During the 1980s some remarkable public administration reforms took place in the Commonwealth primary industries portfolio statutory research and marketing authorities. These reforms implemented dual accountability arrangements which legislated the requirement for the authorities to be held accountable directly to government and Parliament, as well as to industry and community bodies which held either a financial stake in the authorities or a stake in the outcomes of their activities. This dissertation discusses the nature of the dual accountability arrangements in the broader context of administrative and accountability theory, with particular emphasis on its place in the evolution of public enterprise and of more open, participatory and socially responsive public administration. It also considers the 1980s reforms in the historical context of Australian primary industry institutionalisation and agrarian socialism. The dissertation concludes that dual accountability can strengthen an organisation's accountability while at the same time reduce the need for close administrative control. Dual accountability acknowledges that the fundamental processes of an organisation's accountability should apply in more than one direction, and that the decentralisation of these processes actually fills the voids left by removing control mechanisms. The dissertation also identifies variations in the application of dual accountability principles across primary industry authorities and suggests that there is potential for the principles to be applied to other areas of government administration.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / Retirement income policy in Australia has undergone significant changes over the last two decades, including the introduction of the Superannuation Guarantee [SG] with mandatory contributions in 1992 and the 2007 superannuation changes with the benefit tax abolition. Numerical implications of adopted pension reforms and reform proposals such as further increases in the SG contribution rate, changes to superannuation taxation and to means-testing of the age pension have been examined mainly by micro-simulation models. These models, often criticized for their lack of theoretical content, provide an incomplete picture of pension policy effects because of no or limited behavioural responses to underlying policy changes. In this thesis, models based on the life-cycle theory of saving pioneered by Modigliani and Brumberg (1954) are applied to simulate behavioural, welfare and macroeconomics effects of proposed changes to Australia’s pension policy. In particular, this thesis develops the following computable models: a life-cycle, single household model, a partial equilibrium, household model and a general equilibrium model with overlapping generations [OLG]. The single household model describes lifetime behaviour of the utility-maximising single household with uncertain lifespan. The model features perfect capital markets, endogenous labour supply and retirement decisions, and it incorporates main aspects of Australia’s pension and income tax policy settings. The simulated policy changes are (i) increase in the SG contribution rate, (ii) superannuation tax changes and (iii) abolition of the age pension means test. The results indicate higher retirement consumption and welfare gains from all the analysed pension policy changes. Partial equilibrium and general equilibrium models introduced in this thesis are built on lifetime behaviour of the single household. Both models distinguish many generations of households by age and, therefore, are capable of studying behavioural and welfare effects of policy changes for different generations. The partial equilibrium model examines behaviour of the household sector in the environment of the fixed factor prices. It is shown, for instance, that welfare gains from the investigated pension policy changes are not uniformly distributed across generations. The general equilibrium OLG model extends the partial equilibrium analyses by incorporating production, government and foreign sectors in addition to household and pension sectors. The model is a small open economy version of Auerbach and Kotlikoff’s (1987) OLG model. The simulation results are significantly different from those in the partial equilibrium framework, driven mainly by the changes in aggregate labour supply. For instance, the higher SG rate policy increases aggregate assets and saving. However, the saving increases are exported abroad rather than invested in the domestic capital stock. Hence, the implications of this policy change for the capital stock and output are minimal. Younger cohorts and future born generations experience consumption and welfare gains but older cohorts are negatively affected by a higher consumption tax rate resulting from this hypothetical policy change.

<p>This research shows the relationship between trade liberalization and food security for the Bolivian case. As a result of the severe economic crisis of the early-1980s, Bolivia adopted a series of market-oriented reforms in 1985. The reforms included the liberalization of the trade regime and the promotion of non-traditional exports. The trade liberalization had an important effect on the performance of cash crops, especially in the development of the soybeans industry. However, foodcrops did not have such a great dynamics. Vegetables and starchy roots declined in per capita terms and the increase in imports were not enough to compensate the decline. Trade reforms mostly favor a small group of large-scale farmers in the lowlands, who had historically been granted land in the region. In this sense, Bolivia’s involvement in a trade liberalization process was not reflected in an overall improvement of the country’s food security.</p>

<p>This research shows the relationship between trade liberalization and food security for the Bolivian case. As a result of the severe economic crisis of the early-1980s, Bolivia adopted a series of market-oriented reforms in 1985. The reforms included the liberalization of the trade regime and the promotion of non-traditional exports. The trade liberalization had an important effect on the performance of cash crops, especially in the development of the soybeans industry. However, food crops did not have such a great dynamics. Vegetables and starchy roots declined in per capita terms and the increase in imports were not enough to compensate the decline. Trade reforms mostly favored a small group of large-scale farmers in the lowlands, who had historically been granted land in the region. In this sense, Bolivia’s involvement in a trade liberalization process has not been reflected in an overall improvement of the country’s food security.</p>

<p>Behörighetskrav inför</p><p>gymnasial yrkesutbildning -</p><p>vem innesluts och vem utesluts?</p><p>Kjell Lundberg</p><p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Bakgrunden till mitt valda ämne är att jag arbetar på ett fordonstekniskt PRIV program. Elever</p><p>som går detta program har inte blivit antagna till ett nationellt program på grund av behörighetskraven</p><p>i Lpf-94. Flera av dessa elever skulle klara karaktärsämnena på ett nationellt program,</p><p>men skulle ha stora svårigheter i kärnämnena, även med extra hjälp.</p><p>De läroplansutredningar och behörighetskrav som jag har studerat är för: 1955 års yrkesskolreform,</p><p>Lgy-70, Lpf-94 och SOU 2008:27 Framtidsvägen – en reformerad gymnasieskola (förslag</p><p>till gymnasiereform GY-10).</p><p>Syftet med studien:</p><p>• Hur ser behörighetskraven till yrkesutbildning ut i de olika läroplanerna?</p><p>• Vad är tankarna bakom läroplanerna?</p><p>• Hur kan kraven i utredningarna till läroplanerna ses i ljuset av perspektiv på kunskap?</p><p>Metoden jag har använt mig av är en dokumentstudie och kunskapsbegreppet används som</p><p>teoretiskt perspektiv.</p><p>Studien börjar med en historisk utblick på yrkesutbildningar. Den fortsätter sedan med en</p><p>förklaring av syftet med läroplaner och framarbetningsstrategier av läroplaner.</p><p>Resultaten av min studie är: Med 1955 års yrkesskolreform flyttades yrkesutbildningen in i</p><p>skolmiljö. De två huvudargumenten till detta var att statsmakten ville göra det möjligt att fostra</p><p>ungdomar till demokratiska medborgare och man såg inte hur arbetsmarknaden skulle hinna</p><p>med att utbilda lärlingar.</p><p>Lgy-70 har de generösaste antagningsvillkoren. I denna läroplan blev nästan alla ungdomar</p><p>antagna till yrkesutbildning förutom att det fanns chans att bli antagen under fri kvot. Den fria</p><p>kvoten öppnade dörren för bl.a. ungdomar med utländskt utbildning och sökande som på grund</p><p>av handikapp inte kunnat uppnå full behörighet.</p><p>Lpf-94 är unik på det sättet, att det var första gången kärnämnesbetyg från grundskolan användes</p><p>som behörighetskrav till yrkeslinjerna. Samtliga program blev treåriga och gemensamma</p><p>kärnämnen infördes.</p><p>Gymnasieutredningen SOU 2008:27 (GY-10) föreslår en tydlig skärpning av behörighetskraven</p><p>för yrkesprogrammen. Utredaren föreslår minst godkänt i åtta kärnämnen, i jämförelse</p><p>med dagens tre. Nu är cirkeln sluten vad gäller yrkeskunskaperna. Utredaren föreslår vidare en</p><p>yrkesexamen, som ger en erkänd kompetens i yrket och med en komplimenterande lärlingsutbildning</p><p>till yrkesprogrammen. Nu hoppas utredarna att arbetsmarknaden skall ha kapacitet att</p><p>utbilda lärlingar, som man inte var övertygad om arbetsmarknaden hade på 50-talet.</p><p>Vidare resultat av min studie ger vid handen följande: Det källmaterial till läroplanerna jag</p><p>har analyserat har använt i stort sett samma argument till att ändra läroplanerna. Näringslivet</p><p>vill ha förändring t.ex. bättre yrkeskunskaper och statsmakten vill försäkra sig om en bred medborgarfostran</p><p>tillsammans med en möjlighet för individen att senare i livet genomgå kompetensutveckling</p><p>och högskolestudier.</p><p>Abstract</p><p>The decision to select this particular content of my thesis was due to my present occupation as a</p><p>teacher attached to a vehicle mechanics “PRIV” programme (reduced national program). Students</p><p>who participate in this programme have been excluded from the national programme due</p><p>to the criteria of admittance in Lpf-94. Several of these students would pass the trade subjects at</p><p>the national programme, but encounter difficulties with the basic subjects, in spite of added</p><p>support.</p><p>I have scrutinized the following curriculum proposals and admittance rules for: 1955 Trade</p><p>School Reform, Lgy-70, Lpf-94 and SOU 2008:27 Framtidsvägen – en reformerad gymnasieskola</p><p>(the current proposal to a new Upper Secondary School Reform, GY-10). The hypothesis</p><p>of my study is to find answers to the following questions:</p><p>• What rules of admittance applies to Vocational Schools in the different Curriculums?</p><p>• What is the basic content of thoughts behind the different Curriculums?</p><p>• How do the demands for in the proposals of the curriculums meet the conceptions of</p><p>knowledge in perspective?</p><p>The method used is a literature study and conception of knowledge is used as the theoretical</p><p>perspective.</p><p>The literature study commences with a historical retrospection of vocational training. From</p><p>there it elaborates on the purpose of curriculums and the design strategies of same.</p><p>The conclusion of my thesis is: The 1955 Reform of the trade school established the vocational</p><p>training within the existing educational training system, due to the desire from the government</p><p>to avail the possibilities in bringing up young people as responsible and democraticly</p><p>aware citizens. There was also a fear that the market did not have the capacity to train enough</p><p>trainees.</p><p>Lgy-70 has got the most generous admittance conditions. The authorities at that time realised</p><p>the importance of that education above elementary school level was availed to everybody. Even</p><p>in the case of not being born in Sweden or being a handicapped student.</p><p>Lpf-94 is unique in the following way: It introduced restrictions to enrol to the Upper Secondary</p><p>School (vocational school). All programmes became three years and all students studied</p><p>the same basic subjects.</p><p>The proposal which forms GY-10 reinforces the trend of restrictions to enrol to the Upper</p><p>Secondary School. At the same time this proposal is back to the 1955 Trade School ambition of</p><p>acquiring final trade skill. An apprenticeship as a complement to the in-house training is proposed</p><p>and further, now, the researchers are hopeful that the market shall have the capacity to</p><p>train trainees, contrary to what the researchers believed in the fifties.</p><p>Finally, all the proposals to curriculums have used the same argument to the content of the</p><p>curriculums. The business environment demands a change and the authorities will ensure a</p><p>broad civil obedience, together with a possibility for the citizen to study at the next level.</p>

<p>Provincial governors constituted an important part of the decentralization package unveiled in Zimbabwe in 1984 and 1985. The President appoints provincial governors among other duties, to coordinate development planning and implementation at the provincial level. This paper seeks to examine the appointment and role of a provincial governor and in that way establish the extent to which such appointment and role hinder or enhance representative and participatory democracy, accountability, devolution and empowerment, as ideals of decentralization. This contribution examines provincial governance in Zimbabwe as part of the local government system.</p>

This research shows the relationship between trade liberalization and food security for the Bolivian case. As a result of the severe economic crisis of the early-1980s, Bolivia adopted a series of market-oriented reforms in 1985. The reforms included the liberalization of the trade regime and the promotion of non-traditional exports. The trade liberalization had an important effect on the performance of cash crops, especially in the development of the soybeans industry. However, foodcrops did not have such a great dynamics. Vegetables and starchy roots declined in per capita terms and the increase in imports were not enough to compensate the decline. Trade reforms mostly favor a small group of large-scale farmers in the lowlands, who had historically been granted land in the region. In this sense, Bolivia’s involvement in a trade liberalization process was not reflected in an overall improvement of the country’s food security.

Behörighetskrav inför gymnasial yrkesutbildning - vem innesluts och vem utesluts? Kjell Lundberg Sammanfattning Bakgrunden till mitt valda ämne är att jag arbetar på ett fordonstekniskt PRIV program. Elever som går detta program har inte blivit antagna till ett nationellt program på grund av behörighetskraven i Lpf-94. Flera av dessa elever skulle klara karaktärsämnena på ett nationellt program, men skulle ha stora svårigheter i kärnämnena, även med extra hjälp. De läroplansutredningar och behörighetskrav som jag har studerat är för: 1955 års yrkesskolreform, Lgy-70, Lpf-94 och SOU 2008:27 Framtidsvägen – en reformerad gymnasieskola (förslag till gymnasiereform GY-10). Syftet med studien: • Hur ser behörighetskraven till yrkesutbildning ut i de olika läroplanerna? • Vad är tankarna bakom läroplanerna? • Hur kan kraven i utredningarna till läroplanerna ses i ljuset av perspektiv på kunskap? Metoden jag har använt mig av är en dokumentstudie och kunskapsbegreppet används som teoretiskt perspektiv. Studien börjar med en historisk utblick på yrkesutbildningar. Den fortsätter sedan med en förklaring av syftet med läroplaner och framarbetningsstrategier av läroplaner. Resultaten av min studie är: Med 1955 års yrkesskolreform flyttades yrkesutbildningen in i skolmiljö. De två huvudargumenten till detta var att statsmakten ville göra det möjligt att fostra ungdomar till demokratiska medborgare och man såg inte hur arbetsmarknaden skulle hinna med att utbilda lärlingar. Lgy-70 har de generösaste antagningsvillkoren. I denna läroplan blev nästan alla ungdomar antagna till yrkesutbildning förutom att det fanns chans att bli antagen under fri kvot. Den fria kvoten öppnade dörren för bl.a. ungdomar med utländskt utbildning och sökande som på grund av handikapp inte kunnat uppnå full behörighet. Lpf-94 är unik på det sättet, att det var första gången kärnämnesbetyg från grundskolan användes som behörighetskrav till yrkeslinjerna. Samtliga program blev treåriga och gemensamma kärnämnen infördes. Gymnasieutredningen SOU 2008:27 (GY-10) föreslår en tydlig skärpning av behörighetskraven för yrkesprogrammen. Utredaren föreslår minst godkänt i åtta kärnämnen, i jämförelse med dagens tre. Nu är cirkeln sluten vad gäller yrkeskunskaperna. Utredaren föreslår vidare en yrkesexamen, som ger en erkänd kompetens i yrket och med en komplimenterande lärlingsutbildning till yrkesprogrammen. Nu hoppas utredarna att arbetsmarknaden skall ha kapacitet att utbilda lärlingar, som man inte var övertygad om arbetsmarknaden hade på 50-talet. Vidare resultat av min studie ger vid handen följande: Det källmaterial till läroplanerna jag har analyserat har använt i stort sett samma argument till att ändra läroplanerna. Näringslivet vill ha förändring t.ex. bättre yrkeskunskaper och statsmakten vill försäkra sig om en bred medborgarfostran tillsammans med en möjlighet för individen att senare i livet genomgå kompetensutveckling och högskolestudier. Abstract The decision to select this particular content of my thesis was due to my present occupation as a teacher attached to a vehicle mechanics “PRIV” programme (reduced national program). Students who participate in this programme have been excluded from the national programme due to the criteria of admittance in Lpf-94. Several of these students would pass the trade subjects at the national programme, but encounter difficulties with the basic subjects, in spite of added support. I have scrutinized the following curriculum proposals and admittance rules for: 1955 Trade School Reform, Lgy-70, Lpf-94 and SOU 2008:27 Framtidsvägen – en reformerad gymnasieskola (the current proposal to a new Upper Secondary School Reform, GY-10). The hypothesis of my study is to find answers to the following questions: • What rules of admittance applies to Vocational Schools in the different Curriculums? • What is the basic content of thoughts behind the different Curriculums? • How do the demands for in the proposals of the curriculums meet the conceptions of knowledge in perspective? The method used is a literature study and conception of knowledge is used as the theoretical perspective. The literature study commences with a historical retrospection of vocational training. From there it elaborates on the purpose of curriculums and the design strategies of same. The conclusion of my thesis is: The 1955 Reform of the trade school established the vocational training within the existing educational training system, due to the desire from the government to avail the possibilities in bringing up young people as responsible and democraticly aware citizens. There was also a fear that the market did not have the capacity to train enough trainees. Lgy-70 has got the most generous admittance conditions. The authorities at that time realised the importance of that education above elementary school level was availed to everybody. Even in the case of not being born in Sweden or being a handicapped student. Lpf-94 is unique in the following way: It introduced restrictions to enrol to the Upper Secondary School (vocational school). All programmes became three years and all students studied the same basic subjects. The proposal which forms GY-10 reinforces the trend of restrictions to enrol to the Upper Secondary School. At the same time this proposal is back to the 1955 Trade School ambition of acquiring final trade skill. An apprenticeship as a complement to the in-house training is proposed and further, now, the researchers are hopeful that the market shall have the capacity to train trainees, contrary to what the researchers believed in the fifties. Finally, all the proposals to curriculums have used the same argument to the content of the curriculums. The business environment demands a change and the authorities will ensure a broad civil obedience, together with a possibility for the citizen to study at the next level.

Background: The implementation of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) in low to middle income (LMICs) has been followed by a marked reduction in their progress on economic growth, social indicators and health outcomes. Comprehensive and contextualized explorations of the effects of SAPs are needed to assist health and social policy-makers in better determining responses to such programs that continue to dominate global trade, aid and debt cancellation negotiations.<p>Methods: A comparative case study of Argentina and Uruguay was developed exploring the effects of SAPs on health. Drawing from a population health perspective and using a framework developed to analyze the relationship between globalization and health, changes in domestic policies resulting from SAPs and the corresponding population health outcomes of the countries were explored. <p>Results: In general, SAPs were implemented with greater severity and speed in Argentina than in Uruguay, with the greatest differences occurring over the 1980s. The more gradual and modest reforms implemented in Uruguay over the 1980s were associated with better population health outcomes. As Uruguays reforms began to accelerate and more closely resemble Argentinas over the 1990s, differences in population health of the countries were diminished.<p>Conclusions: Findings support those of previous studies demonstrating that countries that have maintained more protectionist policies have been better able to protect the health of the most vulnerable sectors of society.

On 1 January 2007 abolished Sweden as one of the last countries in EU the wealth tax. This wealth tax was in Sweden for almost 100 years. As the great debate in the context of tax reform in 1910 was not so much about the introduction of a wealth tax. The discussion was instead on the wealth tax would be proportional or progressive together with the income tax. When the government with and there finance minister, Carl Swartz, presented its government bill, 1910:88, 11 March 1910, the draft regulation on income and wealth tax was said, that now they had finally made a shift in the direct tax to the state. A change had been sought and it would have been great difficulties to be overcome and it would have been deeply entrenched ideas about this tax reform impossible. Despite all the protests from the wealthy in society, so continue this conservative government through reform with the strong support of many conservative politicians who had most to lose from this tax reform. The government also succeeded in compromising with liberals and social democrats that supported the reform. Heavy respondents in Sweden in 1910, as Kammarrätten and Bevillningsutskottet supported almost without any comment the proposal. Thus, Sweden had been given a modern tax system that applies even today more than 100 years later Introduction of the combined income and wealth tax was in continuation a great tax pump in Sweden when the governments needed to find funding for their reforms.