Esta dissertação tem por objetivo o estudo da narrativa dedicada ao público infanto-juvenil através de seus sumários e das estratégias textuais e discursivas que levaram a coleção ao grande recorde de venda no período de 2007. Trata-se de uma narrativa, de autoria a Dav Pilkey, intitulada As Aventuras do Capitão Cueca. Fazem parte deste corpus os quatro volumes iniciais da coleção e seus respectivos sumários analisados dentro da teoria laboviana sobre as narrativas. O estudo proposto analisa o tipo de texto e que estruturas podem justificar o porquê de os volumes serem considerados um romance épico. Analisa-se, a importância das construções metafóricas e referenciais para a construção dos personagens e para a progressão textual. Postulam-se três tipos de metáforas - a do poder, a da ação e a da aventura, que, participam na superestrutura textual, construindo a história como um conjunto de elementos composto, tanto pelos referentes quanto pelas escolhas lexicais, já que, por meio do léxico, são delineadas as pistas necessárias à progressão textual o que, consequentemente, propicia um texto com articulação e suspense, o que torna a leitura mais próxima do público que a coleção deseja atingir. Mostrou-se necessário, também, um estudo mais acurado do gênero e da tipologia textual, visto que, nesse momento, nos utilizamos da própria denominação do subtítulo da coleção: romance épico. A organização da microestrutura do texto na perspectiva da relação metáfora e referentes permitiu o reconhecimento de uma tríade na organização da macroestrutura da narrativa, justificando a referência à narrativa épica e às peripécias vividas pelos personagens. É essa complexidade textual que torna a coleção tão singular e atrativa aos olhos do público a que se destina, confirmando a essência do processo de interação entre texto/ leitor/ produtor, em um processo dialógico. Embasam esse estudo as teorias sócio-cognitivas de Lakoff e Johnson (2002) e Sardinha (2007), Koch (2002), Cavalcante (2011), Marcuschi (2008). Concluí-se que a arquitetura do texto pode, de fato, interferir no processo de desenvolvimento da competência de leitura dos estudantes, prendendo seu interesse, o que faz com que haja uma construção de interação. Essa possibilidade, por analogia, pode ser, de um lado, um ponto de desvendamento para o sucesso de alguns livros publicados e que se tornam absoluto sucesso em um dado tempo entre os jovens; de outro lado, pode colocar o professor e a escola do século XXI à frente de novos desafios não só no que tange ao desenvolvimento das diferentes habilidades de leitura, mas também frente ao que é importante do ponto de vista discursivo para o incentivo à leitura, em um mundo marcado semioticamente pela imagem / This dissertation aims to study the narrative dedicated to the children and the youth generation through their briefs, discursive and textual strategies that led the collection to the record of sales during 2007. It is a narrative whose authorship belongs to Dav Pilkey, entitled "The Adventures of Captain Underpants." The four initial volumes are part of this corpus and also does their summaries analyzed within the Labovs narrative theory. The proposed study examines the text type and structures that may explain why the volumes are considered an epic romance. It also examines the importance of the metaphorical constructions and references for the characters constructions and the textual progression. It is further postulated three types of metaphors - the power, the action and the adventure, which participate in the superstructure textual building the history as a set of composite elements, related not only by the lexical choices but also through lexicon which outlining the necessary clues to textual progression that provides a text link and suspense, which makes closer the reading and its public who wants to be reached by the collection. It also proves to be considered necessary, a closer study of gender and text typology, as we analyze the collection and its subtitle: epic romance. The text microstructure organization aiming the relationship perspective between the metaphor recognition and the referral elements respects a triad in the organization of the narrative macrostructure, justifying the reference to the epic narrative and the events experienced by the characters. It is this complexity that makes the textual collection so unique and attractive to the eyes of their target audience, confirming the process of interaction between the text, the reader and the producer, in a dialogical process. Underling the socio-cognitive theories studies of Lakoff and Johnson (2002) and Sardine (2007), Koch (2002), Cavalcante (2011), Marcuschi (2008). We conclude that the architecture of the text may actually interfere into the development of the reading and also into the competence of the students process, keeping their interest on reading, which means that there is an interaction in the construction. This possibility, by analogy, can be on one hand, a point of revealing to the success of some books and become absolute success in a given time among young people, on the other hand, can put the teacher and the school's of the 21st. century ahead of new challenges not only in the development regarding of different reading skills, but also forward to what is important from the discourse point of view of encouraging skills reading in a world surrounded by semiotical images

Introdução: Os Centros de Referência (CR) são serviços especializados, parte de um projeto inovador de parceria entre a academia e os gestores do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O principal objetivo de um CR é promover a assistência através de acompanhamento multidisciplinar, facilitando o acesso ao medicamento fornecido pelas Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde (SES). Objetivos: avaliar a efetividade da assistência de pacientes com Mieloma Múltiplo (MM) em um CR no âmbito do SUS (Centro de Referência para Mieloma Múltiplo do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre [CRMM-HCPA]); comparar a qualidade de vida entre portadores de MM atendidos no CRMM-HCPA e em outros serviços de saúde que não são CR. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo de 6 meses, com participantes que recebiam a Talidomida pela SES-RS, e eram tratados pelo CRMM-HCPA, em comparação com os que recebiam tratamento em outras instituições, fora de um CR. Foram incluídos 32 participantes da pesquisa, sendo 19 do CRMM-HCPA e 13 participantes de outras instituições. Para análise da efetividade do CRMM-HCPA foi considerado como desfecho principal o tempo, a partir do diagnóstico, em que os participantes da pesquisa levaram para realização do Transplante Autólogo de Células Tronco Hematopoiéticas (TACTH), por ser considerado este a terapia “padrão ouro” para o MM. Para análise deste tempo, foram aplicados questionários específicos do estudo e para análise da qualidade de vida foi aplicado o questionário SF-36. Resultados: Na análise de qualidade de vida encontramos diferença significativa em relação ao item aspecto social (do SF-36), relacionado à realização de atividades sociais (P = 0,02). O tempo (em meses) a partir do diagnóstico até o transplante de medula óssea, em cada grupo, foi medido apenas em participantes da pesquisa com idade \65 anos (n=25), dos quais, nesta análise, 15 eram do HCPA e 10 das outras instituições. Encontramos diferença significativa (P=0,036) em relação ao tempo em que os participantes da pesquisa foram encaminhados para realizarem o transplante autólogo, demonstrando que os do CRMM (HCPA) são encaminhados para o transplante em tempo significativamente inferior (mediana: 9 meses; IIQ: 8,5 a 14,5) do que são atendidos nas demais instituições (mediana: 24 meses; IIQ: 16 a 24). Conclusões: Os participantes do CRMM demonstraram mais facilidade em executar atividades sociais, com menos interferências relacionadas a problemas físicos ou emocionais. O CRMM demonstrou ser uma estratégia de tratamento mais efetiva do que outros serviços de saúde do SUS, que não são CR, uma vez que permitiu uma redução do tempo para a realização do transplante. / Introduction:Within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), Referral Centers (RCs) are care facilities that provide specialized services as part of an innovative partnership project between universities and SUS managers. The main goal of RCs is to promote care through a multidisciplinary approach, facilitating access to medicines supplied by state health departments (SHDs).Objectives:To evaluate the effectiveness of care provided to patients with multiple myeloma (MM) in a RC within SUS (Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Referral Center for Multiple Myeloma, CRMM-HCPA) and to compare quality of life between patients with MM treated at CRMM-HCPA and other non-RC health care facilities. Methods: A 6-month prospective cohort study was conducted in patients receiving thalidomide from the Rio Grande do Sul SHD (SHD-RS) and treated at CRMM-HCPA, as compared to patients receiving treatment at other non-RC health care facilities. Thirty-two patients were included in the study, 19 from CRMM-HCPA and 13 from other institutions. To analyze the effectiveness of CRMM-HCPA, the main outcome measure was the time from diagnosis to referral for autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), as this is considered the gold-standard treatment for MM. Time from diagnosis to referral for autologous HSCT was assessed using questionnaires specifically designed for this study, and quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire. Results: On quality of life analysis, there was a significant difference in the “social functioning” domain of the SF-36 questionnaire, which relates to performance of social activities (P=0.02). The time (in months) from diagnosis to referral for autologous HSCT, in each group, was measured only in patients aged \65 years (n=25); of these, 15 were from CRMM-HCPA and 10 from other institutions. In this analysis, there was a significant difference (P=0.036) in time between diagnosis and referral for autologous HSCT, which was significantly shorter for patients treated at CRMM-HCPA (median, 9 months; IQR, 8.5–14.5) than for those treated elsewhere (median, 24 months; IQR, 16–24).Conclusions:Patients treated at CRMM-HCPA demonstrated greater ease in performing social activities, with less interference from physical or emotional problems. CRMM-HCPA offers a more effective treatment strategy as compared with other non-RC health care facilities, as it enabled a reduction in time to transplantation.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / nÃo hà / Nesta tese, reconsideramos os critÃrios que caracterizam as funÃÃes discursivas dos processos anafÃricos a partir da anÃlise de anÃncios publicitÃrios. Tivemos como objetivo identificar as funÃÃes discursivas presentes nos gÃneros notÃcia, anÃncio, artigo de opiniÃo e piada, tendo como ponto de partida o quadro de funÃÃes sugerido por Ciulla (2008). Tomamos como pressuposta uma perspectiva cognitivo-discursiva da referenciaÃÃo, pela qual tem sido ampliada a concepÃÃo de anÃforas. Uma abordagem discursiva para a anÃlise de processos referenciais deve considerar nÃo apenas a expressÃo referencial em si, mas o conjunto de elementos contextuais convocados para a negociaÃÃo sociocognitivo-discursiva dos referentes. Partindo desse pressuposto, julgamos necessÃrio realizar uma rediscussÃo dos critÃrios utilizados para a anÃlise das funÃÃes discursivas desempenhadas pelos processos anafÃricos. Tomamos como fonte teÃrica para o estudo das funÃÃes discursivas o trabalho de Ciulla (2008), que objetivou estabelecer critÃrios que permitissem uma visÃo ampliada dos processos referenciais que nÃo apenas revelasse funÃÃes, mas tambÃm levasse em conta a mutabilidade caracterÃstica do processo de construÃÃo referencial e, portanto, suportasse constantes acrÃscimos e ajustes, conforme a observaÃÃo das diversas situaÃÃes de uso. Especificamente, extraÃmos do trabalho de Ciulla (2008) o quadro de funÃÃes discursivas sugeridas pela autora, a fim de as testarmos em outros gÃneros, neste caso, a notÃcia, o anÃncio, o artigo de opiniÃo e a piada. Tal aplicaÃÃo exige uma reorganizaÃÃo do quadro de funÃÃes, levando em consideraÃÃo as caracterÃsticas contextuais em que esses gÃneros sÃo praticados. / In this thesis, we reconsider the criteria that characterize the discursive functions of anaphoric processes from the analysis of advertisements. The goal was to identify the discursive functions present in the genres news, add, opinion article and joke, taking as its starting point the framework of functions suggested by Ciulla (2008). We assumed a cognitive-discursive perspective of referral, through which has been expanded the conception of anaphoras. A discursive approach for the analysis of referential processes must consider not only the referred expression itself, but also the set of contextual elements arranged to the sociocognitive-discursive negotiation of the referents. Based on this assumption, we believe it is necessary to conduct a rediscussion of the criteria used for the analysis of the discursive functions performed by the anaphoric processes. The main framework for the study of the discursive function is the work of Ciulla (2008), which aims at establishing criteria that allow a boader view of referential processes that could not only reveal functions, but could also take into account the characteristic mutability of the process of referential construction and that could, therefore, stand constant additions and adjustments, according to the observation of the diverse situations of use. Specifically, we extracted from Ciulla's work (2008) the framework of discursive functions suggested by the author in order to test it in other genres: news, add, opinion article and joke. This application demands a reorganization of the mentioned framework, considering the contextual characteristics in which these genres are practiced.

Nesta dissertação, temos como escopo estudar, através das notícias, as características discursivas do jornal gratuito Publimetro (também conhecido como Metro). Nosso corpus abarca notícias de maio de 2008 a julho de 2011. Nosso principal objetivo está em analisar as notícias referentes a minorias sociais. Para isso, utilizaremos o Processo de Referenciação sob a perspectiva da Análise Crítica do Discurso. Apresentamos numa perspectiva histórica, os Gêneros Discursivos e o Jornalismo com o intuito de contextualizar o corpus e situar o leitor, fazendo-se dessa maneira uma análise sobre o gênero notícia e, por fim, a contextualização desse gênero no jornal em foco. Em seguida, discutimos o Processo de Referenciação sob a perspectiva da Análise Crítica do Discurso, que associa a perspectiva sociológica e política sobre o jornalismo como discurso social e a atenção particular à linguagem e às suas escolhas de realização em atos de comunicação. E, finalmente, apresentamos a análise do corpus, com destaque para as escolhas lexicais utilizadas pelo enunciador e que revelam diretamente a sua opinião. Tais análises feitas nos permitem depreender que as expressões nominais remissivas funcionam como uma espinha dorsal do texto, que permite ao leitor/ouvinte construir, com base na maneira pela qual se encadeiam e remetem umas às outras, um script que irá guiá-lo para determinados sentidos contidos no texto e, consequentemente, para as leituras possíveis que, a partir dele, se arrojam. (cf. KOCH, 2005, p.46). Além disso, concluímos também que nem sempre o poder é exercido através de atos obviamente abusivos praticados por membros de um grupo dominante; antes, pode estar incorporado no grande número de ações consideradas rotineiras, como é tipicamente o caso de muitas formas de sexismo e de racismos cotidianos. / In this dissertation, we take as scope to study, through the news, the discursive characteristics of the free newspaper Publimetro (also known as Metro). Our corpus covers news from May 2008 to July 2011. Our main goal is to analyse the news referin to the social minorities. Therefore, we will use the Process of Referral under the perspective of Analytical Criticism of Speech. We present a historical perspective, the genres and journalism in order to contextualize the corpus and place the reader, thus making it a gender analysis of the news and, finally, the contextualization of this kind in the newspaper in focus. Next, we discuss the Process of Referral from the perspective of Analytical Criticism of Speech, which combines the political and sociological perspective on journalism as a social discourse and attention to language choices and their realization in acts of communication. And finally, we present the analysis of the corpus, with emphasis on the word choice used by the enunciator and reveal your opinion directly. Such analyzes allow us to conclude that the nominal expressions remissive work as a backbone of the text, which allows the reader / listener to build, based on the manner in which are connected and relate to each other, a \"script\" that will guide you for certain directions contained in the text and thus to possible readings that from him, flung themselves. (cf. KOCH, 2005, p.46). Moreover, we conclude also that not all the power is exercised through obviously abusive acts committed by members of a dominant group, but rather can be embedded in many actions considered routine, as is typically the case with many forms of sexism and everyday racism.

This study focuses on virtual services and more particularly on the usage of chat services to provide a formal evidence of the status of one particular chat reference service. It explores the efficiency of the chat service model at Umeå University Library for the period August 2015 to February 2016 and covers a total of 221 virtual chat transactions. It uses content analysis and a process model of chat-based reference to bring comprehension of the content for both inquiries and replies to understand the usage of this service and discern trends and discrepancies. The results show that September and February have the highest amount of questions due to the distribution of the academic year. Furthermore, the requests appeared to be spread evenly over the distinguished categories with a slightly lower number of research related questions which reflect the difficulty to perform a reference interview in the virtual context. The study uncovered that the types of inquiries affect the level of completeness and consequently questions requiring general knowledge of the library are more successfully answered than more specific questions. The referrals are connected to the knowledge area of the librarian answering the chat and remain internal. Those results can be easily improved through skill development programs but librarian evaporation remains a predominant issue that should be addressed. Despite the circumstantial attendance of the chat, the chat service appears to be a valid alternative to the information desk and the library management should improve the chat efficacy by involving more competences.

The aim of this licentiate thesis was to describe the experiences of medical interns and general practitioners (GPs) communicating with and writing referrals to the radiology department. The referral is a major communication tool between medical professionals to establish an accurate diagnosis.    Data were collected by means of qualitative research, using focus group interviews with three groups of medical interns during their internship in hospitals and with three groups of general practitioners in their health care centre. Data were analysed using qualitative thematic content analysis.      The study showed some differences between the groups in that the medical interns required more support in both referral writing situations and the decision portion of the process, choosing imaging modality. The general practitioners were more confident in the narrative process of the referral, writing facts and formulating diagnostic questions, but similarly they needed additional support in decisions concerning the imaging portion of the process. The GPs even advised an evident share of responsibility by letting the radiologists control the choice of imaging method. Both groups suggested different opportunities for dialogue and education as crucial to achieving improvements. The results can be discussed in relation to the specific radiology knowledge and are characterized by a combination of specific expert knowledge and tacit knowledge. The means of communication could be evaluated from different perspectives in relation to what referents and staff in the radiology department perceive and expect. The results can also be assessed in relation to the demand-control-support theory. In this respect, the medical interns experienced high demands and poor control and support, while the GPs experienced demands differently; they often controlled their situation but still needed enhanced radiological support.

Teachers face great demands on their time, energy, and level of commitment. Previous studies have established that high numbers of teachers leave the profession each year due to burnout. Burnout is frequently caused by difficulties with classroom management and behavior problems, as well as time pressures, and social isolation. Despite these obstacles, other teachers have been able to maintain positivity and dedication in their practice. Teachers' sense of self-efficacy has been found to be a predictor of better job satisfaction, less burnout, and more positive and productive interactions with students. The current study examined how burnout and self-efficacy may interact and how they might impact teachers' referral of at-risk students for additional school supports. Additionally, this study examined whether burnout and self-efficacy impacted teachers' identification of at-risk students using a screening measure developed to improve the school's ability to identify and start interventions for students experiencing difficulties. Results found a moderate correlation among burnout and self-efficacy, whereby teachers with higher self-efficacy experienced less burnout. Higher teacher self-efficacy was correlated with fewer referrals for students to the student support team and the identification of fewer students at-risk for emotional difficulties. Higher teacher burnout was not correlated with number of referrals but was found to be associated with the identification of more students at-risk for emotional difficulties as well as the number of total students identified as at-risk overall. Implications for practice, limitations, and future research directions are also discussed.

Magister Legum - LLM

Magister Legum - LLM

Magister Curationis - MCur / The purpose of the study will be to explore the discharge referral pathway for patients that have been discharged from hospital to home in the Western Cape Province. A mix of quantitative and qualitative research, using a descriptive design will be undertaken. Quantitatively, following the patient paper trail from Tertiary Hospital to grassroots level. Qualitatively, to identify whether the referral pathway was user friendly. Records of discharged patients from the Tertiary Hospital will be used as the study population. Patient information will be accessed from patient files at the hospital. Interviews will be conducted with the relevant discharge liaison officers at the Tertiary Hospital, and Primary Health Care level. Relevant staff members within the non–governmental –organisations (NGOs), will also be interviewed in order to determine their perception of the discharge referral pathway. The findings of the study will be used to inform policy guidelines. Challenges encountered by staff members in referring patients for continuum of care, and the perception of consumers will also be described and documented.