Stainless steel, an alloy of iron and chromium, is renowned for its corrosion resistance, strength, ductility and durability. Phosphorus in stainless steel production is considered an impurity due to its detrimental impact on the material's properties, for example, increased brittleness and decreased corrosion resistance. Due to this reason, the amount of phosphorus in the stainless steel must be controlled. Currently, dephosphorization is not applied in stainless steel production using the EAF and AOD pathway, since chromium is oxidized simultaneously along with phosphorus. This thesis explores whether phosphorus refinement is theoretically possible for stainless steel production and evaluates its feasibility from both economic and environmental perspectives. The aim is to offer valuable insights and potentially enhance stainless steel manufacturing processes. The goal of this thesis is achieved through conducting a literature study, a theoretical study using the software Thermo-Calc, interviewing various steel industries and a study visit to Outokumpu in Avesta where an empirical experiment is carried out. The results of this thesis show that dephosphorization is theoretically possible for stainless steel production when varying the temperature, CaO content, gas quantity, and argon quantity. However, regardless of the dephosphorization degree, high amounts of chromium oxidize to the slag. The chromium losses increase production costs and environmental impacts. Therefore, it is not feasible from an economic and environmental standpoint. / Rostfritt stål, en legering av järn och krom, är känt för sin korrosionsbeständighet, styrka och duktilitet. Fosfor i rostfritt stål tillverkning betraktas som en förorening på grund av dess negativa inverkan på materialets egenskaper. Fosfor bidrar till exempel med ökad sprödhet och minskad korrosionsbeständighet. På grund av detta måste mängden fosfor kontrolleras under tillverkningen. I dagsläget utför man inte fosforraffinering vid tillverkning av rostfritt stål i ljusbågsugn och AOD konverter eftersom krom oxideras samtidigt med fosfor, som är ett dyrt och värdefullt material.Detta projekt syftar till att undersöka om fosforraffinering är teoretiskt möjligt för tillverkning av rostfritt stål, samt undersöka dess genomförbarhet ur både ett ekonomiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv. Målen med detta projekt uppnås genom att genomföra en litteraturstudie, termodynamiska beräkningar med programvaran Thermo-Calc, intervjuer med olika stålindustrier och ett studiebesök till Outokumpu i Avesta där även ett empirisk experiment utförs. Resultatet visar att fosforraffinering är teoretiskt möjligt vid tillverkning av rostfritt stål när varierande temperaturer, kalk mängder, gas mängder och argon mängder testas i Thermo-Calc. Höga halter krom oxideras till slaggen oavsett graden av fosforraffinering. Dessa kromförluster ökar produktionskostnaderna och medför en negativ miljöpåverkan. Sammanfattningsvis så är fosforraffinering inte genomförbart ur ett ekonomiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv.

This dissertation investigates the role of specification, refinement and implementation in the software development cycle. Both the structured and object-oriented paradigms are looked at. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of the refinement process. The requirements for the product (system) are determined, the specifications are drawn up, the product is designed, specified, implemented and tested. The stage between the (formal) specification of the system and the implementation of the system is the refinement stage. The refinement process consists out of data refinement, operation refinement, and operation decomposition. In this dissertation, Z, Object-Z and UML (Unified Modelling Language) are used as specification languages and C, C++, Cobol and Object-Oriented Cobol are used as implementation languages. As an illustration a small system, The ITEM System, is specified in Z and UML and implemented in Object-Oriented Cobol. / Computing / M. Sc. (Information Systems)

This dissertation investigates the role of specification, refinement and implementation in the software development cycle. Both the structured and object-oriented paradigms are looked at. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of the refinement process. The requirements for the product (system) are determined, the specifications are drawn up, the product is designed, specified, implemented and tested. The stage between the (formal) specification of the system and the implementation of the system is the refinement stage. The refinement process consists out of data refinement, operation refinement, and operation decomposition. In this dissertation, Z, Object-Z and UML (Unified Modelling Language) are used as specification languages and C, C++, Cobol and Object-Oriented Cobol are used as implementation languages. As an illustration a small system, The ITEM System, is specified in Z and UML and implemented in Object-Oriented Cobol. / Computing / M. Sc. (Information Systems)

The present thesis investigates the grain refinement in solidifying Al-7wt%Si hypoeutectic alloy driven by electric currents. The grain size reduction in alloys generated by electric currents during the solidification has been intensively investigated. However, since various effects of electric currents have the potential to generate the finer equiaxed grains, it is still argued which effect plays the key role in the grain refinement process. In addition, the knowledge about the grain refinement mechanism under the application of electric currents remains fragmentary and inconsistent. Hence, the research objectives of the present thesis focus on the role of electric current effects and the grain refinement mechanism under the application of electric currents. Chapter 1 presents an introduction with respect to the subject of grain refinement in alloys driven by electric current during the solidification process in particular, including the research objectives; the research motivation; a brief review about the research history; a short introduction on the electric currents effects and a review relevant to the research status of grain refinement mechanism. Chapter 2 gives a description of research methods. This chapter shows the employed experiment materials, experimental setup, experimental procedure, the analysis methods of solidified samples, and numerical method, respectively. Chapter 3 focuses on the role of electric current effects in the grain refinement process. A series of solidification experiments are performed under various values of effective electric currents for both, electric current pulse and direct current. The corresponding temperature measurements and flow measurements are carried out with the increase of effective electric current intensity. Meanwhile, numerical simulations are conducted to present the details of the flow structure and the distribution of electric current density and electromagnetic force. Finally, the role of electric current effects is discussed to find the key effect in the grain refinement driven by electric currents. Chapter 4 investigates the grain refinement mechanism driven by electric currents. This chapter mainly focuses on the origin of finer equiaxed grain for grain refinement under the application of electric current on account of the importance of the origin for understanding the grain refinement mechanism. A series of solidification experiments are carried out in Al-7wt%Si alloy and in high purity aluminum. The main origin of equiaxed grain for grain refinement is concluded based on the experiment results. Chapter 5 presents three further investigations based on the achieved knowledge in chapter 3 and 4 about the role of electric current effects and the grain refinement mechanism. According to the insight into the key electric current effect for the grain refinement shown in chapter 3, this chapter presents a potential approach to promote the grain refinement. In addition, the solute distribution under the influence of electric current is examined based on the knowledge about the electric current effects. Moreover, the grain refinement mechanism under application of travelling magnetic field is investigated by performing a series of solidification experiments to compare with the experiments about the grain refinement mechanism driven by electric currents shown in chapter 4. Chapter 6 summarizes the main conclusions from the presented work.

A deductive, descriptive, quanitative study was undertaken at Nyangabgwe Hospital, Francistown, Botswana, situated in the north east of the country. Its focus was on the use of partogram by midwives. The population consisted of 395 obstetric records for the period of one month. A sample of 303 obstetrics records was drawn. Data were collected through auditing the bed letters of delivered mothers and interviews with and observation of midwives using the partogram in practice. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program was used to analyse the data. The findings indicate that there are problems regarding, and factors that can have a negative influence on the use of the partogram by midwives. It is suggested that a supportive teaching programme for the midwives should be designed, that will support the system of supervision in the labour ward that already exists, in the use of the partogram throughout the labour process. / Health Studies / M.A. (Advanced Nursing Sciences)

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 17-20, 1994 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / Use of top-down design principles and standard interface techniques provides the basis for a global telemetry data collection, analysis, and satellite control network with a high degree of survivability via use of distributed architecture. Use of Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) hardware and software minimizes costs and provides for easy expansion and adaption to new satellite constellations. Adaptive techniques and low cost multiplexers provide for graceful system wide degradation and flexible data distribution.

<p>Analyses of nuclear reactor safety have increasingly required coupling of full three dimensional neutron kinetics (NK) core models with system transient thermal-hydraulics (TH) codes. To produce results within a reasonable computing time, the coupled codes use different spatial description of the reactor core. The TH code uses few, typically 5 to 20 TH channels, which represent the core. The NK code uses explicit node for each fuel assembly. Therefore, a spatial mapping of coarse grid TH and fine grid NK domain is necessary. However, improper mappings may result in loss of valuable information, thus causing inaccurate prediction of safety parameters.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to study the sensitivity of spatial coupling (channel refinement and spatial mapping) and develop recommendations for NK-TH mapping in simulation of safety transients – Control Rod Drop, Turbine Trip, Feedwater Transient combined with stability performance (minimum pump speed of recirculation pumps).</p><p>The research methodology consists of spatial coupling convergence study, as increasing number of TH channels and different mapping approach the reference case. The reference case consists of one TH channel per one fuel assembly. The comparison of results has been done under steady-state and transient conditions. Obtained results and conclusions are presented in this licentiate thesis.</p>

Automatically generating a program from its specification eliminates a large source of errors that is often unavoidable in a manual approach. While a general purpose code generator is impossible to build, it is possible to build a practical code generator for a specific domain. This thesis investigates the theory behind Booster — a domain specific, object based specification language and automatic code generator. The domain of Booster is information systems — systems that consist of a rich object model in which the objects refer to each other to form a complicated network of associations. The operations of such systems are conceptually simple (changing the attributes of objects, adding or removing new objects and creating or destroying associations) but they are tricky to implement correctly. The thesis focuses on the theoretical foundation of the Booster approach, in particular on three contributions: semantics, model completion, and code generation. The semantics of a Booster model is a single abstract data type (ADT) where the invariants and the methods of all the classes in the model are promoted to the level of the ADT. This is different from the traditional view that considers each class as a separate ADT. The thesis argues that the Booster semantics is a better model of object oriented systems. The second important contribution is the idea of model completion — a process that augments the postconditions of methods with additional predicates that follow from the system’s invariant and the method’s original intention. The third contribution describes a simple but effective code generation technique that is based on interpreting postconditions as executable statements and uses weakest preconditions to ensure that the generated code refines its specification.

This thesis details the development of the radiation transport code torus for radiation hydrodynamic applications and its subsequent use in investigating problems regarding radiative feedback. The code couples Monte Carlo photoionization with grid-based hydrodynamics and has the advantage that all of the features available to a dedicated radiation transport code are at its disposal in RHD applications. I discuss the development of the code, including the hydrodynamics scheme, the adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) framework and the coupling of radiation transport with hydrodynamics. Extensive testing of the resulting code is also presented. The main application involves the study of radiatively driven implosion (RDI), a mechanism where the expanding ionized region about a massive star impacts nearby clumps, potentially triggering star formation. Firstly I investigate the way in which the radiation field is treated, isolating the relative impacts of polychromatic and diffuse field radiation on the evolution of radiation hydrodynamic RDI models. I also produce synthetic SEDs, radio, Hα and forbidden line images of the bright rimmed clouds (BRCs) resulting from the RDI models, on which I perform standard diagnostics that are used by observers to obtain the cloud conditions. I test the accuracy of the diagnostics and show that considering the pressure difference between the neutral cloud and surrounding ionized layer can be used to infer whether or not RDI is occurring. Finally I use more synthetic observations to investigate the accuracy of molecular line diagnostics and the nature of line profiles of BRCs. I show that the previously unexplained lack of dominant blue-asymmetry (a blue-asymmetry is the expected signature of a collapsing cloud) in the line profiles of BRCs can be explained by the shell of material, swept up by the expanding ionized region, that drives into the cloud. The work in this thesis combines to help resolve the difficulties in understanding radiative feedback, which is a non–linear process that happens on small astrophysical timescales, by improving numerical models and the way in which they are compared with observations.

La recherche de la sûreté de fonctionnement des systèmes complexes impose une démarche de conception rigoureuse. Les travaux de cette thèse s’inscrivent dans le cadre la modélisation formelle des systèmes de contrôle autonomes tolérants aux fautes. Le premier objectif a été de proposer une formalisation d’une architecture générique en couches fonctionnelles qui couvre toutes les activités essentielles du système de contrôle et qui intègre des mécanismes de sécurité. Le second objectif a été de fournir une méthode et des outils pour évaluer qualitativement les exigences de sécurité. Le cadre formel de modélisation et d’évaluation repose sur le formalisme Event-B. La modélisation Event-B proposée tire son originalité d’une prise en compte par raffinements successifs des échanges et des relations entre les couches de l’architecture étudiée. Par ailleurs, les exigences de sécurité sont spécifiées à l’aide d’invariants et de théorèmes. Le respect de ces exigences dépend de propriétés intrinsèques au système décrites sous forme d’axiomes. Les preuves que le principe d’architecture proposé satisfait bien les exigences de sécurité attendue ont été réalisées avec les outils de preuve de la plateforme Rodin. L’ensemble des propriétés fonctionnelles et des propriétés relatives aux mécanismes de tolérance aux fautes, ainsi modélisées en Event-B, renforce la pertinence de la modélisation adoptée pour une analyse de sécurité. Cette approche est par la suite mise en œuvre sur un cas d’étude d’un drone ONERA. / The study of complex system safety requires a rigorous design process. The context of this work is the formal modeling of fault tolerant autonomous control systems. The first objective has been to provide a formal specification of a generic layered architecture that covers all the main activities of control system and implement safety mechanisms. The second objective has been to provide tools and a method to qualitatively assess safety requirements. The formal framework of modeling and assessment relies on Event-B formalism. The proposed Event-B modeling is original because it takes into account exchanges and relations betweenarchitecture layers by means of refinement. Safety requirements are first specified with invariants and theorems. The meeting of these requirements depends on intrinsic properties described with axioms. The proofs that the concept of the proposed architecture meets the specified safety requirements were discharged with the proof tools of the Rodin platform. All the functional properties and the properties relating to fault tolerant mechanisms improve the relevance of the adopted Event-B modeling for safety analysis. Then, this approach isimplemented on a study case of ONERA UAV.