Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:53:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 adriana.pdf: 6109600 bytes, checksum: b74ad347ead3966adc813f98afeaceed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-26 / Pesticide use represents one of the main environmental and public health problems in developing countries. Brazil is the third largest world consumer of pesticides, the eighth in usage per hectare and the largest in Latin America. This study aims to evaluate the legal framework for the registration and control of pesticide use in Brazil, comparing it with the legal framework of the European Union, taking in consideration procedures to diminish health and environmental risks. Besides that, we identified active ingredients that are still in use in Brazil but are banned or in process of re-registration in European Union. As an indicator of legal accomplishment we undertake a case study in Tocantins state taking in account the number of technicians responsible for pesticide inspections and the total number of farms and pesticides retailers. This study revealed that the registration process is the main element for pesticide control in Brazil, once establishes procedures for production, trade and handling of these products. When comparing both legislation frameworks, Brazilian and European, the last one is more strict and efficient in terms of use control. In spite of Brazil adopts the agronomic recipes, an important element for pesticide control, it constitutes only a bureaucratic piece without effects on health and environmental risk reduction. Several pesticides banned in Europe are still in use in Brazil and in Tocantins State. Even with almost all Brazilian states have specific legislation for pesticides (Amazonas and Roraima states are exceptions) this legal framework is only a copy of the federal law without more strict restriction related with the characteristics of the ecosystems like Pantanal, the Amazon or Semiarid. We concluded that the registration and control system of pesticide use in Brazil is weak, with several gaps and the figure of law noncompliance. / O uso de agrotóxicos representa hoje um grave problema ambiental e de saúde pública nos países em desenvolvimento. O Brasil é o maior mercado consumidor de agrotóxicos da América Latina, enquanto que no ranking global, o país ocupa o terceiro lugar no consumo destes produtos. A presente pesquisa inicialmente analisa e compara os dispositivos legais sobre a utilização de agrotóxicos da legislação brasileira e da legislação da União Européia, considerando os aspectos técnicos de registro e controle do uso dessas substâncias para fins de diminuição de riscos de contaminação ambiental e humana, bem como os possíveis ingredientes ativos dos produtos que continuam sendo utilizados no Brasil e que já foram banidos ou que estão em avaliação para registro na União Européia. Como indicador da possibilidade de não cumprimento da fiscalização e controle do uso de agrotóxicos exigidos pela legislação federal de agrotóxicos, analisou-se o caso do Estado do Tocantins levando em consideração o número total de propriedades e de lojas a serem fiscalizadas pela Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado do Tocantins ADAPEC. Os resultados mostraram que o registro é o principal meio de controle dos agrotóxicos, pois estabelece condições para a produção, manipulação, importação, exportação, comercialização e utilização destes produtos, seus componentes e afins tanto no Brasil como na União Européia. Comparando os sistemas de controle das duas legislações, constatou-se que a União Européia é mais criteriosa na avaliação dos produtos comercializados em sua comunidade, possuindo sistemas de controle mais eficiente em relação ao Brasil. Apesar de o Brasil adotar o receituário agronômico, um diferencial no controle de agrotóxicos em relação à União Européia, o mesmo acaba sendo apenas um mero instrumento burocrático. Vários produtos banidos da União Européia continuam autorizados no Brasil e no Estado do Tocantins. Praticamente todos os estados brasileiros possuem legislação especifica de agrotóxicos, sendo a legislação estadual do Tocantins, é praticamente, uma cópia da legislação federal. Verificou-se que há uma grande diferença entre a quantidade de lojas agropecuárias e de produtos veterinários registradas na Junta Comercial do Tocantins - JUCETINS em relação às lojas registradas na ADAPEC que possuem autorização para revenda de agrotóxicos. Presume-se a ocorrência de comercialização de agrotóxicos sem o devido registro e autorização. Esse déficit no sistema de registro e controle de agrotóxicos no Brasil, evidência falhas e descumprimento da legislação brasileira de agrotóxicos.

Inskrivningsprocessen av lagfart/tinglysing är en del av vad inskrivningsmyndigheterna arbetar med i Sverige och Norge. Lagfart/tinglysing finns till för att visa vem/vilka som är rättslig(a) ägare till en fastighet. Vilket är väldigt viktigt för att hålla koll vem som är ansvarig för fastigheten. Att ha en inskrivningsprocess som är säker, effektiv och som har en låg kostnad är viktigt för att ha fungerande system för både köpare, säljare, företag och myndigheter. Syftet med studien är att undersöka skillnaden mellan Sveriges och Norges inskrivningsprocess vid lagfart/tinglysings ansökan. Men även att jämföra fördelar och nackdelar med processen. De krav som krävs för att bevilja lagfart undersökts också för att den ska bli rättssäker eller om det finns behov att förändra dessa. Studien undersöker även om det går att effektivisera inskrivningsprocessen samt hur det skulle påverka rättssäkerheten. För att besvara frågeställningarna har en kvalitativ metod använts. Metoden utgörs av en enkätundersökning, intervjuer och en jämförelse. I jämförelsen har information från litteraturen inhämtats, medan intervjuer och enkäter har genomförts med sakkunniga i respektive land. Resultatet av studien visar att mer digitalisering av inskrivningsprocessen skulle innebära säkrare och effektivare inskrivningsprocess av lagfarter/tinglysingar för fastigheter. Studien visar även att lagändringar är det som behöver ändras för att möjliggöra mer digitalisering. Lagstiftningarna i bägge länder bygger på föråldrade lagar när det inte fanns elektroniska alternativ. / The registration process of lagfart/tinglysing is part of what the registration authorities working with in Sweden and Norway. Lagfart/tinglysing is available to show who/which is the legal owner of a property. Which is very important to keep track of who is responsible for the property. Having an enrollment process that is secure, efficient and has a low cost is important for having a functioning system for both buyers, sellers, companies and authorities. The purpose of the study is to investigate the difference between Sweden's and Norway's enrollment process in lagfart/tinglysings. But also, to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the process. The requirements required to grant lagfart/tinglysing have also been examined for it to be legally secure or if there is a need to change these. The study also examines whether it is possible to streamline the enrollment process and how it would affect legal certainty. A qualitative method has been used to answer the questions. The method consists of a survey, interviews and a comparison. In the comparison, information from the literature has been obtained, while interviews and questionnaires have been conducted with experts in each country. The results of the study show that more digitization of the registration process would mean a safer and more efficient registration process of legal deeds / registrations for properties. The study also shows that changes in the law are what need to be changed to enable more digitization. Legislation in both countries is based on outdated laws when there were no electronic alternatives.

The development of the IEEE 802.22 standard is aimed at providing broadband access in rural areas by effectively utilizing the unused TV band, provided no harmful interference is caused to the incumbent operation. This thesis presents the analytical framework to evaluate the number of active customer premise equipments (CPEs) in a wireless regional area network. Initial ranging is the primary process in IEEE 802.22 networks for CPEs to access the network and establish their connections with the base station (BS). A comprehensive analysis of initial ranging mechanism is provided in this work and initial ranging request success probability is derived based on the number of contended CPEs and the initial contention window size. Further, the average ranging success delay is derived for the maximum backoff stages. The collision probability is highly dependent on the size of the initial contention window and the number of contended CPEs. To keep it at a specific level, it is necessary for the BS to schedule the required size of the initial contention window to facilitate the maximum number of CPEs to establish their connections with reasonable delay. Therefore, the optimized initial window size is proposed that meets the collision probability constraint for a particular number of contended CPEs. An analytical model is also developed to estimate the ranging request collision probability depending upon the size of initial contention window and the number of contended CPEs. Moreover, this approximation provides the threshold size for contention window to start the initial ranging process in the IEEE 802.22 network.

The development of the IEEE 802.22 standard is aimed at providing broadband access in rural areas by effectively utilizing the unused TV band, provided no harmful interference is caused to the incumbent operation. This thesis presents the analytical framework to evaluate the number of active customer premise equipments (CPEs) in a wireless regional area network. Initial ranging is the primary process in IEEE 802.22 networks for CPEs to access the network and establish their connections with the base station (BS). A comprehensive analysis of initial ranging mechanism is provided in this work and initial ranging request success probability is derived based on the number of contended CPEs and the initial contention window size. Further, the average ranging success delay is derived for the maximum backoff stages. The collision probability is highly dependent on the size of the initial contention window and the number of contended CPEs. To keep it at a specific level, it is necessary for the BS to schedule the required size of the initial contention window to facilitate the maximum number of CPEs to establish their connections with reasonable delay. Therefore, the optimized initial window size is proposed that meets the collision probability constraint for a particular number of contended CPEs. An analytical model is also developed to estimate the ranging request collision probability depending upon the size of initial contention window and the number of contended CPEs. Moreover, this approximation provides the threshold size for contention window to start the initial ranging process in the IEEE 802.22 network. / Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan.

Improvements in technology and the Internet have seen a rapid rise in the use of technology in various sectors such as medicine, the courts and banking. The conveyancing sector is also experiencing a similar revolution, with technology touted as able to improve the effectiveness of the land registration process. In some jurisdictions, such as New Zealand and Canada, the paper-based land registration system has been replaced with one in which creation, preparation, and lodgement of land title instruments are managed in a wholly electronic environment. In Australia, proposals for an electronic registration system are under way. The research question addressed by this thesis is what would be the impact on fraud of automating the registration process. This is pertinent because of the adverse impact of fraud on the underlying principles of the Torrens system, particularly security of title. This thesis first charts the importance of security of title, examining how security of title is achieved within the Torrens system and the effects that fraud has on this. Case examples are used to analyse perpetration of fraud under the paper registration system. Analysis of functional electronic registration systems in comparison with the paper-based registration system is then undertaken to reveal what changes might be made to conveyancing practices were an electronic registration system implemented. Whether, and if so, how, these changes might impact upon paper based frauds and whether they might open up new opportunities for fraud in an electronic registration system forms the next step in the analysis. The final step is to use these findings to propose measures that might be used to minimise fraud opportunities in an electronic registration system, so that as far as possible the Torrens system might be kept free from fraud, and the philosophical objectives of the system, as initially envisaged by Sir Robert Torrens, might be met.

Participatory sensing systems need to gather information from a largenumber of participants. However, the openness of the system is a doubleedgedsword: by allowing practically any user to join, the system can beabused by an attacker who introduces a large number of virtual devices.This work proposes a hardened registration process for participatory sensingto raise the bar: registrations are screened through a number of defensivemeasures, towards rejecting spurious registrations that do not correspondto actual devices. This deprives an adversary from a relatively easytake-over and, at the same time, allows a flexible and open registrationprocess. The defensive measures are incorporated in the participatorysensing application. / Deltagande avkännings system behöver samlas från ett stort antal aktörer.Systems öppenhet är dock en dubbelsidigt värd: Genom att låta alla praktiskaanvändare deltagit, kan system utnyttja en av angripare som introducera ett stortantal virtuella enheter. I det här arbetet föreslå en härda registreringsprocess fördeltagare att identifiera höjning av ribban: registrering screenas genom ett antaldefensiva åtgärders, för att avvisa falska registreringar som inte motsvara aktuellaenheter. Detta berövar en motståndare från en relativt lätt övertagande och gersamtidigt en flexibel och öppen registreringsprocess. De defensiva åtgärdernainförlivas i deltagande avkännings applikation.