Thesis (M. Sc. Agr.)--University of Sydney, 1999. / Title from title screen (viewed Apr. 21, 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture to the Dept. of Agricultural Chemistry & Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture. Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.

Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Diss., 2008.

[pt] Reflectometria óptica de baixa coerência tem se tornado uma importante ferramenta para a caracterização de componentes ópticos e optoeletrônicos integrados, cujas dimensões são micrométricos. Este trabalho inclui os princípios básicos de reflectometria, um estudo aprofundado de reflectometria óptica de baixa coerência, uma revisão das técnicas demonstradas na literatura cientifíca e suas resoluções e, principalmente, uma nova topologia na montagem experimental. Esta nova topologia permite que as mediadas sejam feitas de maneira mais simples e eficaz. A resolução obtida ficou tão boa que permitiu a visualização dos modos de propagação TE E TM na cavidade de um laser semicondutor. / [en] Optical low Coherence Reflectometry has become an important tool for the characterization of optical and integrated optoeletronics components of dimensions on the micrometer scale. This work includes the basic principles of reflectometry, a detailed study of optical low coherence reflectometry, a review of the techniques reported in the literature and a new scheme for the experimental set-up. This new scheme has proved to be simpler and more efficient. In addition the high resolution achieved allowed the visual observation of the TE and TM propagation modes in the semiconductior cavity.

[pt] Reflectometria Ótica de Baixa Coerência (OLCR) é uma importante técnica não-destrutiva para a caracterização de guias de onda óticos. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a multiplicação de soluções que aparecem com uma nova configuração, que coloca o dispositivo fora dos braços do interferômetro. Duas técnicas foram desenvolvidas para resolver esse problema. Uma delas é baseada na correlação de medidas feitas com o dispositivo em duas posições diferentes. A outra técnica elimina a dualidade pela modulação da fase das reflexões provenientes do dispositivo. Ambas as técnicas eliminaram os picos indesejáveis satisfatoriamente, tornando mais fácil a observação das reflexões. A resolução não foi alterada pela modulação, e um elevada sensibilidade foi obtida. Um método para medidas de atenuação, baseado em sistemas de OLCR, foi apresentado. Se o coeficiente de reflexão for bem conhecido, o seu uso para medidas em guias de onda, tais como moduladores eletro-óticos, pode ser bastante interessante. / [en] Optical Low Coherence Reflectometry (OLCR) is na important non-destructive method for characterization of optical waveguides. This work presents a study of the plurality of solutions that appear with a new configuration, which places the device out of both arms of the interferometer. Two techniques were developed to solve this problem. One of them is based on the correlation of measurements made with the device in two different positions. The other technique removes the ambiguity by modulating the phase of the reflections from the interferometer. Both techniques have eliminated the undesirable peaks sucessfully, making the observation of the reflections more easy. The resolution was not changed by the modulation, and a high sensitivy was achieved. A method for attenuation measurements, based on OLCR systems, was presented. If the reflection coefficient is well know, its use for measurements of optical waveguides, such as modulators, could be very interesting.

La thèse porte sur l'interprétation des données de réflectométrie pour extraire les caractéristiques de la turbulence construites à partir de simulations numériques bidimensionnelles. Il a été démontré que la résonance due au piégeage de l'onde peut apparaître dans le plasma fluctuant et produire des sauts de phase. Cette interprétation à faible niveau de turbulence est directe. Cependant, le niveau de turbulence du bord du plasma est généralement élevé menant ainsi le réflectomètre à un comportement non linéaire. En conséquence, il y a une perte de cohérence de l'onde de sondage et un élargissement du faisceau-sonde après la traversée de la couche de turbulence. Cette étude a montré qu'une petite longueur de corrélation de la turbulence conduit à un faible élargissement et à de fortes variations de la phase du faisceau-sonde. Pour étudier comment une forte turbulence de bord affecte le signal de réflectométrie à balayage ultra rapide en fréquence (USFR) obtenu lors d'un sondage. Pour étudier cela des séries de simulations 2D ont été réalisées. Simultanément les spectres de variations de phase et de variations d'amplitude du réflectomètre ont été analysés. Il a été constaté que des pics spectraux correspondant à une diffusion accrue dans la région de turbulence de bord peuvent être observés dans les spectres de variations d'amplitude du signal. Un USFR utilisant une configuration de réflectométrie poloïdale a été proposé pour accéder à plus d'informations sur la turbulence de bord où le déplacement poloïdal des antennes réceptrices entraîne un glissement du pic de diffusion. En perspective, ces mesures peuvent fournir des informations supplémentaires sur, la déformation du faisceau-sonde, les propriétés de la turbulence et faciliter la mesure du signal cohérent porteur de l'information sur la turbulence de cœur du plasma. En plus, le code 2D "full-wave" a été appliqué en tant que diagnostic synthétique aux données de simulation gyro-cinétique du code de turbulence Gysela pour une décharge du tokamak de Tore-Supra. Les signaux de réflectométrie à fréquence fixe ont montré un bon accord entre la longueur de corrélation d'amplitude du signal avec celle de la turbulence utilisée comme donnée d'entrée. Il en a été de même pour analyser la longueur de corrélation et les spectres de nombre d'onde obtenus par un USFR pour le tokamak ASDEX-Upgarde / Plasma turbulence studies are essential for successful operation of magnetic confinement fusion devices. Ultra-Fast Swept Reflectometry (USFR), a diagnostic widely used for the measurement of turbulence radial wave-number spectra. While the interpretation of reflectometry data is quite straightforward for small levels of turbulence, it becomes much trickier for larger levels as the reflectometer answer is no longer linear with the turbulence level. It has been shown for instance that resonances due to probing field trapping can appear in turbulent plasma and produce jumps of the signal phase. In the plasma edge region the turbulence level is usually high and can lead to a non-linear regime of the reflecetometer response. The loss of probing beam coherency and beam widening when the probing beam crosses the edge turbulence layer can affect USFR core measurements. Edge turbulence with a long correlation length leads to small beam widening and strong distortion of the probing wave phase. However backscattering effects from turbulence with short correlation lengths are also able to cause reflectometer signal change. To study turbulence wave-number spectra together with reflectometer signal phase variations, signal amplitude variations can be analyzed. Unlike signal phase variation, amplitude does not suffer from resonant jumps, and can give more clear qualitative evaluation of turbulence structure. In the case when the turbulence amplitude peaked in the edge region, it can be detected as spectral peak near local Bragg resonance wave-number. USFR with a set of receiving antennas arranged poloidally was proposed to obtain more information on the edge turbulence properties. A displacement of the spectral peak appears when the receiving antenna is misaligned with the emitting one. In perspective peak displacement measurements can provide additional information on probing beam shaping and turbulence properties and help in coherent mode observation. A 2D full wave code was applied as a synthetic diagnostic to Gysela gyro-kinetic for study of Tore-Supra tokamak core turbulence. Radial correlation lengths computed from the amplitude of multi-channel fixed frequency reflectometry signals have shown good agreement with the turbulence correlation length. The synthetic diagnostic was then applied to analyze the correlation length and wave-number spectra obtained by USFR in the ASDEX-Upgrade tokamak. A comparison between 1D and 2D results have shown different behavior. However correlation lengths measured with UFSR signals are in the same order with turbulence ones

Orientador: Carlos Kenichi Suzuki / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T17:04:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Takeishi_RafaelTeruo_M.pdf: 1078985 bytes, checksum: db29b2d4008de612795916f5b5d8279a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A determinação de concentração de misturas em tempo real é objeto de pesquisas de diversas áreas da engenharia, e também de interesse de indústrias e empresas do ramo de combustíveis. Muitas vezes, misturas de dois componentes de boa qualidade (álcool anidro e gasolina pura), mas fora dos padrões de concentração especificados, resultam em produtos finais de má qualidade. Assim é o caso da gasolina (E25) e do álcool comercializados em muitos postos de combustíveis do Brasil. Neste trabalho, utilizou-se de um reflectômetro óptico para coletar medidas de intensidade luminosa refletida na interface fibra-líquido de misturas gasolina-álcool e álcool-água em diferentes concentrações e temperaturas. Em virtude do índice de refração dessas misturas ser dependente da concentração de seus componentes, as intensidades luminosas refletidas também variam de acordo com a concentração das misturas. Através das curvas de resposta do sensor desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para correlacionar o sinal de saída e a concentração da razão da mistura das soluções visando a tecnologia de sensoriamento online. Para a mistura gasolina-álcool foi possível relacionar a intensidade refletida e concentração através de uma equação de primeiro grau, ocasionando resíduos de aproximadamente 1% em concentração. No caso da mistura álcool-água, em virtude da sua natureza azeotrópica (contração volumétrica), a curva que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais foi uma aproximação polinomial de segundo grau com resíduos de aproximadamente 1,5% em concentração. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstram a viabilidade plena de aplicação desta tecnologia no controle de qualidade online de combustíveis. / Abstract: The determination of concentration of a solution in real time is one of the main research subjects for engineering areas. It is also of great interest for many industries and fuel companies. In many cases, making mixtures using two components of good quality, but with the concentration out of the regulation, results in low quality products, such as many Brazilian commercialized fuel (gasoline E25 and hydrated ethanol). In this research, an optical reflectometer was used to measure reflected light intensity from the fiber-liquid interface of gasoline-ethanol and ethanol-water mixtures of different concentrations and temperatures. Due to the dependence of refractive index of these mixtures with their concentrations, the reflected light intensities varied according to the concentration of mixtures. By using the calibration curves measured by optical sensor, a novel online methodology to correlate the output of optical signal to the concentration of mixture ratio of fuel was developed. For gasoline-ethanol mixtures, a first-order equation was used to correlate the reflected light intensity and concentration ratios, with a deviation of ~ 1%. In the case of ethanol-water mixtures, due to their azeotropic nature (volumetric contraction), the response of reflected intensity do not present a linear behavior. Therefore a second-order approximation was adopted, getting a deviation up to 1,5% in concentration. The results of the present research show the feasibility of this technology for online quality control of fuels. / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

[pt] A reflectometria coerente tem se mostrado uma importante técnica para caracterização dos dispositivos ópticos e optoeletrônicos presentes nos sistemas de comunicações. Neste trabalho, a reflectometria coerente no domínio da freqüência foi utilizada no estudo das características dos lasers de semicondutor de realimentação distribuída. Foram realizadas medidas da resposta térmica do módulo laser, da linearidade da varredura em freqüência e da instabilidade de freqüência devido às reflexões da luz nas conexões do sistema. Conhecendo estas informações é possível saber algumas limitações da técnica. Todas as medidas de caracterização são feitas de formas simples e prática. / [en] Coherente reflectometry has been an important technique for characterization of optinal and optoeletronics devices used in communications systems. In this work, Coherente frequency domain reflectometry was used in the study of the Distributed-Feedback Semiconductor lasers characteristics. The measurement of thermal response of the laser module, linearity of the frequency sweep and frequency instabilities induced by feedback light reflected at the systems conections was was done. With these informations it is possible to know some limitations of the technique.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Physics / Bruce M. Law / We have studied two critical binary liquid mixtures in the mixed phase regime with x-ray and neutron reflectometry to verify universal critical scaling at a non-critical interface. We compared our results with previous results obtained with ellipsometry. At a solid-liquid or liquid-vapor interface of an AB binary liquid mixture the component with the lower surface tension will dominate that interface. If the surface tension differential between the components of the mixture is large enough the composition of the surface layer will loose its dependence on. This case is referred to as strong adsorption. We study the case of strong adsorption for a binary liquid mixture at the critical composition with respect to the demixing phase transition. Sufficiently close to the critical temperature Tc the influence of bulk critical behavior is expected to dominate the way the surface adsorption layer decays with depth z from the surface composition to the bulk composition. The length scale of the decay profile is expected to be proportional to the composition correlation length, and is expected to scale with a universal composition scaling function. In a neutron reflectometry study of a critical mixture of D2O and 3-methylpyridine against a quartz substrate we verify universal critical scaling using a scaling function previously used to describe ellipsometry data. In an x-ray reflectometry study of the liquid-vapor interface of a critical mixture of n-dodecane and 1,1,2,2 tetrabromoethane, which had previously been studied with ellipsometry, we find that we are able to describe all data by using the same scaling function provided that we account for non-critical, system dependent surface structure as well. We are also able to simulate ellipsometry with our mathematical profile model and compare the simulation to the previous ellipsometry data.

Fiber tapers have attracted much attention and have been successfully employed in various applications, ranging from resonators, filters, interferometers to sensors. This thesis studies the properties of fiber tapers for the purpose of making tapered-based devices and sensors in aerospace related application where small size and light weight are critical. This thesis includes theoretical derivation and experimental verifications of distributed mode coupling in tapered single-mode fibers (SMFs) with high-resolution optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR) technique. The studies are realized with OFDR through phase detection of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), which measures local refractive index change relative to the reference arm. The wavelength shifts converted by the phase change give the group index differences between the fundamental mode and higher-order modes of fiber tapers. The energy re-distribution is observed in Rayleigh backscatter amplitude as a function of fiber length with a ~13µm resolution over the entire fiber taper, and group index difference between core and cladding modes is measured with a spatial resolution of ~2cm by using autocorrelation data processing. The thermal and mechanical properties of fiber tapers have also been characterized with OFDR. The cross-correlation wavelength shift is related to the refractive index change of the modes. It is shown that residual stress induced by the tapering process results in the inhomogeneous thermal property, which can be significantly reduced by an annealing treatment. A fiber taper with a waist diameter of ~6µm has a force sensitivity of ~620.83nm/N, ~500 times higher than that of SMF. Furthermore, polarization-preserving character of tapered polarization-maintaining fibers (PMFs) is evaluated by OFDR-based distributed birefringence along tapered PMFs. Three tapered-based micro-fiber devices have been used as effective mode selecting components to build narrow-linewidth tunable Erbium-doped fiber ring lasers. The fabrication is easy and at a low cost. 1) a tapered fiber tip forms multimode interference mechanism; 2) a two-taper MZI has been demonstrated by splitting/combining the fundamental mode and higher-order modes through fiber tapers and is tuned by bending one taper waist; 3) a novel tunable fiber Fabry-Perot filter, consisting of a hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber and a micro-fiber, is employed in the reflection mode.

In this thesis, the work focuses on developing distributed optical fiber vibration sensors based on phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR). Three works have been accomplished to improve the performances of Φ-OTDR for distributed vibration sensing. Firstly, Φ-OTDR based on a polarization diversity scheme is demonstrated to mitigate the polarization mismatch effect occurring in traditional systems. A theoretical analysis is performed in different polarization cases corresponding to coherent and polarization diversity detection. Φ-OTDR based polarization diversity shows a great potential in the multi-events sensing application. Two vibration events are simultaneously detected and their signal to noise ratios are improved by 10.9 dB and 8.65 dB, respectively, compared to the results obtained by a conventional coherent scheme. Intensity fluctuation in a phase-sensitive optical-time domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) system caused by stochastic characteristics of Rayleigh backscattering has limited relative vibration strength measurement, which is proportional to dynamic strain. A trace-to-trace correlation coefficient is thus proposed to quantify the Φ-OTDR system stability and a novel approach of measuring the dynamic strain induced by various driving voltages of lead zicronate titanate (PZT) is demonstrated. Piezoelectric vibration signals are evaluated through analyzing peak values of the fast Fourier transform spectra at fundamental frequency and high-order harmonics based on Bessel functions. Experimental results show high correlation coefficients and good stability of our Φ-OTDR system, as well as the small measurement uncertainty of measured peak values. To reduce the intra-band noise caused by the finite extinction ratio of optical pulses, Φ-OTDR based on high extinction ratio generation is studied. Two methods are developed for achieving high extinction ratio of optical pulse generation. One of the approaches is to synchronize two cascaded electro-optic modulators to achieve high extinction ratio operation. The other one is to use the nonlinear optical fiber loop mirror as an optical switch to suppress the continuous wave portion of optical pulse. The sensing range of 1.8 km and 8.4 km with corresponding spatial resolution of 0.5 m and 2 m have been demonstrated based on cascaded two electro-optic modulators and nonlinear optical fiber loop mirror setup, respectively.