I Sverige finns 71 sjukhusbundna akutmottagningar som under 2015 uppskattades handlägga 2,53 miljoner besök, en siffra som ökar år från år. Siffran är en ökning med ca tre procent jämfört med 2014. Den större andelen patienter anländer på annat sätt än med ambulans och utan föregående kontakt med någon annan vårdnivå, såsom primärvård, sjukvårdsrådgivning, SOS Alarm eller motsvarande. Samtliga akutmottagningar tillämpar någon form av triage för att bedöma patienternas sökorsak, akutsjukvårdsbehov och akuticitet. Enligt Socialstyrelsen bedömdes 80 procent av det totala patientunderlaget ha en första medicinsk angelägenhetsgrad motsvarande de tre lägsta graderna i en femgradig skala. På den i denna studie aktuella akutmottagningen introducerades ett datorbaserat kliniskt beslutsstöd för rådgivning att användas parallellt med sedvanlig triage som stöd för sjuksköterskor avseende hänvisning av patienter till annan vårdnivå samt för egenvårdsrådgivning. Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att hänvisa patienter från en akutmottagning till annan vårdnivå utifrån ett datorbaserat rådgivningsstöd. Då syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser valdes en kvalitativ, deskriptiv studiedesign med induktiv ansats. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med totalt sex informanter. Intervjuerna transkriberades och innehållsanalys av det manifesta innehållet genomfördes enligt Graneheim och Lundman. Analysen av resultatet mynnade i två kategorier som i sin tur hade nio underordnade subkategorier. Kategorin system och handhavande relaterade till upplevelser om rådgivningsstödet som system med dess begränsningar och fördelar medan yrkesroll och utveckling berörde den utveckling som sker hos den individuella sjuksköterskan i samband med användandet av rådgivningsstödet samt den inverkan som systemet har på sjuksköterskans arbetssätt och yrkesroll. Det var svårt att dra några långtgående slutsatser men det erhållna resultatet antydde att sjuksköterskor som arbetar med triage på en akutmottagning kunde uppleva att det fanns ett flertal fördelar med att ha tillgång till ett rådgivningsstöd med stöd för beslut om hänvisning och som bidrog till att liknande bedömningar utfördes oavsett bedömare eller vårdinstans i samband med hänvisning till annan vårdnivå. Rådgivningsstödet kunde ge en ökad trygghet för sjuksköterskor och patienter och bidra till en mer systematiserad dokumentation av hänvisningar från akutmottagningen. Resultatet antydde också att en utveckling av rådgivningsstödet kan behövas när det används utanför telefonrådgivning och i det direkta mötet mellan patient och sjuksköterska. / In Sweden there are 71 hospital-bound emergency departments which in 2015 approximately handled 2.53 million visits, an increasing figure year by year. The figure is an increase of about three percent compared to 2014. The greater proportion of the patients are arriving by means other than ambulance and without contact with any other level of care, such as primary care, telephone healthcare advice, emergency dispatch centre or equivalent. All emergency departments apply some form of triage to assess the patients’ chief complaint, need of emergency care and acuity. According to Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare 80 percent of the total patient population were assessed of having a first medical urgency corresponding to the three lowest ranks in a five-graded scale. The emergency department in focus in this study introduced a computer-based clinical decision support system [CDSS] to be used in parallel with conventional triage as support for nurses regarding referral of patients to other care-levels and for administering self-care advice. The aim was to describe nurses' experiences of referring patients from an emergency department to other care-levels on the basis of a computer-based clinical decision support system. Since the purpose was to describe nurses' experiences a qualitative, descriptive study design was chosen with inductive approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of six informants. The interviews were transcribed and content analysis of the manifest content was performed according to Graneheim and Lundman. The analysis of the results gave two categories, which in their turn had nine subcategories. The category System and Handling related to the experiences of the CDSS as a system with its limitations and benefits while Professional role and Development concern the developments taking place in the individual nurse in conjunction with the use of the CDSS as well as the impact that the system has on the nurses' work and professional role. It was difficult to draw any extensive conclusions but the obtained result suggested that nurses working in an emergency department could experience that there are several advantages to have access to a CDSS to support a decision of referral and to help ensure that similar assessments were made regardless of the assessor or health authority. CDSS could provide greater security for nurses and patients and contribute to a more systematic documentation of referrals from the emergency department. The results suggested as well that development of the CDSS may be needed when it is used outside of telephone health care advice and in the direct interaction between patient and nurse.

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A nurse-managed clinic in Northeast Tennessee that mainly serves unstably housed patients launched a process improvement project to evaluate Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) implementation and use. These findings could guide future SBIRT efforts among vulnerable groups.

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Systematic Review / Advancements in medicine have resulted in decreased neonatal mortality and morbidity associated with congenital anomalies (CA). Unfortunately, the advantages of these developments have been confined to high-income countries (HICs), demonstrated by the comparatively high incidence of congenital anomalies in low and low-middle-income countries (LLMICs). Evidence suggests that neonates in LLMICs encounter considerably more barriers to care than those in HICs due to a malfunctioning referral system and poorly implemented health policies that hinder the timely provision of care. As many CA are now accepted as surgically treatable, the purpose of this study was to understand what inhibits the success of a neonate from obtaining surgery in LLMICs and how that could be improved. Seven databases were searched in this systematic review to identify articles on neonates with surgically treatable CA. A total of 370 studies were identified for screening; 16 were included in the final analysis. Studies were screened and selected individually by two researchers based on the research question, and all disagreements were resolved jointly. Studies were reviewed for factors affecting the delivery of surgical treatment and were then coded as a barrier or a facilitator. Barriers to care were identified in every study, and suggested facilitators were offered by the authors, but these facilitators were not tested in the studies. This study contributes to the literature by providing additional detail on what is known about the surgical referral system in LLMICs. The study findings will inform policymakers and local governments of the realities faced by neonates and their caregivers while navigating through the surgical referral system and establish the need for alternate policy implementation strategies. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Congenital anomalies (CA) have been identified as a significant contributor to the global burden of disease, accounting for 25.3-38.8 million disability-adjusted life-years worldwide. Many CA have been classified as surgically treatable however, approximately 295,000 neonates die annually due to these conditions. As 94% of CA occur in low- and low- middle-income countries (LLMICs), this study aims to elucidate any barriers and facilitators that may influence accessing surgical treatment. A systematic review has been selected to synthesize the literature regarding what is known about accessing surgery for neonates with CA in LLMICs.

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