Les pays émergents d’Europe PEE déclenchèrent simultanément, il y a déjà 25 ans, une transformation de leurs économies la plus grande dans l’histoire économique contemporaine. Bien que l’idée de l’économie du marché l’ait emporté sur celle de l’économie planifiée en formant des expectations élevées de la convergence rapide, les PEE toujours peinent à aller de pair avec l’environnement global plain de bouleversements économiques. Cette étude vise à éliminer partiellement une lacune théorique en matière des politiques économiques en révisant des conclusions théoriques existantes dans le cadre de l’économie de la transition. Le but de telle révision était simple : il était nécessaire de comprendre toutes les contraintes inhérentes aux ces pays qui peuvent perturber les effets des politiques économiques bien que celles-ci se soient montrées très efficaces dans les pays développés. La crise financière de 2007/08 révéla l’existence des défauts importants des PEE en mettant en défi la sagesse populaire de l’implémentation universelle des politiques favorables au marché dans différents pays. C’est la raison pour laquelle cette œuvre est désignée de mettre en relief toutes les obstacles qui empêchent des politiques macroéconomiques – politique budgétaire et politique monétaire - d’être mises en œuvre. En outre, il est montré que les politiques structurelles favorables au marché ne sont pas suffisantes de compenser ses contraintes. Cette thèse, en s’appuyant sur la théorie de la croissance économique et la théorie de la transition économique, encourage l’idée de l’inclusion des politiques industrielles en tant que le factor qui a manqué dans la stratégie de réforme dans les PEE. / Emerging Europe Countries (EEC) triggered the greatest simultaneous economic transformation in the economic history 25 years ago. Although, the idea of market economy prevailed over planned economy building expectation about the speed of convergence process, EEC are still struggling to keep pace with the turbulent global economic environment. This study aims to partially fulfil the gap in economic theory in terms of economic policies reviewing existing theoretical conclusions within economics of transition. The purpose of this overview is simple: we needed to understand every possible limitation inherent in these economies that can distort the effects of economic policies even they showed high effectiveness in developed countries. The 2007/08 financial crises shed light on the existence of important weaknesses that these economises suffer from and challenged the conventional wisdom about unified implementation of market friendly policies over diversified countries. This analysis emphasises all constraints of macroeconomic policies – fiscal and monetary – to be fully deployed in EEC as well as insufficiency of market friendly structural policies to compensate these limitations. Relaying on the theory of economic growth and the theory of economic transition this study is encouraging the idea of the consideration of industrial policies as the missing element of reform strategy of EEC.

Este estudo reúne três ensaios que abordam os impactos econômicos do processo de integração financeira dos países. No primeiro, é feito uma revisão da literatura acerca do tema, identificando as principais mudanças no foco das discussões relacionadas aos impactos da abertura de capital. As análises deixam de se centrar nos impactos diretos e passam a enfatizar também os impactos colaterais da integração financeira. Além disso, reconhecem o papel das particularidades de cada país no resultado econômico alcançado. Características como o grau de desenvolvimento do setor financeiro doméstico e a qualidade das instituições parecem influenciar nos resultados da integração financeira. O segundo ensaio testa se a abertura de capital, por representar um canal de punição às políticas mal avaliadas pelo mercado, pode estimular reformas institucionais. Os resultados, para a amostra de 39 países utilizada, confirmam esta visão. O estudo também indica que as instituições sofrem transformação por até três períodos posteriores ao da abertura financeira. Por fim, o terceiro ensaio testa se a abertura financeira da economia brasileira é um exemplo que confirma a teoria dos impactos colaterais deste processo, avaliando se a volatilidade do PIB se reduz e se ocorrem transformações na condução da política econômica após a abertura financeira. Os resultados confirmam parcialmente esta posição. / The study is a combination of three essays about the economic impacts of the countries’ financial integration process. In the first one, it is done a survey about the topic, identifying the most important changes in the discussions about the impacts of financial integration. The analysis is moving away from the traditional approach centered on the direct impacts of the process and starts to emphasize the collateral impacts of the financial integration process too. The literature also recognizes the role of specific characteristics present in each country to the financial integration outcomes. Characteristics like the local financial sector degree of development and institutional quality seems to have influence in the financial integration results. The second essay tests whether the financial integration, due to its capacity to work as a channel for punishment of deviations from the economic policies accept for the market, can stimulate institutional reforms. The results, using a sample of 39 countries, confirm this view. The study also indicates that the institutional indicator evolves for about three periods after the financial integration date. Lastly, the third essay tests whether the Brazilian financial integration process is an example that confirms the theory of collateral impacts of this process, evaluating whether the GDP’s volatility reduces after the financial integration and whether it is observed changes in the conduction of economic policies. The results partially confirm this position.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:30:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Luis Feijo Nunes.pdf: 3679402 bytes, checksum: 09af990a0e3bc2c07dd2b6ffd04a374f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Discussions of the decentralization of education in Brazil do not constitute a political or theoretical newness. Since 1980s, and especially in 1990s, the ideological offensive of Neoliberalism on education has gained global proportions, culminating in a series of actions that led to educational reforms in various countries. In Brazil, a crucial aspect of these reforms is the introduction of several actions that have focused the decentralization of national basic education. Municipalization of primary education is one of the most striking features of those actions. Far from being educational democratization, school autonomy or the encouragement to the involvement of local communities, municipalization contributes overwhelming for a further fragmentation of national public education, creating conflicted and competitor educational systems. The importance of this issue for this study consists in the fact that we focus the decentralization of education, despite being a global and common feature in almost all Latin American countries, is also an option of the national bourgeoisie to keep intact the regional differences in the process of forming and schooling Brazilian population. Francisco Morato and São Bernardo do Campo cities are the research field, both of Sao Paulo. In those cities, we could observe the impact of educational municipalization in a city considered poor and another considered wealthy. Those municipalities that belong to the major economic center of Brazil present fragile characteristics of organization, control and management of educational resources. The impact of market pressure in the curricula, formation and career structure of teachers and of the management of these systems is another crucial consequence for the analysis of changes in the educational process. We will see that this is not only the pressure to educate for the skills and competencies necessaries for the Capitalism of the twenty-first century, but also the creation of educational markets, which handle a large amount for the acquisition and sale of materials that determine even the curriculum. In schools, we look at the applied municipalization and the practice of teachers in this universe. The daily life of teachers and their connection with their students are so enlightening for schools regarding curricula prescription and external evaluations that are subject to all students. Educators have to fight against these fragile educational systems or the primary public education will dismantle throughout the country / Não se constituem em novidade política ou teórica as discussões acerca da descentralização do ensino brasileiro. A partir da década de 1980 e, principalmente, na década de 1990, a ofensiva ideológica do neoliberalismo sobre a educação ganhou proporções mundiais, culminando num conjunto de medidas que levaram às reformas educacionais em praticamente todos os países. No Brasil, um aspecto decisivo destas reformas é a instituição de várias medidas que aprofundaram ainda mais a descentralização da educação básica nacional. A municipalização do ensino fundamental é uma das características mais marcantes desta etapa. Longe de significar a democratização do ensino, a autonomia das escolas ou o estímulo à participação das comunidades locais, a municipalização contribui, de forma arrasadora, para uma maior fragmentação da educação pública nacional, gerando sistemas de ensino municipais conflitantes e concorrentes. A importância deste tema para o presente estudo reside no fato de que defendemos, ao longo do trabalho, que a descentralização da educação, apesar de ser uma característica mundial e comum em praticamente todos os países da América Latina, é também uma opção da burguesia nacional por manter intactas as desigualdades regionais no processo de formação e de escolarização da população brasileira. A pesquisa tem como campo os municípios de Francisco Morato e São Bernardo do Campo, ambos na região da Grande São Paulo. Neles, pudemos observar o impacto da municipalização do ensino num município pobre e noutro considerado rico. Municípios pertencentes ao maior centro econômico do país apresentam características frágeis de organização, de controle e gestão dos recursos destinados à educação. O impacto da pressão do mercado nos currículos, na formação e na estrutura da carreira dos professores e na gestão destes sistemas é outra consequência decisiva para a análise destas transformações no processo educacional. Veremos aí que não se trata somente da pressão para educar para as habilidades e competências necessárias ao capitalismo do século XXI, mas também da criação dos mercados educacionais, que movimentam quantias vultosas para a compra e venda de materiais que determinam até mesmo o currículo. Nas escolas, observamos a municipalização na prática e a prática das professoras neste universo municipalizado. A vida cotidiana das professoras e a relação destas com seus alunos são tão esclarecedoras do funcionamento das escolas quanto os currículos prescritos e as avaliações externas a que estão sujeitos todos os alunos. Para nós, educadores, está colocada a luta para que não tenhamos nestes frágeis sistemas municipais de ensino o caminho traçado para o desmantelamento da educação pública básica em todo o país

Cette thèse se focalise sur quatre aspects de la dynamique des réformes financières, qu'elle catégorise en deux parties. La première partie analyse d'une part, l'effet de la cohérence financière sur l'afflux de capitaux étrangers et d'autre part, la relation entre le sentier de croissance et la trajectoire de réformes financières adoptée par les pays. La seconde partie utilise un cadre coût-bénéfice pour évaluer si le comportement des décideurs politiques en matière de réformes est inspirée de la dynamique d'une frontière spécifique de libéralisation; elle analyse aussi dans quelle mesure les phénomènes d'apprentissage ainsi que l'évolution des croyances des décideurs politiques à propos de l'effet de la libéralisation après l'effondrement du système de Bretton Woods contribuent à l'explication de la dynamique des réformes financières dans les pays. Le premier chapitre évalue l'analyse de la complémentarité des réformes financières sur l'afflux de capitaux étrangers. Dans ce chapitre, nous analysons la relation entre la cohérence du système de réformes financières et l'afflux de capitaux étrangers (investissements directs étrangers et investissements portefeuille). Nos résultats suggèrent que la manière dont les réformes financières ont été mises en oeuvre affecte significativement les afflux de capitaux étrangers. Le chapitre 2 de cette thèse analyse comment le sentier ou la trajectoire complète de réformes financières poursuivies par les pays pourrait influencer leur sentier de croissance. Il est basé sur l'idée pertinente de séquençage des réformes avancé par Dewatripont et Roland (1994). Le troisième chapitre de cette partie examine si les pays apprennent à partir d'une norme spécifique de la libéralisation financière et évalue comment le gain de croissance de la libéralisation est affectée dans ce contexte. Les principaux résultats sont que lorsque les pays atteignent la frontière (mondiale ou régionale) de libéralisation, ils obtiennent de meilleurs résultats en terme de croissance du PIB ainsi que la stabilité financière. Le quatrième chapitre explore comment la dynamique des politiques à l'égard des marchés financiers est expliquée par l'apprentissage et par l'évolution des croyances des décideurs à propos des effets de la libéralisation du compte de capital. Nous trouvons que les croyances des décideurs quant aux effets sur la croissance des politiques à l'égard des marchés financiers ont évolué de façon non linéaire. / This thesis focuses on four aspects of financial reforms dynamics which could be categorized into two parts. The first part analyzes the effect of the coherence of financial reforms of international capital inflows and the relation between the path of economic growth and the trajectory of financial reforms followed by countries. The second part uses a cost-benefit framework to analyze whether countries learn from a normative financial liberalization frontier; and shows how learning and the evolution of beliefs have contributed to explained financial markets'policy choices after the collapse of Bretton Woods' system. The first chapter evaluates how financial reforms' complementarity affects international capital inflows. The empirical results suggest that the manner in which financial reforms are implemented matters. Particularly, complementarity increases FDI inflows by 0.10 %. The second chapter analyzes how the full trajectory or sequence of financial reforms followed by countries affects their growth path. It is based on a very relevant argument for sequencing reforms puts--forward by Dewatripont and Roland (1994). We find that the trajectory of financial reforms followed by countries affects the level of GDP per capita growth. The third chapter of this part investigates whether countries learn from a specific norm. The main results are that when countries reach the time specific world (or regional) frontier of liberalization, they perform better in terms of GDP per capita growth as well as financial stability •of financial liberalization and evaluates how the growth payoff of liberalization is affected. The fourth chapter explores how the dynamics of policies towards capital (financial) markets are explained by learning and by the evolution of policymakers beliefs about the effects of capital control or capital account liberalization strategies. We find that policymakers' beliefs about the growth effects of policies towards financial markets evolve non-linearly and that radical changes policymakers' beliefs about the superiority of capital account liberalization policies take time.

No description available.

Soft power is a significant aspect of India’s identity in the international community. Moreover, India has committed itself in being a cooperative, active member of the international community. In an alternative theory of power within the field of international relations, I argue that while soft power reasons that states are not only shaped by threats, bribes, persuasion, and co-optation, but also by norms. Strikingly, India was pushed by the United States and the Soviet Union to join the Security Council in 1950 and 1955 respectively as a permanent seat member. However, India refused these offers and instead, supported the People’s Republic China for the position. Since the early 1990s, India has actively pursued permanent membership to the Security Council and various reforms by convincing other countries to support its bid. Thus, in the case of India and its quest for permanent membership in the Security Council, an alternative way of thinking about soft power is the ability to serve as an effective player in international politics and influencing other countries’ long-standing positions and preferences on this matter.

By examining a sector of the economy that was exposed to increased imports more than four decades ago, Crumley illuminates the economic pressures, resistance, and reform that help to shape Russia's agrarian sector today. Contents: The impact of trade on Russian agrarian institutions: an introduction -- Conceptualizing alternative approaches to institutional change in Russia -- Soviet agrarian institutions and interests -- Administrative and organizational changes as agrarian reform, 1972-1990 -- The decentralization of decision-making institutions in the era of market reforms, 1990-2002 -- Government incentives, traditional values, and the shaping of agrarian interests -- Changes and constraints in agrarian institutions. / https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1037/thumbnail.jpg

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo determinar El Régimen Mype Tributario y su impacto Financiero en las empresas del sector peluquería del distrito de Miraflores, año 2017, para esto es imprescindible realizar un análisis a la Ley y su reglamento, en este sus requisitos, obligaciones, el pago de sus impuestos y su impacto financiero. Este trabajo se encuentra conformado en 5 capítulos que son: Capítulo I Marco teórico, se realiza una investigación de fuentes primarias, donde se desarrollan conceptos del código tributario, regímenes tributarios y otros donde se contextualice la Ley, y la relación e impacto que origine a la información financiera de la empresa. Capítulo II Plan de investigación, se plantea la situación problemática de la tesis, el problema principal, problemas específicos, objetivo general y objetivos específicos, la hipótesis inicial e hipótesis específicos. Capítulo III Metodología de investigación, se definió la población, la muestra para las investigaciones cualitativas y cuantitativas de esta tesis. Capítulo IV Desarrollo de investigación, se realiza la investigación a través de la entrevista a profundidad a expertos en el tema tributario y financiero en asesorar empresas consideradas Mypes, el cual va dirigido este trabajo de investigación; encuestas a empresas de este rubro y el desarrollo práctico de ésta. Capítulo V Análisis de resultados, se realiza el análisis de los instrumentos y caso práctico; se concluye con la validación de la hipótesis general y específicas en base a los resultados obtenidos en las tablas cruzadas y Chi cuadrado, luego que hayamos realizado este análisis se concluye según las hipótesis planteadas, de acuerdo a la hipótesis general que el Régimen Mype Tributario impacta Financieramente en las empresas del sector peluquería en el distrito de Miraflores, año 2017, también se concluye según las hipótesis específicas que el acogimiento, las obligaciones formales y la declaración y pago de impuestos del Régimen Mype Tributario impactan Financieramente en estas empresas; todas estas afirmaciones se confirman en el análisis de los ratios financieros que varían según el régimen tributario al que se pertenece. / The objective of this research work is to determine the Mype Tax Regime and its impact on the financial statements of companies in the hairdressing sector of Miraflores district, 2017, for this it is essential to carry out an analysis of the Law and its regulations, in this their requirements, obligations, the payment of their taxes and their financial impact. This work is made up of 5 chapters that are: Chapter I Theoretical framework, an investigation of primary sources is carried out, where concepts of the tax code, tax regimes and others are developed where the Law is contextualized, and the relation and impact that originates to the financial information of the company. Chapter II Research plan, the problematic situation of the thesis, the main problem, specific problems, general objective and specific objectives, the initial hypothesis and specific hypotheses are presented. Chapter III Research methodology, the population was defined, the sample for the qualitative and quantitative investigations of this thesis. Chapter IV Research development, research is carried out through an in-depth interview with experts in the tax and financial field in advising companies considered Mypes, which is aimed at this research work; surveys to companies of this heading and the practical development of this one. Chapter V Analysis of results, the analysis of the instruments and practical case is carried out; we conclude with the validation of the general and specific hypothesis based on the results obtained in the crossed tables and Chi square, after we have made this analysis, we conclude according to the hypotheses, according to the general hypothesis that the Mype Tax Regime has an impact In the Financial Statements of the companies of the hairdressing sector in the district of Miraflores, year 2017, it is also concluded according to the specific hypothesis that the reception, the formal obligations and the declaration and payment of taxes of the Mype Tax Regime have an impact on the Financial Statements of These companies; All these statements are confirmed in the analysis of the financial ratios that vary according to the tax regime to which they belong. / Tesis

Le but de l’étude est de mettre en question la capture de régulation par les intérêts concentrés de la finance dans les débats sur les mesures à prendre après la crise du crédit partie des États-Unis en 2008. Les décideurs publics de ce pays et de l’Union européenne ont entrepris des efforts de réforme ambitieux pour mieux protéger les consommateurs de services financiers. Les débats au Congrès des États-Unis et au Parlement européen se sont achevés sur des décisions importantes concernant la réglementation du crédit. Fortement politisés, ils avaient suscité un lobbying intense des groupes d’intérêt de la finance et de la société civile, où normalement ces derniers auraient été tenus pour beaucoup plus faibles que leurs adversaires. Paradoxalement, une coalition de la société civile aux moyens modestes a réussi à convaincre les décideurs de la nécessité du changement et à contrecarrer les efforts du lobby financier pour l’empêcher. Qu’est-ce qui explique que des acteurs faibles et périphériques l’ont emporté sur des acteurs riches et puissants ? / The goal of this study is to examine and challenge questions of regulatory capture by concentrated industry interests in the reform debates in response to the credit crisis which originated in the US in 2008. Policymakers in the EU and the US set ambitious reform efforts in motion to better protect consumers of financial services. Decisions to reform credit regulations marked the end of highly politicized reform debates in the US Congress as well as in the European Parliament, involving lobbying from business associations and civil society groups, in which proponents of reforms would normally have been considered to be much weaker than their opponents. Paradoxically, a poorly-resourced civil society coalition successfully lobbied decision-makers and countered industry attempts to prevent regulatory change. What, then, explains that rather weak and peripheral actors prevailed over more resourceful and dominant actors?

This paper examines the performance of Indian banks by studying the effects of recent reforms and macroeconomic events. Indian banks went through a period of reforms in the past twenty years. The impact of these reforms and major macroeconomic events has been examined using time-series analysis. Event studies offer additional perspective on the short-run effect of the events on different types of Indian banks. Although, the event dates are not all statistically significant in the time-series regressions, the demonetization of 2016 is significant in the event study analysis. Thus, while reforms and events have immediate impact on the performance of Indian banks, the effects did not always persist over the larger time-period.