This thesis deals with the study of electrochemical behaviour of dehydrocholic and chenodeoxycholic acid at stationary mercury-based electrodes - hanging mercury dropping electrode and silver solid amalgam electrode modified by a mercury meniscus. This is the first study of electrochemical behaviour of dehydrocholic acid which offers tree peaks with potentials around -1270 mV, -1450 mV and -1800 mV. The last one with the potential -1800 mV is probably the main peak given by reduction of carboxylic group of side chain of steroid skeleton. By cyclic voltammetry was determined that the process is quasireversible and is strongly influenced by adsorption of DHCA on the electrode surface and also by the pH which determines dissociation degree of carboxylic group. In the environment of BR buffer (pH 7.0) - methanol (9:1) was measured concentration dependence by DC, DP and "square-wave" voltammetry. By neither one of these methods have been reached satisfying limits of detection and wide linear dynamic ranges. However, the repeatable signals in wide range of pH can be used for electrochemical characterization of DHCA. CDCA offers in environment 0,04 mol·l-1 borat buffer (pH 9.1) - methanol (9:1) one signal with potential around -1350 mV. Position of this peak on the potential axe and also its height are...

This thesis aims to provide a legal framework concerning Leniency Program which is by far one of the most successful tools in detection and prosecution of criminal cartel conduct, which has been recently perceived as one of the most important and dangerous anticompetitive conduct. Under the current system, an applicant making a leniency application will apply to seek full immunity from sanctions. If full immunity is not available, the applicant can apply for a reduction of any fine levelled against it. The study examines the level of transparency, predictability and effectiveness in the Czech Republic, European Union and United States. Chapter three provides an overview of a historical aspect of a Leniency Program including case law and recent development in each of abovementioned jurisdiction. In order to take all aspects into account, an impact of this program on human rights and recidivism is also discussed in this paper. Final chapter contains a recent development concerning Antitrust Damages Actions and rules on disclosure of evidence on leniency.

In this work, we propose a novel method for a supervised dimensionality reduc- tion, which learns weights of a neural network using an evolutionary algorithm, CMA-ES, optimising the success rate of the k-NN classifier. If no activation func- tions are used in the neural network, the algorithm essentially performs a linear transformation, which can also be used inside of the Mahalanobis distance. There- fore our method can be considered to be a metric learning algorithm. By adding activations to the neural network, the algorithm can learn non-linear transfor- mations as well. We consider reductions to low-dimensional spaces, which are useful for data visualisation, and demonstrate that the resulting projections pro- vide better performance than other dimensionality reduction techniques and also that the visualisations provide better distinctions between the classes in the data thanks to the locality of the k-NN classifier. 1

Název diplomové práce: Mysl a vědomí u zvířat Vedoucí práce: prof. Karel Thein, Ph.D. Vypracovala: Bc. Klaudie Richterová Abstrakt v anglickém jazyce This thesis examines the issue of cognition, mind, and consciousness of living beings other than humans. What complicates the whole issue is the essential inwardness of the conscious experience. We objectivize this inwardness per our aim to know, and thus deprive it of its essence. Thereby, very often, we lose sight of what we want to examine. This problem is related to the theme of speech as a form of communication that plays an ambivalent role here. Speech in the sense of articulated form of communication can easily become a barrier that separates human beings from other living creatures; the so-called less articulated forms of communication may, on the other hand, be an opportunity to overcome this barrier. Part of the thesis thus offers a critical reflection on the scientific research whose focus is on animal abilities, but which forgets to take into account the human element contained in the apparently scientific method. The final part of the thesis deals with modern research of a canine abilities and offers a reflection on the influence of the domestication process on what we call intelligence.

Optimization is an important part of mathematics and is mostly used for practical applications. For specific types of objective functions, a lot of different methods exist. A method to use when the objective is unknown and/or expensive can be difficult to determine. One of the answers is bayesian optimization, which instead of direct optimization creates a probabilistic model and uses it to constructs easily optimizable auxiliary function. It is an iterative method that uses information from previous iterations to find new point in which the objective is evaluated and tries to find the optimum within a fewer iterations. This thesis introduces bayesian optimization, suma- rizes its different approaches in lower and higher dimensions and shows when to use it suitably. An important part of the thesis is my own optimization algorithm which is applied to different practical problems - e.g. parameter optimization in machine learning algorithm. 1

This thesis focuses on the lower bounds for generic algorithms for discrete logarithms problem and Diffie-Hellman's problems. This thesis introduces two diffrent models of Black-Box for that purpose. On these models thesis approxi- mates and compares success probability of generic algorithms for given problems including Maurer's reduction. This reduction solves discrete logarithms problem using a appropriate elliptic curve and a Diffie-Hellman's oracle. This thesis also researches generic algorithm for identifiaction schemes, that are based on discrete logarithms problem. 1

Název diplomové práce: Mysl a vědomí u zvířat Vedoucí práce: prof. Karel Thein, Ph.D. Vypracovala: Bc. Klaudie Richterová Abstract This thesis examines the issue of cognition, mind and consciousness of living beings other than humans. It starts with the attitudes of two contemporary thinkers: Thomas Nagel and Daniel C. Dennett. In connection with their opinions, this thesis examines a certain number of questions: Might there be something like a subjective experience of life or being? How can one know that others have mental states that are like one's own? How important is a fact that nonhuman animals cannot describe their mental states in language? Is it possible to connect the observable characteristics of animals (behavioral or neurological) to consciousness? Nagel assumes that individuals have a proprietary perspective on their own perceptual, cognitive and emotive processes. Dennett argues that consciousness is essentially an illusion created by language, which is why he concludes that consciousness is uniquely human. What complicates the whole issue is the essential inwardness of the conscious experience. We objectivize this inwardness per our aim to know, and thus deprive it of its essence. Thereby, very often, we lose sight of what we want to examine.

This work focuses on the description and characteristics of common problems which graphic designers face daily when working for advertising agencies. This work describes tasks and organises them according to the type of graphic being processed and the types of output. In addition, this work describes the ways these common tasks can be completed using modern graphics editing software. It also provides a practical definition of a graphic designer and graphic agency. The aim of this work is to map out the fundamental tasks with raster graphics which graphic designers must perform most frequently during their work and to suggest an optimal workflow. As a result, after collating all of the proposed solutions, a manual should take form. It should help to facilitate early stages of work for students who may hold the position of junior graphic designer within advertising agencies.

The focus of this thesis is the comparison of languages and the reduction of automata used in network traffic monitoring. In this work, several approaches for approximate (language non-preserving) reduction of automata and comparison of their languages are proposed. The reductions are based on either under-approximating the languages of automata by pruning their states, or over-approximating the language by introducing new self-loops (and pruning redundant states later). The proposed approximate reduction methods and the proposed probabilistic distance utilize information from a network traffic. Formal guarantees with respect to a model of network traffic, represented using a probabilistic automaton are provided. The methods were implemented and evaluated on automata used in network traffic filtering.

This work deals with the problem of visual representation of Pi-calculus expressions. The theoretical part of this paper discusses general principles of process algebras as well as specific properties of individual models, with a focus on Pi-calculus. Also included is the comparison of several text and graphical representations of expressions. The main part of the thesis deals with the design and implementation of an application for converting text representation of expressions into graphical representation. In addition to the text and graphical representation, an internal tree representation designed to work with expressions within the application is also proposed. The thesis also describes algorithms for finding feasible reductions, performing reductions and expression simplification that operate with the proposed tree representation.