Since the early 1990s, the Estonian health sector has been undergoing a number of reforms. At the same time, a number of legislative acts have also been established, forming a new legal basis for the health system. The introduction of a social health insurance in 1992 was the first reform in the Estonian health sector reorganisation, followed by a primary health care (PHC) reform, a hospital reform and a number of public health reforms. The aim of this thesis is to analyse these health sector reforms in Estonia, focusing on the outcomes of the health system from the population’s perspective. Proceeding from this general aim, the specific objectives of the thesis are as follows: 1) To analyse the PHC reform in terms of the access to the health services and the acceptability and satisfaction with these services. 2) To analyse the health insurance reform in terms of the acceptability and satisfaction with the new system. 3) To analyse the public health reforms and their impact on the health of the population. The empirical data were gathered with the following research methods: reviews of official health statistics and population surveys in 1998, 2002 and 2005 based on face-to-face interviews using structured questionnaires. The main results can be summarised in relation to the objectives of the thesis: 1) The primary health care reform has been implemented and most of the objectives have been achieved. In general, people accept the changes in the PHC system and the satisfaction with the family doctors has increased. Access to the PHC services is good. Based on the results of a population study in 2002 and 2005, more than half of the respondents could see the family doctor on the same day they made an appointment. Almost a half of the respondents (49%) were satisfied with the access to the health services. Satisfaction with the PHC services and family doctors were found to have positive effects on satisfaction with access to health services. Although people with chronic conditions were less satisfied with the access to the health services they did not experience organisational barriers in their access to such services. 2) The health insurance reform has been implemented and a high level of financial protection has been maintained. The solidarity principle of the health insurance system guarantees access to health services for all the insured people. About half of the population is satisfied with the present system. Compared to 2002, the percentage of satisfied people has increased in 2005, while the percentage of very dissatisfied persons has decreased. The most important predictor of satisfaction with the health insurance was the satisfaction with the existing PHC system. The satisfaction with the health insurance was higher in 2002 as well as 2005 among those respondents who had visited a family doctor or a specialist or were admitted in a hospital during the last 12 months before the survey, but lower among those who had visited a dentist. A small majority preferred the solidarity principles and comprehensive financing of health service by health insurance. The attitudes regarding financing principles were related to the personal contacts with the health services. The respondents who had used the PHC or ambulance services preferred a more comprehensive financing of health services, while those who had had contacts with a specialists or dentists would prefer less comprehensive financing if the waiting lists were short. More than three quarters of the respondents were informed about their rights concerning the access to the health services. Personal contacts with family doctors and specialists had positive impact on the level of awareness. 3) Some progress has been made in connection with the public health reforms. A number of national programs and projects to prevent the most essential health risks have been initiated. As a result, there is some evidence of a positive impact on the health of the population – positive trends in dietary habits and decreasing infant mortality, number of abortions, and incidences of sexually transmitted infections and tuberculosis. At the same time, however, the proportion of smokers and consumers of strong alcohol has not decreased. Moreover, there has been an explosive increase of new cases of HIV-infections in 2000, which is one of the most serious public health problems today. Greater progress has been achieved in the areas where health promotion and health education activities have been supported by political decisions to make a healthy choice for the population easier. However, a comprehensive national health policy and strategy is still lacking in Estonia. In public health, this is evidenced by a lack of long-term planning and understanding of the significance of intersectoral co-operation. Discussion. Up to now, the major reforms in the Estonian health system have been implemented. However, the environment is changing and the health system has to respond to these changes. The next step should therefore be to reach a public agreement about the common values of the health system and setting long-term health policy goals. To improve the effectiveness of policy implementation and reform, the importance of systematic research and evaluation should also be stressed.

Teacher's education in Bohemian (historic overview) Keywords: Pedagogy, teacher's education, school reforms, teacher The aim of this thesis is to describe the development in teacher education since the late 18th century to the 40th years of the 20th century. In this context, I also try to show the position of the Czech teacher in society. I focus mainly on certain groundbreaking moments in teacher education, therefore I pay attention to the changes in education system as a whole, show the causes of these changes and present the personalities that have directly or indirectly affected these changes.

System of proportional representation in the Czech Republic and its critique Abstract The diploma thesis "System of proportional representation in the Czech Republic and its critique" deals with the proportional representation in the Czech Republic, particularly its most criticized aspects. The purpose of this paper is to analyse this system, its characteristics, forms and reforms under the Czech conditions. The first chapter defines proportional representation and describes its constituent elements - a legal threshold, electoral formulas (quotas and divisors), electoral districts and tiers and preference votes. Chapter Two is concerned with four specific forms of this system applied in the Czech Republic. It describes elections to the Chamber of Deputies, local elections, elections to the regional assemblies and European elections. The third chapter outlines the problems of Czech electoral reforms - specifically the big reform of elections to the Chamber of Deputies from 2000 and the case of Prague elections in 2010 which both had to be brought to the Constitutional Court. Chapter Four offers a critical look on proportional representation in the Czech Republic. It consists of five parts. The first part focuses on the confusing system of local elections. Part two deals with the legal threshold. The third...

The topic of my thesis is Land Reforms in Czech Lands during the 20th century. The purpose of my thesis is to analyse evolution of stance of the state to land property through the laws only in territory of the Czech Republic during the 20th century. The reason for my research is find and discribe circumstances and conditions which affect decision of the state to change land property. My hypothesis is negative consequence realization the Land Reforms during the 20th century. The thesis is composed of five main chapters, each of them dealing with different periods of changes of land property. Chapter One is introductory and defines land as a subject of land property. The next chapters describe process of periods of Land Reforms, especially conditions of formation and consequences of realization the Land Reforms. Conclusions are drawn in individual chapters and my final opinion is at the end of my thesis. My hypothesis was confirmed especially in case of the Second Land Reform.

La justice de proximité occupe, depuis plusieurs années, une place centrale dans les tentatives de réforme de la justice.Nonobstant la fréquence de son usage, la notion est dépourvue d'une définition clairement circonscrite par le droit positif et ne dispose pas davantage d'un statut théorique incontestable établi par la doctrine. De ce constat naît une interrogation fondamentale : quel sens donner à la justice de proximité ? Distincte de la proximité de la justice, la justice de proximité doit être appréhendée dans sa double acception pénale et civile. Tandis que la justice pénale de proximité renvoie à un mouvement de diversification du circuit de traitement des infractions de faible et moyenne gravité par la recherche d'une ou plusieurs formes de rapprochement entre la justice et le citoyen, la justice civile de proximité vise, par cette même méthode, à améliorer l'accès à la justice des litiges dont l'enjeu économique est faible ou modéré. Ainsi entendue, la justice de proximité repose sur la mise en oeuvre d'une pluralité d'instruments procéduraux et organisationnels au sein de l'institution judiciaire. Leur examen révèle les ambiguïtés dont ils sont parfois porteurs ainsi que leur manque de lisibilité et de cohérence. Cependant, certains mécanismes correcteurs sont envisageables afin que les imperfections de ces instruments ne compromettent pas irrémédiablement l'intérêt que présente la notion en vue de garantir la confiance des citoyens dans la justice. / The french expression ''justice de proximité" has been holding a specific place within the proposals for justice reforms for many years. Despite its increasing use, the concept is not clearly defined -or understood- in our discipline not even in a theoretical way. Thus, a new interrogation appears : how can we understand the precise meaning of such a concept ? Far from being defined as the "closeness justice", the notion of "justice de proximité" gets a double meaning :a criminal one and a civil one. While the first one puts the stress on the diversity in the way we deal with minor and major offenses- mainly through partnerships between the justice and the citizen- the civil dimension of the community justice concept aims at allowing to go to court all the contentions with low economical consequences. As far as this definition is right, the community justice relies on putting into practice several types of both procedural and organizational tools. A through analysis of the tools previously mentioned demonstrates a Jack of transparency and consistency. Nevertheless, some of them can be useful since they guarantee the citizens' confidence in their own justice.

Avec l'arrivée de l'époque de l'économie informatique, la société présente une demande et un besoin plus exigeants sur le secteur de télécommunication. Depuis les années 1980s, les réformes du marché mondial de la télécommunication s'orientent vers l'introduction de la régulation, la favorisation de la concurrence et la privatisation. Cependant, le marché de télécommunication chinois suit toujours le mode de gestion traditionnelle, c'est-à-dire monopolisent les entreprises d'état influencées elles-mêmes par le gouvernement. Le retard des réformes freine le développement de cette industrie et l'état malsain, dans lequel coexistent le prix trop élevé, le service peu satisfaisant et le chiffre d'affaires non suffisant, exige plus d'ouverture. Par rapport à beaucoup d'autres secteurs, celui de la télécommunication influence de façon plus profonde et stratégique le développement complet, cohérent et durable de l'économie chinoise. Par conséquent, les réformes de ce secteur attirent beaucoup d'attention. En plus, comme l'industrie de télécommunication a connu très tôt les réformes orientées vers le marché et qu'elle a donc un système relativement complet, ses prochains réformes seront pour les autres secteurs un exemple et une référence. Le présent travail s'intéresse ainsi aux réformes de l'industrie de télécommunication chinoise, ainsi que les performances qu'ils entraînent. C'est un sujet qui est non seulement significatif et crutial pour le développement cohérent de la société économique chinoise, mais aussi nécessaire et imminent pour une réponse. Le présent travail comprend six chapitres dont le contenu et la structure sont suivants : premièrement, la thèse suit l'ordre "caractéristiques - concurrence - régulation - réformes", et basé sur les théories de monopolisation naturelle, de concurrence effective et d'organisation industrielle, elle met en ordre et analyse la création, le développement et la mutation de l'industrie de télécommunication moderne de Chine, ce qui constituera le fondement théorique pour la recherche sur les performances des réformes de l'industrie de télécommunication chinoise. Deuxièmement, en tenant compte de l'impact des facteurs institutionnels sur l'organisation industrielle, la présente thèse met en avant un cadre d'évaluation RSCP (règlement-structure-comportement-performances), qui a pour objectif d'établir une concurrence effective dans les réformes du secteur de télécommunication de la Chine. Troisièmement, le présent travail divise, de manière chronologique, le parcours des réformes du secteur de télécommunication en 4 étapes (depuis le début de la réforme et l'ouverture de la Chine) : gestion monopolistique, soutien politique, introduction des concurrences et concurrences complètes préliminaires. En analysant la situation actuelle de la réforme du secteur de télécommunication de la Chine, la thèse tente d'évaluer ensuite ses performances. La thèse calcule à la fin l'indice des performances des réformes du secteur de télécommunication de la Chine et effectue ensuite une analyse statistique et des tests d'hypothèses basés sur le modèle de régression linéaire multiple. Le résultat montre que les réformes orientées vers le marché du secteur de télécommunication de la chine favorise, dans une certaine mesure, le développement de l'industrie chinoise de télécommunication, réduit efficacement les dépenses en services, augmente le nombre d'utilisateurs, et optimise la structure des services de télécommunications. En même temps, l'étude constate également que la qualité et la capacité du service doivent encore être améliorées. / With the advent of information economy people all over the world have a higher and more extensive demand on the communications industry. Since the 1980s there has emerged a dominant trend in countries around the world to deregulate the telecom industry and introduce market-oriented reforms. Up until the 1980s the Chinese telecom industry was still monopolized by the government and the country’s market-oriented reforms in the industry lagged behind many other rapidly developing nations. The problem of high expense, low service quality, and insufficient service capacity made it urgent to open up the Chinese telecom market. Compared to other competitive industries it can be said that the telecom industry comprehensively and strategically influences the overall harmonious and sustainable development of a national economy. Reform in the telecom industry covers a wide range of areas and is closely associated with the national welfare and people’s livelihood. As such it attracts great attention from the public at large. Compared to other industries in China whichare also regulated by the government, China’s telecom industry (the first to carry our market-oriented reforms in the country) is relatively mature as such it can be said that its future reform provides a reference point for market-oriented reforms in other industries as well in the country. Taking this fact into consideration the present thesis chooses market-oriented reforms and the performance of that reform in China’s telecom industry as our research objective. We consider this to be an essential element for the harmonious economic and social development of modern China. It is therefore an urgent issue to be addressed. The whole thesis consists of six chapters and its main content and structure are as follows: Taking into account the characteristics of competition – regulation – reform as a starting point, the thesis utilizes natural monopoly theory, effective competition theory, and industrial organization theory as the conceptual and theoretical basis for our work.It reviews previous work completed in the area then conducts an in-depth analysis of the foundation, development, and characteristics of modern telecom industry, laying atheoretical foundation for studying the performance of market-oriented reform in China’s telecom industry. Secondly, taking into consideration the impact of institutional factors on industrialorganization, the present thesis puts forward a regulation–structure–conduct –performance (RSCP) theoretical framework based on China’s national conditions and takes effective competition as the goal of China’s telecom industry reform. Thirdly, the thesis groups, in a chronological manner, China’s telecom reform into four different phases (since the beginning of the reform and opening up of the economy) which have been identified as: monopoly operation, policy support, introducing competition, and preliminary perfect competition. It then conducts an analysis of the reform background, reform procedure, and reform measures. By analyzing the current situation in China’s telecom industry reform, the thesis attempts to evaluate the performance of the reform in China’s telecom industry. The thesis then calculates the performance index of China’s telecom industry reform and conducts a statistical analysis and hypothesis testing based on correlation analysis and multiple linear regression models respectively. The result shows that market-oriented reform in China’s telecom industry, to some degree, promotes the development of China’s telecom industry, effectively reduces the expenses in telecom services, boosts the number of telecom service users, and optimizes telecom service structure. These positive developments notwithstanding, the study also finds that service quality and capacity are yet to be significantly improved in China’s telecomindustry.

The diploma thesis analysis the anti-crises tax measurements in Latvia, Hungary and Ireland. To provide comprehensive overview on the selected countries situation this diploma thesis also includes tax reforms performed before the economic crises started and, therefore, covers the period within the years 2006 and 2010. The diploma thesis intends to provide the comprehensive overview of the efficiency and impacts of the anti-crises tax measures on the government tax income and on the basic macroeconomics indicators, together with its possible impact on the future country development.

O objetivo dessa dissertação é estimar de forma apropriada o impacto dos gastos públicos em educação sobre o desempenho escolar. Tal questão ainda não está devidamente esclarecida na literatura especializada: de fronte de uma aparente ausência de relação entre as variáveis, determinados autores argumentam que esse é um resultado da estrutura de incentivos dos sistemas públicos de ensino enquanto outros argumentam que se trata de um problema de identificação empírica, especificamente de endogeneidade dos gastos. O presente trabalho busca usar, no Brasil, a transição do FUNDEF para o FUNDEB como instrumento para os gastos municipais no ensino fundamental. O FUNDEF e o FUNDEB são fundos de redistribuição de recursos que devem ser empregados obrigatoriamente no ensino. O primeiro teve vigência de 1996 a 2006 e se restringia ao ensino fundamental enquanto o segundo teve início em 2007 e engloba todo o ensino básico. Argumenta-se que tal transição pode ser encarada de como exógena e, com isso, técnicas de variáveis instrumentais são usadas para obter o impacto de aumentos nos gastos no ensino fundamental por aluno no ensino fundamental sobre a nota padronizada da Prova Brasil, tanto quarta e oitava série, das redes municipais de ensino. As estimativas obtidas são em geral significantes, mas não grandes: um aumento de mil reais no gasto por aluno no ensino fundamental aumenta em média o desempenho escolar em algo entre 25% e 90% de um desvio-padrão. Há também, leve evidência de que existem variáveis omitidas positivamente relacionadas aos gastos. / The objective of this dissertation is to properly estimate the impact of public schooling expenditures over school performance. This issue is not yet clear dealt in the specialized literature: facing an apparent lack of relationship between the two variables, some authors argue that this is a result of the incentive structure of public schooling systems while others claim that this is the result of an empirical identification problem, specifically of endogeneity of expenditures. The present research seeks to use, for Brazil, a schooling finance reform (the transition from FUNDEF to FUNDEB) as an instrument for municipalities expenditures in primary education. FUNDEF and FUNDEB redistribution funds that must be necessarily have its resources employed on education. The first one functioned between 1996 and 2006 and was restricted to primary education while the second one started in 2007 and encompasses basic education. It is argued that such transition can be taken as exogenous and, thus, instrumental variables techniques are used to obtain the impacts of increases on per pupil expenditures on primary education on the standardized scores of Prova Brasil, for both fourth and eighth grades. The estimates obtained are in general significant, but not big: a thousand reais increase in expenditures per pupil on primary education increases on average school performance in something between 25% and 90% of a standard deviation. There is also light evidence that there are omitted variables positively related to expenditures.

Esta dissertação investiga as transformações dos espaços públicos da cidade de João Pessoa no período de 1889 a 1940, através da análise de suas formas, seus usos e suas denominações, alterados tanto no império como na república. Observando esses espaços dentro da dinâmica urbana, o estudo os observa tanto como agentes na transformação da paisagem urbana, quanto na condição de vetores de crescimento da cidade, abrangendo sua dimensão física, nos aspectos simbólico e representativo. Para tanto, a trama urbana, a arquitetura, os conceitos estéticos e as formas de apropriação desses espaços constituíram-se vetores de análise dessas transformações. A abordagem é feita em três períodos: a cidade do século XIX; os espaços públicos resultantes das alterações do período conhecido como primeiro ciclo de reformas urbanas (1916-1926), conduzidos principalmente por questões sanitaristas; e os espaços públicos produzidos na década de 1930, resultantes, sobretudo, de preocupações viárias e da renovação da arquitetura. Abrangendo esses três momentos, estuda-se o caso do Parque Solon de Lucena, espaço público cuja trajetória é tratada no último capítulo. / This dissertation investigates the transformation of public spaces in João Pessoa city in the period from 1889 to 1940, through the analysis of its forms, use and denominations, modified in the empire period as well as in the republic period. Observing these spaces inside the urban dynamics, the study observes them as urban landscape transforming agents, as well as in the condition of vectors to the growth of the city, enclosing its physical dimension, in the symbolic and representative aspects. For such, the urban raster, the architecture, the aesthetic concepts and the ways of appropriation of these spaces constituted vectors of analysis of these transformations. The approach is made in three periods: the city in XIX century; the public spaces resulting from the alterations of the period known as first cycle of urban reforms (1916-1926), lead mainly by sanitary matters, and the public spaces produced in the 1930 decade, resulting mainly from road concerns and the architecture renewall. Enclosing these three moments, it is studied the case of Parque Solon de Lucena, public space whose trajectory is dealt with in the last chapter.

Esta pesquisa busca desvelar em que medida o currículo implantado nas escolas da rede municipal de São Paulo vem garantindo ou não o direito à educação dos alunos a partir da concepção de justiça escolar. O estudo realizado parte da revisão histórica sobre o percurso no Brasil e, mais especificamente, no município de São Paulo, das reformas curriculares voltadas aos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental, tendo como foco as medidas adotadas na gestão Kassab (2005-2012) que levaram a elaboração do documento de orientação curricular da rede. Também foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo em duas escolas de ensino fundamental, envolvendo a análise documental e entrevistas com professores, coordenadoras pedagógicas, além de técnicos que atuaram na gestão referida. A pesquisa identifica que o rendimento dos alunos e suas condições de aprendizagem não garantem a equidade necessária à sua formação e que o currículo possui grande influência nesse quadro. No entanto, também foi possível observar que há avanços na rede e nas escolas investigadas no sentido de considerar a necessidade do atendimento à diversidade dos alunos incluídos no sistema de ensino, principalmente com a proposição de currículos que levem em conta a superação do insucesso escolar daqueles com maiores dificuldades. / This research intends to reveal to what extent the curriculum implemented in the schools of the education system in the city of São Paulo has been able or not to enforce the student´s right to education based on the concept of school justice. The study I have conducted starts with the historical review of the path taken in Brazil and, more specifically in the city of São Paulo, by the curriculum reforms addressing the early grades of elementary school . The study focuses on the measures taken by the Kassab Administration (2005-2012) which led to the preparation of a document for curriculum guidance to be adopted by the educational system. Field work was also done in two elementary schools, involving documental analysis and interviews with teachers, pedagogical coordinators, in addition to technical managers working the aforementioned administration. The research has found that the students´ achievement and their learning situation do not guarantee the equity required by their education and the curriculum has great influence in this context. However, it was also possible to observe that there are advancements in the educational system and in the schools being researched in order to consider the need to address the diversity of students that take part in the system, mainly through the proposition of curricula that take into account the overcoming of academic failure of those students with greater difficulties.