Disparities in behavioral outcomes for minority students are a decades-old problem. Recently, the systems-level approach of school-wide positive behavior support (SW-PBS) and its growing research base have garnered attention as a possible remedy. Although SW-PBS has been shown to be effective in reducing a school's overall level of office discipline referrals (ODRs) and suspensions (OSS), and its success has been replicated in schools with large populations of minority students, effective outcomes across all groups of students within a school are not guaranteed. Some reports document increases in the magnitude of disproportionality even when ODRs and OSS decrease for the school as a whole. However, studies of SW-PBS and disproportionality have overlooked the role of implementation fidelity as a potential mediator of student outcomes, allowing for the possibility that schools that fail to experience a reduction in ODRs and OSS across all groups of students are those in which few elements of SW-PBS have been implemented. The present study contributed to the current research base by investigating whether schools which implement SW-PBS with higher levels of fidelity were more likely to have lower levels of disproportionate ODRs and OSS for African American and Hispanic students. Drawing from online databases which record schools' implementation and ODR information, this study provided detailed school-level descriptive analyses of ODRs and OSS for African American, Hispanic, and White students. Additionally, risk ratios for receiving an ODR and for receiving an OSS were calculated for African American and Hispanic students, and then compared to each school's reported level of SW-PBS implementation as measured by their Benchmarks of Quality score. The descriptive analyses and follow-up Chi-Square analyses revealed that there was no significant relationship between a school's level of implementation fidelity and their magnitude of disproportionality for these groups of students. Implications for professional development, record keeping, and measuring disproportionality in schools are discussed.

In this dissertation, we present a collection of manuscripts describing the development of prognostic models designed to assist clinical decision making. This work is motivated by limitations of commonly used techniques to produce accessible prognostic models with easily interpretable and clinically credible results. Such limitations hinder prognostic model widespread utilization in medical practice. Our methodology is based on Rough Set Theory (RST) as a mathematical tool for clinical data anal- ysis. We focus on developing rule-based prognostic models for end-of life care decision making in an effort to improve the hospice referral process. The development of the prognostic models is demonstrated using a retrospective data set of 9,103 terminally ill patients containing physiological characteristics, diagnostic information and neurological function values. We develop four RST-based prognostic models and compare them with commonly used classification techniques including logistic regression, support vector machines, random forest and decision trees in terms of characteristics related to clinical credibility such as accessibility and accuracy. RST based models show comparable accuracy with other methodologies while providing accessible models with a structure that facilitates clinical interpretation. They offer both more insight into the model process and more opportunity for the model to incorporate personal information of those making and being affected by the decision.

<p>Physical inactivity has become a global health concern and is among the 10 leading causes of death and disability. This has led to increased concern for chronic diseases of lifestyle (CDL).&nbsp / Studies have revealed that regular physical activity is effective in combating several CDL such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, hypertension and obesity. Physiotherapists are in a&nbsp / position to combat inactivity and effectively promote physical activity to their clients. Studies however have shown that participation in physical activity among physiotherapists could have an&nbsp / impact on the promotion of physical activity and their health practices. This study therefore sought to establish the relationship between physical activity levels of physiotherapists and their&nbsp / physical&nbsp / activity promotion strategies and barriers to promoting physical activity. Sequential Mixed Method Design was used in this study. Data was collected by means of a self administered&nbsp / questionnaire and a total of 92 physiotherapists voluntarily answered the questionnaire. A focus group discussion comprising of 10 purposively selected physiotherapists was conducted. The&nbsp / questionnaire assessed physical activity levels&nbsp / and physical activity promoting strategies of the participants while the focus groupdiscussion looked at the barriers to promoting physical&nbsp / activity. The Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18 was used for data capturing and analysis. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarize demographic information&nbsp / as means, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages. Inferential statistics (chi-square) was used to test the associations between different categorical variables (p&lt / 0.05). For the qualitative data, focus group discussions were used to collect data. Tape recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim, field notes typed, sorting and arranging data was done and themes&nbsp / &nbsp / were generated. Thematic analysis was then done under the generated themes. Ethical issues pertaining to informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality and the right to withdraw from the&nbsp / study were respected in this current study. The findings in the current study revealed that a big number of the participants were physical active both at work and recreation domains. However,&nbsp / there was no statistically significant association between physical activity and the demographicvariables. The results in this study revealed that the majority of participants were good&nbsp / physical activity promoting practices, although there was no significant association between physical activity levels and the physical activity promoting practices. The finding in this study revealed that discussing physical&nbsp / activity and giving out information regarding physical activity to their clients were the most common methods used in promoting physical activity. However, participants also highlighted barriers they&nbsp / ace in promotion of physical activity such as policies on physical activity, cultural influence, nature of work, time management as well as environmental barriers. The study demonstrates the&nbsp / need for all stakeholders to come up with solutions to break the barriers to promotion of physical activity. In return it will bring about enormous health&nbsp / benefits to the general population.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-24 / INTRODUÇÃO. A segunda opinião médica pode ser definida como a busca de conselhos ou informações médicas entre profissionais de saúde. OBJETIVO. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar os passos da construção de um sistema de segunda opinião médica, bem como os resultados da avaliação do sistema desenvolvido. MÉTODOS. No trabalho realizou-se um estudo observacional com enfoque etnográfico de investigação empírica. Um sistema web que reproduz o processo de segunda opinião médica definido foi construído a partir de tecnologias de software livre. Para a avaliação, o sistema foi utilizado por 49 médicos residentes da Universidade Federal de São Paulo que emitiram a sua opinião para 52 solicitações de segunda opinião médica. Como instrumentos de avaliação foram utilizados questionários a respeito do conhecimento prévio, da solicitação, de opinião e de satisfação. RESULTADOS. Foram emitidas 1.891 respostas de segunda opinião pelos médicos para as 52 solicitações. Na avaliação da satisfação subjetiva do usuário, o sistema apresentou média de 87,8% no quesito facilidade de utilização e 95,6% no quesito aprendizado para a utilização do sistema. Os médicos indicaram a necessidade de incluir recursos para auxiliar a observação de imagens como, por exemplo, ampliação (zoom), brilho e contraste, em 38,2% das respostas. Apontaram também, em 47,3% das respostas, que os dados clínicos constituem a informação de maior importância para a emissão da segunda opinião. Respostas às solicitações de segunda opinião apresentaram linguagem inadequada que poderia prejudicar a colaboração entre os médicos. CONCLUSÃO. Os resultados da construção e da avaliação deixam em evidência a efetividade do processo definido para a obtenção de segunda opinião médica em radiologia à distância. Palavras-chave: Telemedicina, Consulta Remota, Referência e Consulta, Radiologia, Diagnóstico por Imagem. / INTRODUCTION. The second opinion can be defined as the search of advices or medical information between health professionals. OBJECTIVE. The objective of this work is to present the steps of the construction of a second opinion system, as well as the evaluation results of the developed system. METHODS. In this work an observational study with an empirical ethnographic research focus was implemented. A web system was developed based on open-source technologies. For the evaluation, the system was used by 49 residents from the Federal University of São Paulo that informed their opinion to 52 medical second opinion requests. Questionnaires of previous knowledge, request, opinion and satisfaction where employed as evaluation tools. RESULTS. 1.891 second opinion responses were given by the physicians to the 52 requests. Regarding to the user satisfaction evaluation, the system presents a 87,8% mean in the easy utilization item and a 95,6% mean in learning to operate the system. The physicians showed the necessity to add resources to help observing images, as example, magnifying, brightness and contrast, on 38,2% of the responses. 47,3% responses indicated also that clinical information is the most important information for a second opinion emission. Inappropriate language was found on responses for medical second opinion requests which could difficult physicians’ cooperation. CONCLUSION. The results of the development and evaluation of the second opinion system show that the defined process was effective for the achievement of remote radiology second opinion. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Background. A demanda por cuidados médicos especializados vem aumentando em todo o mundo. Analisamos uma iniciativa de telemedicina para reduzir o tempo entre encaminhamento e consulta especializada e o número de pacientes na fila de espera. Métodos. Um estudo retrospectivo com controles contemporâneos foi realizado entre junho de 2014 a julho de 2016. As especialidades selecionadas foram incluídas em uma intervenção de telemedicina e comparadas com as especialidades controle reguladas de forma padrão. Os pacientes de intervenção foram combinados com um conjunto aleatório de controles (proporção 1: 1) por semestre e ano de inclusão na lista de espera e pelo índice de demanda e oferta de consultas especializadas (número de pacientes na fila de espera em junho de 2014 dividido pela média de consultas médicas especializadas disponibilizadas durante os 25 meses que compõem o período de análise). A intervenção de telemedicina incluiu o desenvolvimento de protocolos de referência e classificação de risco de pacientes na fila de espera. O tempo de espera para a consulta presencial e a magnitude da diminuição do número de pacientes na fila no final da observação foram os desfechos primários. Resultados. Nefrologia, pneumologia, urologia, neurologia, neurocirurgia e reumatologia foram selecionados para a intervenção, para um total de 50.185 pacientes (idade média: 51,5 anos) versus 50,124 pacientes controles (idade média: 52,2 anos). O tempo médio para o agendamento de consultas foi de 583,5 dias no grupo de intervenção versus 599,8 dias nos controles (p <0,001). O volume da lista de espera diminuiu 61,4% no grupo de intervenção e 53,2% no grupo controle 13 (<0,001). Para pacientes de alto risco (grupo de intervenção apenas), o tempo médio entre encaminhamento e consultas foi de 235,43 dias. Conclusões. A intervenção de telemedicina foi eficaz para diminuir o tempo de espera, especialmente para indivíduos de alto risco, e número de pacientes em espera para consultas médicas especializadas, o que sinaliza um efeito positivo sobre a eficiência do sistema de saúde, com redução de tempo e custos de deslocamentos, além de potencializar a prevenção quaternária ao prevenir consultas desnecessárias com médicos especilaistas, por meio do melhor manejo dos médicos de atenção primária. / Background. The demand for specialist care is increasing worldwide. We tested a telemedicine initiative to reduce the time between referral and specialist appointment and the number of waitlisted patients. Methods. A retrospective trial with contemporaneous controls was conducted between June 2014-July 2016. Selected specialties were included in a telemedicine intervention and compared to control specialties covered by the usual gatekeeping program. Intervention patients were matched to a random set of controls (1:1 ratio) by semester and year of inclusion in the waiting list and by the specialty demand to supply ratio (number of waitlisted patients in June 2014 divided by the mean number of appointment slots during the 25 months comprising the period of analysis). The telemedicine intervention encompassed development of referral protocols and risk classification of waitlisted patients. Waiting time to face-to-face consultation and magnitude of decrease in the number of waitlisted patients at the end of the observation were defined as primary outcomes. Results. Nephrology, pulmonology, urology, neurology, neurosurgery, and rheumatology were selected for the intervention, for a total 50,185 patients (mean age: 51.5 years) vs. 50,124 patients controls (mean age: 52.2 years). Mean referralto- appointment time was 583.5 days in the intervention group vs. 599.8 days in controls (p<0.001). Waitlist volume decreased 61.4% in the intervention group and 53.2% in the control group (<0.001). For high-risk patients (intervention group only), mean time between referral and appointments was 235.43 days. 15 Conclusions. The telemedicine intervention was effective to decrease wait time, especially for high-risk individuals, and number of waitlisted patients, which signal a positive effect of e-consultations on the knowledge of primary care physicians, reducing time and travel costs and enhancing a quaternary prevention and avoiding unnecessary consultations. / Telemedicina

Background: Within Primary Dental Care (PDC), there is variation in dentists’ views about who should be treated in general dental practices and who should be referred to community dental services (CDSs), creating confusion about where patients can access dental care. Aims: This research aimed to explore the meanings which general dental practitioners (GDPs) and community dentists in England ascribe to their roles. It focused on why they make, accept or decline patient referrals within PDC. Methods: I conducted a configurative systematic review of literature about referrals within PDC in the UK. Data were synthesised using Critical Interpretive Synthesis. I interviewed ten GDPs and twelve community dentists working in England, covering topics informed by the systematic review. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings: Synthesising the literature showed that referral decisions were influenced by non-clinical factors including policies, financial contracts and dentists’ perceptions and values. Authors rarely reported directly from the perspective of primary care dentists. The interview study findings showed that the business of dentistry defined GDPs’ roles. Obscure rules and complex care systems underpinned community dentists’ roles. Participants depicted vulnerable people within ‘no man’s land’, situated between GDPs and community dentists. Vulnerable people included frail, older people, anxious and socially excluded adults, and children with high levels of disease. I identified three typologies of dentists. ‘Entrepreneurs’ felt no allegiance to the NHS and no obligation to treat vulnerable patients. ‘Altruistic carers’ cared for complex, deserving patients, rather than vulnerable patients. ‘Pragmatic carers’ accommodated some vulnerable patients but felt constrained from doing so by structural barriers. Conclusions: This study adds to our understanding of why dentists make, accept or decline referrals within PDC in England. It suggests that failure to resolve structural barriers or to consider dentists’ values will hinder attempts to reduce inequalities in access to PDC in England.

Submitted by CLAUDIA MARIA SILVA CYRINO null (claudia.cyrino@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-01-29T14:22:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_Cyrino FINAL.pdf: 6254845 bytes, checksum: ba182d89b197ce28df64f091e874d063 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2018-01-31T12:09:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cyrino_cms_dr_bot.pdf: 6254845 bytes, checksum: ba182d89b197ce28df64f091e874d063 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-31T12:09:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cyrino_cms_dr_bot.pdf: 6254845 bytes, checksum: ba182d89b197ce28df64f091e874d063 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-18 / Introdução: O Sistema Único de Saúde tem como objetivo organizar e integrar as ações de saúde por meio da articulação tanto de promoção e de prevenção das doenças quanto de cura e reabilitação. No entanto, ainda é um desafio, atender às pessoas com qualidade e resolubilidade. Nas últimas décadas, grandes esforços têm sido realizados, envolvendo toda a rede assistencial do país, desde a atenção primária e atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel até a rede hospitalar de alta complexidade e reabilitação. Com o aumento da morbimortalidade e da transição demográfica resultante de uma população em processo rápido de envelhecimento e seus fatores de risco, houve uma sobrecarga dos serviços de atendimento às urgências e emergências. Soma-se a isso, a estruturação fragmentada das Redes de Atenção à Saúde podendo afetar a continuidade do cuidado oferecido aos pacientes. Para atender a essa demanda, foi instituída pelo Ministério da Saúde a Rede de Urgência e Emergência (RUE). O Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU 192) é o componente móvel da RUE e é o responsável pela ligação entre os diversos serviços de saúde que compõem a Rede. Ele tem como objetivo chegar precocemente ao paciente que sofreu um agravo de qualquer natureza e oferecer o atendimento e transporte adequado para um serviço de saúde. Os atendimentos do SAMU 192 são acompanhados por uma Central de Regulação das Urgências, a qual foi caracterizada pelo Ministério da Saúde como um observatório privilegiado do SUS, pois, apresenta a possibilidade de organizar os fluxos das urgências e emergências e evidenciar quaisquer deficiências da Rede. Assim, este estudo torna-se importante, pois ao caracterizar o paciente atendido em situação de urgência e emergência pode contribuir para a organização e a articulação dos serviços. Objetivo: Monitorar e avaliar a integração e articulação da Rede de Atenção à Urgência no município de Botucatu a partir de um serviço de urgência e emergência, conforme evolução, desfecho e recidiva do paciente que necessitou do serviço. Materiais e métodos: Estudo transversal prospectivo e descritivo realizado na Central de Regulação das Urgências do SAMU 192 da cidade de Botucatu e no Pronto Socorro Referenciado do Hospital das Clínicas de Botucatu. Pergunta-se: Qual a evolução, desfecho e recidiva de atendimento do usuário do SAMU 192 de Botucatu? A amostra constou-se de 600 pacientes adultos que foram atendidos pelo SAMU 192 no ano de 2015 e que foram encaminhados para outro serviço de saúde após o atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel. Os dados foram coletados pela própria pesquisadora pelas fichas de registro de atendimentos do SAMU 192 e por meio do prontuário eletrônico intra-hospitalar do paciente para caracterizar seu fluxo após o atendimento pré-hospitalar. Os dados foram compilados para o programa Excel e software SPSS 21.0 para posterior análise. Foi realizada análise descritiva das variáveis quantitativas, regressão logística múltipla ajustada em cada bloco de variáveis para relacionar à ocorrência de recidivas ao atendimento pré-hospitalar. Teste Exato de Fischer para identificar a região da cidade com maior recidiva de atendimento. Utilizou-se p<0,05 como nível de significância. O modelo assistencial embasado em Redes de Atenção proposto pelas políticas nacionais e a Teoria dos Sistemas de Betty Neuman foram os referenciais teóricos desse estudo. Resultados: Dos 600 pacientes analisados, 51,7% eram do sexo masculino e apresentaram uma idade média de 55 anos (18-104). As ocorrências clínicas prevaleceram em 80% dos atendimentos, sendo estas, sobretudo, caracterizados como dispneia, dor torácica e convulsão. A região Central da cidade foi a de maior prevalência de atendimentos (26,3%). O tempo resposta médio global foi de 11 minutos. A maioria dos pacientes, 71,8%, foi encaminhada para o Pronto Socorro Referenciado da cidade e permaneceram internados por uma média de nove dias(1-90), tendo como principal desfecho, a alta médica (85%). Dos pacientes que evoluíram para o desfecho alta, 41% foram encaminhados para outro serviço de saúde, pertencente a Rede de Atenção às Urgências, para a continuidade do tratamento. A recidiva desses pacientes, novamente ao serviço pré-hospitalar móvel aconteceu em 27% dos casos e a chance disso acontecer aumentou em 64,7% entre os pacientes que receberam esse encaminhamento após a alta médica. A recidiva de atendimentos também apresentou correlação estatisticamente significativa nos pacientes com diagnósticos médicos de epilepsia (p=0,027), câncer (p=0,001) e em portadores de doença respiratória crônica (p= 0,023), sobretudo na região Oeste da cidade. Conclusão: Os atendimentos realizados pelo serviço pré-hospitalar móvel, SAMU 192, no ano de 2015, caracterizaram-se, principalmente, por atendimentos clínicos em homens com idade média de 55 anos na região Central da cidade. Prevaleceram os atendimentos aos pacientes com diagnósticos médicos de dispneia, dor torácica e convulsão e que foram encaminhados para o Pronto Socorro Referenciado após as primeiras intervenções. O tempo médio de internação foi de 9 dias e o principal desfecho foi a alta médica. A demanda de recidivas ao serviço pré-hospitalar móvel predominou-se em pacientes da região Oeste da cidade e foram pertinentes em relação as características e gravidade das doenças as quais se associaram estatisticamente. A realização de estudos como este ajuda a caracterizar o perfil dos pacientes inseridos na RUE e apontar possíveis falhas na assistência que possam prejudicar a continuidade e integralidade do cuidado além de instigar novas pesquisas nesse âmbito. Ressalta-se que o estudo foi realizado em um serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência e os resultados não podem ser generalizados. / Introduction: The “Sistema Único de Saúde” (SUS) aims to organize and integrate the health actions through the articulation of both promotion and prevention of diseases as well as healing and rehabilitation. However, an organization of health services to attend people with quality and solvability is still a challenge. In the last decades, great projects have been carried out involving the entire healthcare network in the country, from primary care and prehospital care to a hospital network of high complexity and rehabilitation. With the increase in morbidity and mortality due to external causes, together with a demographic transition resulting from a rapidly aging population and its risk factors, there was an overload of urgency and emergency services. That is, among other things, the fragmented structure of Health Care Networks can affect the continuity care of patients. To comply this demand the “Rede de Urgência e Emergência” (RUE) was established through the Ministry of Health. The “Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência” (SAMU 192) is the mobile component of the RUE and it is responsible for the link between the various health services that make up the Network. It aims rush to the patient with an injury of any nature and provide care and proper transportation to a health service center. The SAMU 192 services are followed by an Emergency Regulation Center that enable urgencies and emergencies flow and evidences deficiencies of the Network. Thus, this study is important to characterize the patient attended in an urgency and emergency situation, for an organization and an articulation of the services. Objective: To evaluate the integration and articulation of the Emergency Care Network in Botucatu city, based on an urgency and emergency service according to the evolution, outcome and recurrence of the patient in need of the service. Materials and methods: prospective and descriptive study performed at the Emergency Regulation Center of SAMU 192 in Botucatu city and at the Emergency Room of the Hospital School of Botucatu. The question is: What is an evolution, outcome and recurrence of patient assisted by SAMU 192 in Botucatu? A sample consisted of 600 patients attended by SAMU 192 in 2015 who were taken to another health service. The data was collected by the researcher from the SAMU 192 records and the electronic in-patient medical record to characterize their hospital flow. The data was compiled in the Excel program and SPSS 21.0 software for further analysis. A descriptive analysis of the quantitative variables and multiple logistic regression were peformed. Fischer's Exact Test was used to identify a region of the city with the greatest recurrence of care. P <0.05 was used as the level of significance. The assistance model based on Networks of Attention proposed by national policies and Betty Neuman Systems Theory were the theoretical references of the study. RESULTS: From the 600 patients analyzed, 51.7% were males with an average age of 55 years old (18-104). The clinical occurrences were 80% of the visits, being the, majority them, dyspnea, chest pain and seizure. The highest prevalence of care (26.3%) was in the City Center. The global response time was 11 minutes. The majority of patients, 71.8%, was taken to the Emergency Room of the School Hospital and they were hospitalized for an average of nine days, having as main outcome, medical discharge (85%). Of the patients who progressed to the medical discharge outcome, 41% were referred to another health service, inside the Emergency Care Network, to continue the treatment. The recurrence of these patients to the mobile prehospital service, occurred in 27% of the cases and the chance of this happens increased in 64.7% among the patients who received this referral after the medical discharge. The recurrence rate was also statistically significant in patients with medical diagnosis of epilepsy (p = 0.027), cancer (p = 0.001) and in patients with chronic respiratory diseases (p = 0.023), especially in the western region of the city. Conclusion: The care performed by the pre-hospital mobile service, SAMU 192, in the year of 2015, was mainly clinical nature in men with mean age of 55 years old in the central region of the city. The care in patients with dyspnea, chest pain and seizures were prevailed. They were referred to the Emergency Room of the School Hospital after the first interventions. The mean length of stay was 9 days and the main outcome was medical discharge. The demand for recurrence to the mobile prehospital service was majority in patients from the West region of the city and were pertinent to the characteristics and severity of the diseases. Such studies help characterize the profile of the patients attended in the RUE and point out possible failures in care that may impair the continuity of care, as well as instigate new research in this topic. It should be emphasized that the study was performed in an emergency mobile service and the results can not be generalized.

With the ever-increasing trend in the number of social interactions getting intermediated by technology (the world wide web) as the backdrop, this thesis focuses on the design of mechanisms for online communities (crowds) which strive to come together, albeit in ad-hoc fashion, to achieve a social objective. Two examples of such web-based social communities which are of central concern in this thesis are crowdsourcing markets and crowdfunding platforms. For these settings which involve strategic human agents, we design mechanisms that incentivize contributions (effort, funds, or information) from the crowd and aggregate these contributions to achieve the specified objective. Our work is thus concerned with the challenge of designing mechanisms which encourage social coordination and cooperation among large groups of (of-ten) anonymous users to achieve group efficiency (social welfare). We address the following four related challenges: • Can we design mechanisms to solve the free-rider problem in public goods settings? Can large anonymous groups of individuals be incentivized to contribute to create public goods? • Can we design mechanisms that harness social networks to achieve coordination of contributions towards a public good to ensure that publicly desirable goods are successfully funded via private contributions? How do we make such mechanisms fair • Can we design mechanisms that improve the efficiency of markets by expanding the set of individuals who participate in the market? Can these individuals be incentivized to increase the group efficiency and, if so, at what cost? • Can we design mechanisms that make crowdsourcing markets more equitable by offering participation opportunities to novices and higher incentives to agents with high reliability? What is the price of reliability? Using mechanism design as the principal design tool, the thesis attempts to offer rigorous solutions to the above challenges

Background. A demanda por cuidados médicos especializados vem aumentando em todo o mundo. Analisamos uma iniciativa de telemedicina para reduzir o tempo entre encaminhamento e consulta especializada e o número de pacientes na fila de espera. Métodos. Um estudo retrospectivo com controles contemporâneos foi realizado entre junho de 2014 a julho de 2016. As especialidades selecionadas foram incluídas em uma intervenção de telemedicina e comparadas com as especialidades controle reguladas de forma padrão. Os pacientes de intervenção foram combinados com um conjunto aleatório de controles (proporção 1: 1) por semestre e ano de inclusão na lista de espera e pelo índice de demanda e oferta de consultas especializadas (número de pacientes na fila de espera em junho de 2014 dividido pela média de consultas médicas especializadas disponibilizadas durante os 25 meses que compõem o período de análise). A intervenção de telemedicina incluiu o desenvolvimento de protocolos de referência e classificação de risco de pacientes na fila de espera. O tempo de espera para a consulta presencial e a magnitude da diminuição do número de pacientes na fila no final da observação foram os desfechos primários. Resultados. Nefrologia, pneumologia, urologia, neurologia, neurocirurgia e reumatologia foram selecionados para a intervenção, para um total de 50.185 pacientes (idade média: 51,5 anos) versus 50,124 pacientes controles (idade média: 52,2 anos). O tempo médio para o agendamento de consultas foi de 583,5 dias no grupo de intervenção versus 599,8 dias nos controles (p <0,001). O volume da lista de espera diminuiu 61,4% no grupo de intervenção e 53,2% no grupo controle 13 (<0,001). Para pacientes de alto risco (grupo de intervenção apenas), o tempo médio entre encaminhamento e consultas foi de 235,43 dias. Conclusões. A intervenção de telemedicina foi eficaz para diminuir o tempo de espera, especialmente para indivíduos de alto risco, e número de pacientes em espera para consultas médicas especializadas, o que sinaliza um efeito positivo sobre a eficiência do sistema de saúde, com redução de tempo e custos de deslocamentos, além de potencializar a prevenção quaternária ao prevenir consultas desnecessárias com médicos especilaistas, por meio do melhor manejo dos médicos de atenção primária. / Background. The demand for specialist care is increasing worldwide. We tested a telemedicine initiative to reduce the time between referral and specialist appointment and the number of waitlisted patients. Methods. A retrospective trial with contemporaneous controls was conducted between June 2014-July 2016. Selected specialties were included in a telemedicine intervention and compared to control specialties covered by the usual gatekeeping program. Intervention patients were matched to a random set of controls (1:1 ratio) by semester and year of inclusion in the waiting list and by the specialty demand to supply ratio (number of waitlisted patients in June 2014 divided by the mean number of appointment slots during the 25 months comprising the period of analysis). The telemedicine intervention encompassed development of referral protocols and risk classification of waitlisted patients. Waiting time to face-to-face consultation and magnitude of decrease in the number of waitlisted patients at the end of the observation were defined as primary outcomes. Results. Nephrology, pulmonology, urology, neurology, neurosurgery, and rheumatology were selected for the intervention, for a total 50,185 patients (mean age: 51.5 years) vs. 50,124 patients controls (mean age: 52.2 years). Mean referralto- appointment time was 583.5 days in the intervention group vs. 599.8 days in controls (p<0.001). Waitlist volume decreased 61.4% in the intervention group and 53.2% in the control group (<0.001). For high-risk patients (intervention group only), mean time between referral and appointments was 235.43 days. 15 Conclusions. The telemedicine intervention was effective to decrease wait time, especially for high-risk individuals, and number of waitlisted patients, which signal a positive effect of e-consultations on the knowledge of primary care physicians, reducing time and travel costs and enhancing a quaternary prevention and avoiding unnecessary consultations. / Telemedicina

Orientador: Anibal Faundes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T02:15:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viana_FranciscoJoseMachado_D.pdf: 6336629 bytes, checksum: 3497f0e3050f2c437022be217d4d77a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade de intervenções que objetivavam aprimorar o atendimento em um serviço de atenção a mulheres em situação de violência sexual e estudar a história de algumas dessas mulheres e os fatores associados ao tipo de violência sofrido. Sujeitos e Método: O estudo baseou-se no acompanhamento durante cinco anos das mulheres atendidas após agressão sexual na Maternidade Odete Valadares de Belo Horizonte, MG. Trata-se de estudo observacional, que em um primeiro estágio constou de uma retrospectiva realizada de 2003 a abril de 2006 e foi prospectivo do mês de maio de 2006 em diante, embasado em dados coletados nas fichas de notificação de violência dos prontuários e por meio de entrevistas realizadas durante o atendimento. Apresenta uma avaliação da efetividade de mudanças realizadas para prolongar o seguimento e para estimular a precocidade da consulta após a violência. Em relação às mulheres atendidas, procurou-se estudar suas características e os fatores associados às características da agressão sexual sofrida por mulheres considerando a via do coito, com as categorias somente vaginal, anal não exclusivo e oral não exclusivo, e número de vias de coito, categorizado em única e múltipla. Os fatores de risco foram características sociodemográficas e circunstâncias da agressão. Resultados: 681 mulheres foram atendidas no período. O retorno após a emergência aumentou de 25,3% para 47,3% após a primeira intervenção, mas não houve aumento na proporção das que continuaram o seguimento por mais de 90 ou 180 dias. A segunda intervenção não teve efetividade para estimular a consulta das mulheres dentro dos três primeiros dias decorridos em relação aos fatores associados ao tipo de agressão. Na análise ajustada, a ocorrência na via pública foi fator de proteção para coito exclusivamente vaginal e de risco para coito anal. Mulheres com mais escolaridade tiveram mais probabilidade de coito apenas vaginal e foi fator de proteção para coito anal. Ser agredida por desconhecido foi fator de risco para sexo oral Conclusão: A avaliação das intervenções para aprimorar o atendimento à mulher em situação de violência sexual na MOV mostra que não é uma tarefa fácil e que se trata de um processo muito dinâmico que precisa de constante avaliação. Algumas características da mulher e das circunstâncias da agressão permitem identificar maior risco de determinado tipo de agressão. O elemento principal é o atendimento solidário e compreensivo destas mulheres por uma equipe bem preparada, mas é preciso uma avaliação permanente das ações realizadas para conseguir o objetivo de prevenir as consequências deletérias da violência sobre a saúde e a vida destas mulheres / Abstract: Objective: To evaluate interventions performed with the purpose of improving the care of women who suffer sexual violence and to identify risk factors for the different types of sexual violence Subjects and Method: This is a prospective, observational study based on the data collected by mean of interviews carried out during the care and registered in the files of the Odete Valadares Maternity hospital of Belo Horizonte, MG. Evaluates de effectiveness of two interventions intending to stimulate and prolong the follow-up after the emergency care and to shorten the period between the aggression and the first visit to the emergency service. For the identification of risk factors for type of violence, the outcomes evaluated were route of penetration with categories, only vaginal, non-exclusive anal and non-exclusive oral, and number of routes of penetration categorized in single or multiple. The risk factors were socio-demographic characteristics and circumstances of the aggression. An unadjusted and adjusted analysis, estimating Odds Ratio was performed. Results: 650 women received care during the period. The return for follow up increased from 25,3% to 47,3% after the first intervention, but the second intervention had no effect over to the percentage of women requesting care during the first 72 hours after the aggression. In relation to of risk factors for type of violence, the adjusted analysis showed that aggression in the streets was protective for exclusively vaginal sex and a risk factor for anal penetration. Women with higher education had greater probability of only vaginal coitus and it was a protective factor for anal sex. Being attacked by an unknown person was a risk factor for oral sex. Conclusion: The evaluation of interventions with the purpose of improving the care of women who suffer sexual violence shows that is not an easy task, but of a very dynamic process requiring constant evaluation and adaptation. Some characteristics of women and the circumstances of the violence allow identifying a higher risk of the various route of penetration during sexual violence. The key element of the care is solidarity and understanding toward the women from a well trained professional team, but a permanent and careful evaluation of the actions taken to achieve the purpose of preventing the negative effects of sexual violence over the health and life of these women is an essential requirement / Doutorado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Doutor em Tocoginecologia