausência de uma base de dados em tempo real organizada para a economia brasileira, a base utilizada foi construída a partir dos documentos oficiais gerados ao longo das fases do processo orçamentário. A construção dessa base, no entanto, limitou-se em função da insuficiência de dados em tempo real de acesso público. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, os desvios de execução fiscal foram inicialmente avaliados a partir da análise dos eventos que condicionaram o planejamento e a execução do orçamento. À esta análise somou-se uma análise empírica, na qual buscou-se identificar os determinantes da fase de planejamento, a partir da análise dos fatores que influenciam na previsão de arrecadação, e os condicionantes da fase de execução orçamentária, a partir da identificação dos fatores que contribuem para os desvios de execução. Os resultados indicam que a previsão fiscal distanciou-se mais significativamente dos valores realizados a partir do ano de 2012 e que os desvios nas previsões dos fatores macroeconômicos, sobretudo na previsão de crescimento do PIB ajudam a explicar esse distanciamento. Verificou-se também um otimismo persistente nas projeções de crescimento do PIB utilizadas para a elaboração do orçamento. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que a adoção de subterfúgios contábeis adotados pelo Governo para atingir artificialmente as metas de superávit primário resultam em uma execução orçamentária desvinculada do orçamento planejado, dificultando a análise dos desvios de execução e transformando o processo de planejamento orçamentário em mera exigência legal, sem aplicação prática. / This thesis aims to analyze the politic and economic determinants of the budget execution deviation in Brazil, from 2002 to 2015. Execution deviation is defined as the difference between the observed value of the variable and the forecast budget value. From the use of real-time data, i.e., data available to policy makers at the time the fiscal policy decisions are taken, we seek to understand the execution deviations from fiscal policy in the light of some active factors during the planning phase and policy execution, confronting the intention declared by the policy maker in the budget planning with the final results. To work around the lack of a real-time dataset organized for the Brazilian economy, the dataset used was built from the official documents generated throughout the phases of the budget process. The construction of this dataset, however, was limited due to insufficient data in real-time public access. To achieve this goal, the fiscal execution deviations were initially evaluated from the analysis of the events that conditioned the planning and execution of the budget. To this analysis we added up an empirical analysis, in which we attempted to identify the determinants of the planning phase from the analysis of the factors that influence in the revenue forecast and the conditioners of the budget execution phase from the identification of factors contributing to the execution deviations. The results indicate that the realized values drifted away significantly more from the fiscal forecast from the year 2008 and that the deviations in the forecasts of macroeconomic factors, particularly in the GDP growth forecast, help to explain this gap.

by Leung, Brain Shui-kei, Ng, Timmy Kwok-wai. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 72-73. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.viii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Research Methodology --- p.4 / Chapter II. --- FACTORY-FLOOR COMPUTERIZATION OF ELECTRONICS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN HONG KONG --- p.5 / An Overview of the Worldwide Electronics Manufacturing Industry --- p.5 / Electronics Manufacturing Industry in Hong Kong --- p.11 / Production Control Problems in Electronics Manufacturing Firms in Hong Kong --- p.13 / The Survey --- p.15 / The Solution: On-Line Real-Time Information System --- p.24 / Chapter III. --- A STUDY OF THE APPLICABILITY OF THE SUGGESTED ON-LINE REAL-TIME INFORMATION SYSTEM TO A MEDIUM SIZED ELECTRONICS MANUFACTURING FIRM IN HONG KONG / The Company --- p.29 / A Study of the Existing Production Controlling System --- p.30 / Problems with the Existing Production Controlling System --- p.31 / """OLRTIS""" --- p.35 / The Design of OLRTIS --- p.36 / Implementation of the Proposed OLRTIS --- p.47 / Cost / Benefits Analysis --- p.49 / Chapter IV. --- PRACTICAL CONSIDERATION --- p.56 / Top Management Attitude --- p.56 / Training of Staff and Workers --- p.57 / Acceptance/Resistance of the New System --- p.57 / "Garbage In, Garbage Out" --- p.59 / Impact of the New System on Management Organization --- p.59 / Human Resources --- p.60 / Chapter V. --- CONCLUSION --- p.61 / APPENDIXES --- p.63 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.72

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Sudhindra Nath Mishra. / M.S.

Thesis. 1978. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaf 125. / by Avram K. Tetewsky. / M.S.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 177-181. / by Elazer Reuven Edelman. / M.S.

University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology / Department of Computer and Information Science

In this thesis, we propose an approach to estimate the Worst Case Response Time (WCRT) of each task in a preemptive multi-tasking single-processor real-time system utilizing an L1 cache. The approach combines inter-task cache eviction analysis and intra-task cache access analysis to estimate the Cache Related Preemption Delay (CRPD). CRPD caused by preempting task(s) is then incorporated into WCRT analysis. We also propose a prioritized cache to reduce CRPD by exploiting cache partitioning technique. Our WCRT analysis approach is then applied to analyze the behavior of a prioritized cache. Four sets of applications with up to six concurrent tasks running are used to test our WCRT analysis approach and the prioritized cache. The experimental results show that our WCRT analysis approach can tighten the WCRT estimate by up to 32% (1.4X) over prior state-of-the-art. By using a prioritized cache, we can reduce the WCRT estimate of tasks by up to 26%, as compared to a conventional set associative cache.

In a data streaming system, each component consumes one or several streams of data on the fly and produces one or several streams of data for other components. The entire Internet can be viewed as a giant data streaming system. Other examples include real-time exploratory data mining and high performance transaction processing. In this thesis we study several measurement and resource allocation optimization problems of data streaming systems. Measuring quantities associated with one or several data streams is often challenging because the sheer volume of data makes it impractical to store the streams in memory or ship them across the network. A data streaming algorithm processes a long stream of data in one pass using a small working memory (called a sketch). Estimation queries can then be answered from one or more such sketches. An important task is to analyze the performance guarantee of such algorithms. In this thesis we describe a tail bound problem that often occurs and present a technique for solving it using majorization and convex ordering theories. We present two algorithms that utilize our technique. The first is to store a large array of counters in DRAM while achieving the update speed of SRAM. The second is to detect global icebergs across distributed data streams. Resource allocation decisions are important for the performance of a data streaming system. The processing graph of a data streaming system forms a fork and join network. The underlying data processing tasks consists of a rich set of semantics that include synchronous and asynchronous data fork and data join. The different types of semantics and processing requirements introduce complex interdependence between various data streams within the network. We study the distributed resource allocation problem in such systems with the goal of achieving the maximum total utility of output streams. For networks with only synchronous fork and join semantics, we present several decentralized iterative algorithms using primal and dual based optimization techniques. For general networks with both synchronous and asynchronous fork and join semantics, we present a novel modeling framework to formulate the resource allocation problem, and present a shadow-queue based decentralized iterative algorithm to solve the resource allocation problem. We show that all the algorithms guarantee optimality and demonstrate through simulation that they can adapt quickly to dynamically changing environments.

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Computer Science. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.