Syfte:.Syftet med studien är att jämföra icare tonometri med NCT och se om de två metoderna får likvärdiga resultat. Studien ville även se vilken av metoderna som föredras av deltagarna. Metod: 85 personer deltog med medelålder 27 ± 9,2 år. Mätningarna utfördes på 82 av deltagarna i slumpmässig ordning på deras högerögon. I studien användes topcon CT-80A non-contact tonometer (topcon coroporation) och icare ® TA01i tonometer (icare Finland Oy). Resultat: Medelvärde för icare var 16,4 ± 3,9 mmHg. Medelvärdet för NCT var 15,6 ± 2,6 mmHg. Det var statistisk signifikant skillnad mellan metoderna (p = 0,001). Väldigt god positiv korrelation mellan icare och NCT (r = 0,85; y = 1,2905x - 3,7199). 91% av deltagarna föredrog icare framför NCT. Slutsats: Båda metoderna fungerar bra som screeningmetoder av IOP men icare har en tendens att ge högre värden än NCT. Icare tonometer var den metod som de flesta deltagarna föredrog. Det fanns en statistiskt signifikant skillnad mellan icare och NCT vilket tyder på att metoderna skiljer sig åt resultatmässigt.

The purpose of this study was to observe rebounding tendencies as related to the area on the basketball floor where a shot was taken and the direction which the rebound traveled.

This thesis is submitted as a PhD by Publication. Part A provides an overview of the thesis and summarises its context, research questions, methodological approach and key findings. Part B is a collection of nine, first-named academic papers. The thesis addresses two highly complex and controversial questions within energy policy, namely the nature and magnitude of ‘rebound effects’ from energy efficiency improvements and the extent and rate of depletion of global oil resources. Both of these questions are critically important to the development of a sustainable energy system and both are the subject of long-standing and highly polarised disputes. The thesis adapts, develops and applies a common methodology for reviewing the evidence on these questions, supplements this with original primary research and syntheses the results in a way that improves understanding and provides new insights. The thesis includes four papers examining different aspects of rebound effects and four examining different aspects of global oil depletion. Given the complexity of the chosen topics, the papers cover a wide range of questions, issues and approaches. Collectively the papers: clarify relevant definitional and conceptual issues; evaluate competing methodological and analytical techniques; appraise the methodological quality of empirical studies; identify levels of uncertainty and potential sources of bias; develop simple mathematical models; conduct statistical analyses of primary data; compare and evaluate the results of modelling studies; and synthesise results from multiple research areas to provide novel insights into poorly understood phenomena. A ninth paper evaluates the strengths and limitations of systematic review techniques when applied to complex, policy-relevant questions such as these. The thesis draws two main conclusions. First, rebound effects are frequently large and can substantially reduce the energy and carbon savings achieved from improved energy efficiency. Second, there is a significant risk that the global production of conventional oil will enter sustained decline before 2020. These conclusions run counter to conventional wisdom and have significant implications for public policy. The thesis also shows how the methodology of systematic reviews can be adapted and modified to make a valuable contribution to energy and climate policy research.

A theoretical study of the approach and collision of liquid-drop pairs is performed with results obtained numerically. The collision process is modeled by a squeeze-flow problem involving both planar and non-planar geometry, with attention given to the deformation of the interacting interfaces. Based on the nature of the collision process, an analogy is made between the fluidic systems of colliding liquid bodies and a mechanical mass- spring-damper system. Examination of the analogous mechanical system yields the derivation of an effective damping ratio, ζ*, which is used to predict the outcome of the drop-drop collisions. Predictions made by utilizing the effective damping ratio are then compared to experimental results presented in literature. / text

No description available.

No description available.

Ocular disease is one of the most common problems encountered in sea lions at various zoos and aquariums around the world.1 The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) is one of the most common marine mammals maintained in zoos and is also the most commonly afflicted with ocular disease. Studies have shown that pinnipeds housed in captivity manifest an array of ocular lesions.2 Eye disease can range from a pinpoint corneal opacity to loss of vision due to keratopathy, cataracts and secondary glaucoma. Glaucoma is a disease that has not been extensively studied in the sea lion.3 Observation of clinical signs and determination of intraocular pressures (IOP) are critical for early diagnosis. IOP measurement may elucidate intraocular disease and provides information on the balance between aqueous humor production and outflow. The objective of this study is to measure IOP in California sea lions that have clinically normal eyes as well as those with varying degrees of ocular diseases, and to evaluate the incidence of secondary glaucoma in this species.

The main objective of the thesis is to seek insights into the theory, and provide empirical evidence of rebound effects. Rebound effects reduce the environmental benefits of environmental policies and household behaviour changes. In particular, win-win demand side measures, in the form of energy efficiency and household consumption pattern changes, are seen as ways for households and businesses to save money and the environment. However, these savings have environmental impacts when spent, which are known as rebound effects. This is an area that has been widely neglected by policy makers. This work extends the rebound effect literature in three important ways, (1) it incorporates the potential for variation of rebound effects with household income level, (2) it enables the isolation of direct and indirect effects for cases of energy efficient technology adoption, and examines the relationship between these two component effects, and (3) it expands the scope of rebound effect analysis to include government taxes and subsidies. MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Using a case study approach it is found that the rebound effect from household consumption pattern changes targeted at electricity is between 5 and 10%. For consumption pattern changes with reduced vehicle fuel use, the rebound effect is in the order of 20 to 30%. Higher income households in general are found to have a lower total rebound effect; however the indirect effect becomes relatively more significant at higher household income levels. In the win-lose case of domestic photovoltaic electricity generation, it is demonstrated that negative rebound effects can occur, which can potentially amplify the environmental benefits of this action. The rebound effect from a carbon tax, which occurs due to the re-spending of raised revenues, was found to be in the range of 11-32%. Taxes and transfers between households of different income levels also have environmental implications. For example, a more progressive tax structure, with increased low income welfare payments is likely to increase greenhouse gas emissions. Subsidies aimed at encouraging environmentally friendly consumption habits are also subject to rebound effects, as they constitute a substitution of government expenditure for household expenditure. For policy makers, these findings point to the need to incorporate rebound effects in the environmental policy evaluation process.’

Energieffektiviseringar är ett verktyg för att minska energianvändningen och de miljöbelastningar den ger upphov till, men de miljömässiga vinsterna av effektiviseringar äts i många fall upp av s.k. rekyleffekter (RE). Den här studien handlar om hur dessa rekyleffekter kan förebyggas vilket skapar möjligheter för mer miljömässigt hållbara energieffektiviseringar. Arbetet första frågeställning syftade till att ge svar på om direkta RE uppstått i samband med energieffektiviseringar som gällde belysning inom företag. Om inga direkta RE av betydelse uppstått innebär det att de besparingar som gjorts blivit tillgängliga för investeringar i andra typer av konsumtion av varor och tjänster. Dessa varor och tjänster är i sin tur miljöbelastande, vilket ger upphov till s.k. indirekta RE. Arbetets andra frågeställning syftade därför till att ge svar på vad som skulle motivera företag att satsa dessa resurser på miljöförbättrande åtgärder för att dämpa dessa indirekta RE. Beräkningen av direkt RE gjordes med en "före- och efteranalys" av energianvändningen i samband med energieffektiviseringen. För att isolera vad som var direkt RE samlades också data in kring faktorer som påverkar energianvändningen som förändringar av upplyst golvyta och ljusstyrka samt installation av belysningsstyrning. För att besvara arbetets andra frågeställning gjordes en web-enkät. Studien kom att omfatta sex företag inom tillverkningsindustrin och detaljhandeln. Resultatet av beräkningen av direkt RE visar på resultat mellan 4,7 % till -72,2 % vilket innebär att ekonomiska besparingar gjorts. Resultatet visade att besparingarna i första hand användes till att förbättra företagens resultat och produktion. Företagen såg inga hinder i att investera dessa resurser i miljöförbättrande åtgärder, men dessa investeringar gjordes sällan. Faktorer med starka drivkrafter för att motivera sådana investeringar identifierades som lösningar med potential att stärkta företagens varumärke, med en tydlig koppling till företagens verksamhetsområde och miljöpolicy. Möjligheten till att få råd och utbildning för att förbättra företagens miljöprestanda var också en stark drivkraft. / Improving energy efficiency is a way to reduce energy use and the environmental strain the latter can cause, but the environmental gains of such measures are in many cases diminished by rebound effects (RE). This study is an examination of how these RE can be prevented, thereby creating opportunities for more environmentally sustainable energy efficiency improvements. The first part of this study was aimed at determining if direct RE have emerged in parallel with increased energy efficiency efforts of indoor lighting within corporations. If no direct RE of significance could be measured, the cost savings that have occurred would then be available for investment in other types of goods and services. These goods and services, in turn represent a strain on the environment, giving rise to so-called indirect RE. The second part of this study was therefore aimed at determining what would motivate corporations to invest these cost savings in environmental improvement measures to lower those indirect RE. The calculation of direct RE was done with a “before-after” analysis of energy use in connection with energy efficiency improvement. In order to isolate the direct RE, data was also gathered about factors that effect energy use, such as changes in illuminated floor area and luminosity as well as installations of automated lighting control systems. A web survey was used for the second part of this analysis. Six companies within the manufacturing and retail industries participated in this study. The calculation of direct RE yielded a result between 4.7% to -72.2%, which showed that cost savings had been made. The results also indicated that the savings were primarily used to increase the companies’ profit margins and production. The companies did not see any obstacles to invest these resources in environmental improvement measures, but these investments were rarely made. The factors identified as strong motivators for such investments were solutions with the potential to improve the companies’ brand, with a clear connection to their trade and environmental policy. The possibility to get guidance and education on how to improve environmental performance was also a strong motivator.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21580号 / 理博第4487号 / 新制||理||1644(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 宮﨑 真一, 教授 福田 洋一, 教授 橋本 学 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM